25. Define the essence of thinking and show how it differs from the mind (intellect).

Thinking is productive ability of imagination. Productive ability of imagination is a cognitive human activity. It is an indirect way and generalized reflection of reality. The result is the idea of thinking (the concept, the meaning of the idea). Many philosophers have called the essential feature of human thinking. So Descartes stated, "I think, therefore I exist." Pascal called man a thinking reed.

The mind is a set of cognitive faculties including consciousness, perception, thinking, judgement, and memory. It is usually defined as the faculty of an entity's thoughts and consciousness. It holds the power of imagination, recognition, and appreciation, and is responsible for processing feelings and emotions, resulting in attitudes and actions.

There is a lengthy tradition in philosophy, religion, psychology, and cognitive science about what constitutes a mind and what are its distinguishing properties.

The evolution of human intelligence refers to several theories that aim to describe how human intelligence has evolved in relation to the evolution of the human brain and theorigin of language.

Intelligence productive calculation ability (or costing) productive ability of calculation (from the Latin intellectus -. Sensation, perception, understanding, understanding of the concept, reason) - the quality of the mind, consisting of the ability to adapt to new situations, understanding and use of abstract concepts and the use of their knowledge for environmental management.

The parameters that form the distinctive features of human intellectual system include:

• the amount of working memory, the ability to predict, tool use, logic, tiered (6 layer neurons) hierarchy system selection

26.Identify and expand the main features pre-science.

Pre-science is the first form of science that is called. Includes a pre-scientific presentation of Egypt, India (the country of the wise) and China. In this period, only the prerequisites of science are emerging, and not science. The pre-science studies mainly those things and processes with which the person has repeatedly encountered in ordinary experience. He aspired to construct models of objects and processes in order to foresee the results of practical actions. The activity of thinking was formed on the basis of practice and was an idealized scheme for the practical transformation of material objects. The process of formation and accumulation of knowledge proceeded spontaneously in the absence of critical and reflexive activity in the assessment of knowledge, and their recognition and use was carried out on an unproven basis and functioned as a set of ready-made activity prescriptions. A feature of the knowledge of the ancient Eastern civilizations is the lack of fundamentalism, since it was oriented towards solving practical and practical problems, even astronomy was realized in the form of astrology, whereas in Ancient Greece, astronomy was understood not as a calculation technique, but as a theoretical science of the universe. Knowledge at the pre-science stage in the full sense was not rational and the reasons for this were largely determined by the nature of the socio-political structure of the ancient Eastern civilizations. The absence of the prerequisites for justification and proof of knowledge, ultimately, led to fetishization. Knowledge, remaining rationally unreasonable, sanctified by the divine name, turned into an object of worship, the sacrament.

Features of pre-science:

• Ancient knowledge was tested in practice, not theoretical;

• Ancient knowledge was caste, not universal;

• Ancient knowledge was not critical;

• Ancient knowledge was authoritarian, not rational;

• Ancient knowledge was non-systematic;

• Ancient knowledge was prescription, not justified.