нтп / РОЗДІЛ VII ПЕРЕКЛАД СКЛАДНИХ ТЕРМІНІВ

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and the lungs. 19. The machine has provided a major technological advance in open-heart surgery because it allows more time for the operation. 20. A small force exerted on the small piston causes a large force to act on the large piston, as the force per unit surface area (the pressure) acting on either piston is the same. 21. Henry Maudslay's invention (1797) of a constant-speed screw cutting machine permitted identical standard gauge screws to be mass-produced. 22. Laser beams are used for very high-speed welding, for cutting odd shapes, and for drilling extremely small holes in super-hard materials. 23. Trucking ac­ counts for about 20 percent of total freight volume. 24. Pipeline transportation of crude oil and petroleum products has largely replaced coastal tanker and railroad tankcar transportation. 25. The automobile dominates intercity passenger tran­ sportation in the United States. 26. In two-stroke engines, which are generally smaller than four-stroke diesel engines, air is admitted just before compression begins, and the burned gases are exhausted near the end of the power stroke. 27. The production of a CD begins with a high-quality sound recording on mag­ netic tape. 28. Unlike ordinary photography, where only the wavelength and light intensity are recorded, the holographic process records both the amplitude and the phase relationships of light reflected from the object. 29. Other mechanical- properties testing devices use optical, X-ray, or ultrasonic techniques. 30. Com­ puter-linked television cameras serve as eyes, and pressure-sensitive are being developed for manipulator grippers. 31. For example, in a two-dimensional co­ ordinate system, any point on a curve can be associated with a pair of points (a,b). 32. Typesetting software is used to select type style and create page de­ signs. 33. In a process known as an electronic page makeup system, the operator can rearrange text and artwork for each page on the computer screen without the use of boards or paste. 34. A more efficient process known as color separation (four-color process printing) was eventually developed. 35. The technique is applied throughout the world in such fields as oil-pipeline monitor-control sys­ tems and oceanography, in which a network of buoys transmits information on demand to a master station. 36. Along with other parts of the political structure, the jury trial system has come under a great deal of criticism for its competence and performance. 37. Crime prevention is also a subject studied by a variety of specialists who seek to deal with young people before they can begin lives of crime. 38. High-frequency radio waves do not follow the Earth's curvature as do lower frequencies. 39. In Europe, HIV-positive people must have an AIDS-defi- ning opportunistic illness to be diagnosed with AIDS. 40. Electric deflecting plates are used in small cathode-ray tubes (CRTs), whereas magnetic deflecting coils are used in large CRTs in which a large deflection is required, as in televi­ sion tubes. 4 k When the piston moves to the left, the air is compressed and forced through an output-control valve into a reservoir or storage tank. 42. Com­ puter-Aided Design (CAD) systems may be used to model many, if not all, of the features of a particular product. 43. There are two basic types of elect-

ron microscopes: the transmission electron microscope (ТЕМ), and the scan­ning electron microscope (SEM). 44. The 1993 START II arms control agree-

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ment has banned all ICBMs with MIRV but it has still to be ratified by the US and Russia. 45. The electricity supply system must provide the electrical energy to consumers at fixed voltage, with minimum transport cost, and with high reli­ability. 46. In recent years, pump-turbine technology has been developed to al­low for heads up to about 600 m (2,000 ft) of water and for unit capacities of more than 400 Mw.

6. Терміни моделі (N+Part. I)+N

Другий компонент цих складних термінів (N - іменник) переклада­ється українським іменником, а перший компонент (N+Part.I) переклада­ється переважно наступними способами:

1. підрядним означувальним реченням, де дієприкметник 1 трансфор­мовано в присудок, а іменник - в додаток: air-retaining - такий, що утримує повітря; efficiency-decreasing - такий, що зменшує ефективність;

2. простим прикметником, основою якого є відповідник англійсько­го іменника або дієприкметника 1: aroma-producing - ароматичний, plane-boarding - посадковий;

3. складним прикметником: aluminium-smelting - алюмінієплавиль-ний, armour-piercing - бронебійний.

Завдання Перекладіть речення, звертаючи увагу на правильність вибору адекватного способу перекладу термінів моделі (N+Part. I)+N:

1. Because distillation requires an alcohol-containing liquid, it is neces­sary to ferment the grain. 2. Whipped egg whites or whole eggs yield an air-retaining foam that is the basis for the leavening effect in sponge cakes. 3. Frost can also damage concrete, but this can be prevented by adding an air-entraining agent to the mix. 4. The axolotl is a salamander that normally does not metamor­phose from an aquatic, larval stage to an air-breathing, terrestrial form. 5. In California, the largest American almond-producing state, some 100 varieties are grown. 6. California, Oregon, Washington, Michigan, Illinois, New Jersey, and Massachusetts are major asparagus-producing states. 7. This award-winning 6-in (15.2-cm) refracting telescope brought Fitz numerous orders and a good inco­me. 8. The aroma of an herb or spice can be isolated by extracting its essential oil, which contains the aroma-producing substances. 9. Where prime sites are not close to rich mineral deposits, the main economic force behind large dam construction is the aluminum-smelting industry. 10. The peach is cultivated com­mercially in most temperate apple-growing regions. 11. Cyclonite is often used by the military in armor-piercing shells, fragmentation bombs. 12. Because they are air-breathing mammals, all whales must rise to the surface to breathe. 13. Oil or water are often circulated through the anode for cooling; radiant and air-cooling techniques are also used. 14. Air is drawn in through an inlet valve in the air-purifying canister, which contains a filter for removing particles and an acti-

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vated charcoal layer that absorbs and removes harmful gases. 15. The B-52 has a range of nearly half the Earth's circumference (20,000 km; 12,500 mi) and a huge armament-carrying capability of 27,000 kg. 16. The terminals contain air­line ticket counters and reception desks, baggage-handling facilities, security-inspection devices, and plane-boarding gates. 17. The ultimate goal is a true brain-simulating neural network. 18. Much of the circuitry in a digital tape re­corder or CD player is devoted to detecting and correcting any bit-reading errors that might be caused by microscopic tape flaws. 19. Gluten is mainly used in the bread-baking industry. 20. Large coke-making facilities soon became necessary adjuncts to the blast furnace. 21. Many disused mine-waste piles dot the lan­dscapes of the older coal-mining regions of the United States, particularly in the East. 22. Many coal-burning plants were converted to use either oil or gas as competition between the fuels and fuel suppliers increased. 23. In D'Arsonval's classic galvanometer, the magnetic field of a current-bearing coil opposes that of a fixed magnet. 24. India is by far the largest cattle-raising country, followed by Brazil. 25. An armature is the rotating or stationary assembly that includes the main current-carrying conductor in an electric generator or motor. 26. Gains in such areas as voice recognition, speech synthesis, and computer-networking software point to an important future for computers in communications. 27. These cards became the basis for Herman Hollerith's card-sorting device, used for the 1890 U.S. census. 28. Natural fertilizers such as manure are bulky, difficult to transport, and in short supply outside cattle-raising areas. 29. Wherever metallic silver is present, the developer interacts with color-forming agents in the three different layers to form color dyes. 30. The technology did not come into wide use in passenger cars until the mid-1980s, when more stringent emission-control legislation required cleaner-burning fuel-feeding methods. 31. Another widely used electromagnetic current-measuring instrument is the moving-coil meter, or galvanometer. 32. Any circuit-switching impulse or disturbance can initiate os­cillation. 33. As successive test strips are made, color-correcting filters are pla­ced over the lens of the enlarger and adjusted until a satisfactory test strip is obtained. 34. Digital storage and manipulation of text, whether at a word-pro­cessing station or a typesetting terminal, were early computer-printing operati­ons. 35. The spread of cigarettes was aided by the development in the United States of the first cigarette-making machine in 1881. 36. Sea traffic has been greatly assisted by radar, the development of precision navigation aids, and col­lision-warning systems. 37. Despite these cholesterol-raising fats, margarine is still considered healthier than butter. 38. Researchers in computer-imaging tec­hnology are developing systems by which users can experience a simulated three-dimensional reality. 39. The extent of chlorination is being reduced because of evidence of the formation of cancer-causing compounds in chlorination. 40. A cancer patient's lymphocytes have been treated to enhance their cancer-killing capabilities. 41. As the basis for data-processing devices, digital integra-ted-circuit chips are rated from the kilobyte range to the megabyte range. 42. A crop is frequently threatened by populations of insects, weeds, and disea-

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se-causing organisms. 43. The major data-processing tasks of modern technolo­gies are met by electronic digital computers. 44. The graying of hair by high doses of radiation, however, is permanent, providing evidence that above a certa­in dose level, pigment-producing cells are not replaced. 45. Sometimes the den­sity-limiting forces arise from within a population. 46. Many expert systems of similar design have been constructed. In the field of strategy, chess-playing prog­rams were devised by the 1990s that could compete at the level of grand masters of the game, and do so successfully at times. 47. Optical discs have a very high information-packing density. 48. All the machines described above perform me­tal-removing functions. Metal-forming machines shape metal in other ways. For example, forging machines use hammers, dies, or rollers under pressure to shape hot and cold metal. 49. For example, some carbon-fixing enzymes catalyze the slowest step in photosynthesis and have the efficiency-decreasing side reaction with oxygen. 50. Deep-sea tides caused by the astronomical tide-producing for­ces will not be discussed here; they are for the most part oscillatory or rotary and account for very little net motion. 51. Snakes may be found both in humid fo­rests and dry deserts, and some sea-inhabiting snakes are completely marine, never leaving the sea, even to reproduce. 52. The realization that behavior evol­ves because individuals differ in their gene-copying success continues to revo­lutionize the interpretation of the function of behavior, from the feeding respon­se of the amoeba to the interlocking social adaptations of complex societies. 53. The development of new iron-making processes that eliminate the blast fur­nace, however, may soon introduce a third category. 54. Signal-processing ac­cessories may be added to a system in order to manipulate or enhance the sound.

7. Терміни моделі (N+Part. II)+N

Другий компонент (N) означених термінів перекладається на укра­їнську мову іменником, а перший компонент (N+Part II) звичайно перекла­дається такими способами:

1. підрядним означувальним речення, де дієприкметник II трансфор­мовано у присудок, а іменник — у додаток: engine-powered - такий, що приводиться в рух двигуном; carrier-based - такий, що базується на авіанос­ці;

2. означувальним словосполученням, де англійському дієприкметни­ку II відповідає український прикметник або дієприкметник: United Nations-sponsored - організований ООН, air-cooled - охолоджуваний повітрям; sex-linked - пов'язаний із статтю;

3. означувальним прийменниково-іменниковим словосполученням: rod-shaped - у формі пальця, torpedo-shaped - у формі торпеди;

Завдання Перекладіть речення, обравши адекватний спосіб пере­кладу термінів моделі (N+Part II)+N:

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1. In recent years a substantial upsurge has occurred in the design and con­struction of cable-supported structures. 2. They lived in simple thatched dwellings in summer and in earth-covered lodges in winter. 3. A sheet-fed press is a printing machine into which paper is fed one sheet at a time, as opposed to a web-fed press, into which paper is fed from a reel. 4. More favorably received in the United States was the 1968 United Nations-sponsored Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. 5. Sun-dried, or adobe, bricks are a mixture of clay and vegetable fibers; kiln-burned bricks are made from clays and are formed in a mold and fired in a kiln (oven) to hardness. 6. The adult brain still retains the capacity to compensate for injury or age-related neuron loss by changing its structure. 7. They contain true mitochond­ria and membrane-enclosed nuclei, lack chlorophyll and chloroplasts, and repro­duce by both asexual and sexual means. 8. A compressor is an engine-driven mac­hine that increases the pressure of a gas—usually, air—or vapor by reducing its volume. 9. The two most common types of condenser are the air-cooled condenser and the shell-and-tube condenser. An air-cooled condenser is used in automobile air conditioners, refrigerators, and home air conditioners. 10. Higher prices for petroleum-based fertilizers meant that food-producing costs also rose. 11. Actino­myces is a genus of rod-shaped bacteria that microscopically show occasional branching. 12. How stimulus-bound or context-specific is their behavior - that is, are animals capable of solving the same sort of conceptual problem in a variety of situations? 13. The most exciting techniques for brain study involve imaging. One early method consisted of injecting dyes into blood vessels or injecting air into fluid-filled spaces in the brain, and then taking X rays. 14. Tretinoin also shows promise as a treatment for smoothing out wrinkled, sun-aged skin. 15. The attack on Taranto by carrier-based torpedo bombers in November 1940 crippled the Ita­lian fleet, and the German battleship Bismarck was put out of action by carrier-based aircraft. British and American escort carriers played a major role in defea­ting German submarines. 16. Military forces also developed monoplanes and trip-lanes, with single, twin, and multiple engines of rotary, radial, and in-line types, both air-cooled and water-cooled. 17. Categories of ballistic missiles include the ICBM (Intercontinental Ballistic Missile), SLBM (Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missile), IRBM (Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile), and the Tactical Ballistic Missile. 18. The Copernican theory of heliocentric (Sun-oriented) motion opened the way for more exact and proper theories of planetary motion, which would have to be based on accurate observations of celestial bodies. 19. Two types of cable-supported structures are in use today: the single-story hanging roof, and multistory systems using cables for vertical supports. 20. In the suspended type monorail the vehicle hangs from a hollow beamway within which is mounted a motor-driven wheel assembly. 21. The wheels may be conventional, vertically mounted railroad wheels running on twin rails fastened inside the beamway, or the rubber-tired dri­ve wheels may roll on the flat bottom of the beamway, with horizontal, rubber-tired wheels pressing against the inside of the beamway for guidance. 22. As early as the 16th century, crude railways - horse-drawn wagons with wooden wheels and rails - were used in mining operations in England and western Europe.

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23. Engine-powered ships are then discussed—first steamships and then more mo­dern forms of propulsion, such as turbines, diesels, and nuclear power. 24. Fish are cold-blooded aquatic animals with backbones, gills, and fins. Most fishes are tor­pedo-shaped (fusiform) for efficient travel through water. 25. The intron-specified segment snips itself out of the precursor molecule and splices the loose ends toget­her to form the functional molecule. 26. By 1844, William Hale, an Englishman, had invented spin-stabilized rockets, which eliminated the cumbersome guide sticks. 27. Within a month, however, on Dec. 1,1783—J. A. C. Charles and M. N. Robert made the first manned free flight in a hydrogen-filled balloon, covering a distance of 43 km (27 mi). 28. Most modern machine guns are tripod-mounted and belt-fed and can fire from 100 to 1,000 rounds per minute. 29. Virtual studios allow anno­uncers to be placed in front of a totally computer-generated background without the annoying halo of luminescence. 30. In fact, a virtual renaissance took place in the field during the later 20th century, as exhibited by engineering breakthroughs in building bigger and "smarter" Earth-based instruments and in creating power­ful space-based instruments as well. 31. The soft-bodied invertebrates, by con­trast, typically produce forces of extension from the muscular contractions by sque­ezing or otherwise deforming the fluid-filled compartments of their bodies. 32. French-based Creole is found in Haiti, Mauritius, the French Overseas Depar­tments of Guadeloupe, Martinique, Reunion, and Guyana, in Dominica and St. Lucia, and, although disappearing, in various British-influenced Caribbean islands and in southwestern Louisiana.

8. Терміни моделі (Adj.+Part. I)+N

Друга частина таких термінів (N - іменник) перекладається українсь­ким іменником, а перша частина таких термінів - Adj.+Part.I (сполучення прикметника і дієприкметника І) - перекладається звичайно наступними способами:

1. складним прикметником з двох основ - прислівника, числівника або прикметникової основи (відповідника англійського прикметника) та прикметника (відповідника англійського дієприкметника): quick-acting -швидкодіючий, English-speaking - англомовний, far-reaching - далекосяж­ний, short-acting - короткодіючий, single-acting - однотактовий;

2. простим прикметником, що нерідко відповідає англійському прикмет­нику: long-standing - тривалий, easy-flowing - плавний;

3) підрядним означувальним реченням, де перший компонент ан­ глійського слова трансформовано в обставину, а другий компонент (дієп­ рикметник 1) - в присудок: hard-working - такий, що багато працює; clean- burning - такий, що згорає без забруднення повітря.

Завдання Перекладіть речення, правильно визначивши спосіб пе­рекладу термінів моделі (Adj.+Part.I)+N:

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1. Kerosene and other petroleum derivatives were the first dry-cleaning solvents to be widely used. 2. Long-standing valvular dysfunction may result in heart failure. 3. Inexpensive and hard-working, many members of the Mirage family have been purchased by national air forces. 4. Few discoveries have had such far-reaching effects and universal application as X-rays. 5. The 19th centu­ry was an era of far-reaching technological change that vastly altered the scope of tactics and strategy. 6. A rotatable analyzer system is equipped with a gradu­ated circular-reading scale. 7. Cylinders may be classified as single-acting, do­uble-acting, and differential. 8. The corresponding amines are gaseous (like ammonia) or are low-boiling liquids, and are soluble in water. 9. The continued presence of antibody molecules in the blood after an infection is one reason for the long-lasting immunity to many such diseases. 10. Long-acting barbiturates such as amobarbital penetrate this barrier slowly and short-acting drugs, such as secobarbital, penetrate faster and are used to alleviate an inability to sleep. 11. Vinyl's freedom from surface noise was crucial to the postwar development of the long-playing record. 12. Because it is a clean-burning fuel that emits less carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide than gasoline, natural gas is already being used instead of gasoline in some U.S. track, bus, and auto fleets. 13. This prog­ram, christened "dBase," became one of the best-selling personal computer prog­rams. 14. Sardou's clever, easy-flowing dialogue won him a large following and election (1877) to the Academie Francaise. 15. Although the huge cypress and hardwood stands of the past are gone, Louisiana's climate has allowed the refo­restation of rapid-growing pines to take place. 16. The common, or brown, kiwi, a strange-looking bird, lays an egg approximately 10 percent of its weight, the largest of any bird. 17. The asters are mostly coarse-growing, leafy-stemmed plants that are occasionally somewhat woody at the base. 18. Drugs such as morphine, cocaine, methaqualone, the amphetamines, and short-acting barbitu­rates are also regarded as having great abuse potential, even though they do have accepted uses in medicine. 19. Quick-firing cannon and the torpedo-boat des­troyer were developed in response. 20. "Super fine" is a quick-dissolving sugar used in baked goods and drink mixes. 21. Most of the planet is dominated by relatively low-lying plains characterized by abundant volcanic structures, but there are also continent-size highland regions with mountain ranges, volcanoes, and rift systems. 22. A variety of lead glasses are important as low-melting sea­ling and solder glasses and for use in lead crystal glassware. 23. Although herbi­cides can be costly and harmful to the environment, new herbicides continue to be developed because high-producing genetic strains of plants require assistan­ce in combatting weeds. 24. Cylinders may be classified as single-acting, doub­le-acting, and differential. The hydraulic jack widely used in garages is the best-known form of the single-acting cylinder. 25. Agricultural crops and organic wastes - especially those with high starch or sugar content - are fermented into alcohols that, when treated, become relatively clean-burning fuels. 26. Some investigators suspect that a slow-acting virus is responsible, while some others suspect traumatic brain damage as from birth injuries. 27. This conference pro-

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duced the Treaty of the Meter, signed on May 20, 1875, by the delegates of 17 countries—including the United States, the only English-speaking country to sign. 28. Muscle relaxants such as succinylcholine, curare, pancuronium, and recently introduced short-acting drags such as atracurium, vecuronium, and mi-vacurium interfere with the transmission of impulses from nerve to muscle. 29. Anthropologists now believe that these Javan fossils, along with other, simi­lar-appearing hominid fossils from China and Africa, belong to the extinct speci­es Homo erectus. 30. Short-term memory appears to be related to speech: a string of similar-sounding consonants such as В G C V T P is less likely to be remem­bered correctly than a string of dissimilar consonants such asKGRWFL. 31. Standardized tests have been pretested, and questions are selected to be neither too easy nor too difficult. Questions must discriminate among students—be an­swered correctly more often by high-scoring than by low-scoring students.

9. Терміни моделі (Adj.+Part. II)+N

Другий компонент означених термінів перекладається на українсь­ку мову іменником, а перший компонент - переважно наступними спосо­бами:

1. простим прикметником: nuclear-armed warhead -ядерна боєголов­ка, tooth-edged - зубчатий;

2. складним прикметником: warm-blooded - теплокровний, single-celled - одноклітинний;

3. означувальним словосполученням, де відповідником англійсько­го дієприкметника II є прикметник або дієприкметник, а англійського при­кметника - іменник чи прислівник: loose-jointed - слабо пов'язаний, fine­grained - тонко помелений, gas-shielded - захищений від газу;

4. означувальним прийменниково-іменниковим словосполученням: open-fronted - з відкритим передом, yellow-tipped - з жовтим наконечником;

5. підрядним реченням, де англійський дієприкметник II трансфор­мовано в присудок: human-powered - такий, що приводиться в рух люди­ною, longest-used - такий, що використовується найдавніше.

Завдання Перекладіть речення, звертаючи увагу на правильність перекладу термінів моделі (Adj.+Part. II)+N:

1. The design of both systems included nuclear-armed warheads, large acquisition radars, and tracking radars. 2. A pantograph is a mechanical appara­tus made of rods and pins that takes the form of a loose-jointed parallelogram. 3. Such concrete is known as ready-mixed. 4. Mechanical human- or horse-po­wered dredging was developed in Europe in the late Middle Ages. 5. Members of the family Aniliidae are stout-bodied, short-tailed, cylindrical snakes. 6. Mine­rals break down physically in some environments or grow more coarse-grained

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in others. 7. Natural whetstones may be made of fine-grained varieties of quartz or flint. 8. Judaism probably also reflected a historic revolt against a prehistoric female-centered cosmology. 9. Troglodytidae comprises about 60 species of small-to medium-sized insect-eating songbirds. 10. The British then joined up with American-led Chinese forces and opened up the original Burma Road in Janua­ry 1945. 11. A scraper is an open-fronted box whose bottom edge can be sunk below ground surface to excavate a layer of earth as it moves. 12. Private busi­ness satellites for a wide variety of services are becoming common, and the availability of higher-powered satellites permits smaller antennas for Earth sta­tions with modest traffic demands. 13. The invertebrate group covers a wide range of organisms, from simple single-celled protozoans to those members of the phylum Chordata that lack a vertebral column. 14. The launches confirmed an earlier claim by the USSR that it possessed the ability to build nuclear-armed intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), and they demonstrated substantial Soviet competence in science and technology. 15. Viewed broadly, mammals are vertebrate animals that (1) are endothermic (warm-blooded), able to mainta­in a constant body temperature by internal regulation of either heat production or heat loss, or both. 16. To make a stereo record, the master tape's signal is amplified to drive electromagnetic coils attached to a sharp-edged cutting sty­lus, which cuts a two-sided, stereo groove in a disc coated with acetate or soft copper. 17. The motor cortex controls voluntary movements and is specialized to produce fine-tuned ones, such as complex tongue movements and indepen­dent movements of the fingers. 18. Female-headed low-income households are related to wage discrimination against women, job concentration in low-wage industries, increases in divorce and separation. 19. The concept of human-po­wered flight dates to ancient times. 20. The logic of the nuclear deterrence stra­tegies of the superpowers reflects the enormity of the punishment that a nuclear-armed deterrer would be capable of inflicting on the homeland and society of an aggressor. 21. It was the Greeks, however, who introduced high-powered geo­metry and rigorous reasoning, as well as speculations about the nature of the universe. 22. To study left-right symmetry in depth, the concept of a left- and a right-handed screw is defined: a right-handed screw moves forward when rota­ted clockwise and a left-handed screw moves the opposite way. 23. Wycherley's ironic, double-edged handling of character and circumstance reflect the difficul­ties of maintaining moral standards in an amoral and vicious society. 24. As part of this campaign, many have spoken out against pornography and hate speech that defame and degrade women and create an environment that fosters sexist-based violence. 25. Wind action, therefore, is significant only in areas experien­cing an arid climatic regime, where fine-grained sediments are not held firmly in place by moisture (cohesion) or vegetation. 26. Industrial workers are depen­dent on far-removed economic forces that influence demand for what they pro­duce and over which they have no control.

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10. Терміни моделі (Num.+Part. II)+N

Другий компонент (іменник) таких термінів перекладається укра­їнським іменником, а перший — переважно наступними способами:

1. складним прикметником, що складається з основи числівника та прикметника: one-celled - одноклітинний, four-sided - чотиристоронній;

2. означувальним прийменниково-іменниковим словосполученням: two-legged locomotion - ходіння на двох ногах, ten-sided - з десятьма сторо­нами;

3. підрядним означувальним реченням, як правило, з присудком на кшталт "мати" та додатком, який є відповідником основи англійського ді­єприкметника II: six-handed - такий, що має шість рук (про Шиву), hund­red-gated - такий, що має сто воріт (про місто).

Завдання Перекладіть речення, правильно визначивши спосіб пе­рекладу термінів моделі (Num.+Part. II)+N:

1. Daimler subsequently went on to design automobiles, while others deve­loped two-wheeled vehicles. 2. Two species of camel now exist: the one-humped dromedary and the two-humped Bactrian camel. 3. A Klein bottle is an imaginary one-sided but closed surface that is of interest in topology. 4. Gibbsite forms white or gray six-sided tabular crystals with one perfect cleavage. 5. Beryl is easily dis­tinguished by its long, six-sided prismatic crystals. 6. Unlike true algae they are prokaryotes, or one-celled organisms lacking organelles such as a nucleus. 7. An amoeba is any of several microscopic, one-celled Protozoan organisms commonly found in fresh and salt water, in soil, and as animal parasites. 8. This type of arch is called a two-hinged arch. A three-hinged arch has a third pin connection at the center of the span. 9. Bacteria is the common name for a vast group of one-celled microscopic organisms that encompasses the smallest, simplest, and perhaps first form of cell life that evolved. 10. Most dinosaurs were also four-legged, but some were obligatory bipeds, unable to adopt a four-legged posture. 11. Critics say that such ads are unfairly one-sided; advertisers say that the mass media have been equally one-sided in failing to report company views. 12. Australopithecus was no more of a hunter and toolmaker than the modern chimpanzee, why did it, unlike the apes, develop two-legged locomotion, or bipedalism? 13. Both species of two-toed sloths have three toes on each hind foot but only two toes on each forefoot. 14. In 1964 of the Asherah, a two-seated submarine, specially designed for ar­chaeological exploration, was launched. 15. Filippo Branelleschi's Church of San Lorenzo (begun in 1421) in Florence, for example, is a three-aisled. 16. The first opellers consisted of two very thin blartes, resembling those of an aircraft pro­peller; soon, however, three-oladed, four-bladed, and eventually multibladed pro­pellers of increasingly sophisticated design were in use. 17. Reptiles have a three-or four-chambered heart; and mammals and birds have a four-chambered heart. 18. A similar three-hulled craft is known as a trimaran. 19. The four-eyed fish,

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Anableps anableps, is found in muddy streams in southern Mexico, Central Ameri­ca, and northern South America. 20. A four-sided plane figure with no parallel sides at all is called a trapezium. 21. The male four-horned antelope of Burma and India has two pairs of horns, one atop its head and the other on its forehead. 22. The new product always contains a six-membered carbon ring with a double bond. 23. Scorpions have a seven-segmented preabdomen and a five-segmented posterior with a slender tail ending in a sting. 24. The Vedas (the sacred books of Hinduism) describe Agni as being seven-tongued and having hair like flames. 25. Outrigger rowboats, ranging from one-person to eight-oared craft, give the rower greater leverage and are used today for racing. 26. In Greek mythology, Uranus represented the sky or heaven. He was both the son and husband of Gaea, the Earth, by whom he fathered first the hundred-handed giants and the Cyclops, whom he banished to Tartarus, and later the Titans. 27. The central part of each 815-kg (1,797-lb) Voyager spacecraft is a ten-sided aluminum framework ring, about 45 cm (18 in) high and 179 cm (70 in) across.

11. Складні терміни з антропонімами

Невелика, але досить важлива, частина наукових та технічних термінів утворюється на основі особових імен (як правило, прізвищ). Це або похідні терміни (наприклад, darwinism), або термінологічні словоспо­лучення, де прізвище може бути як у загальному, так і у родовому відмінку (Fresnel zone - зона Френеля, Doppler's effect - ефект Доплера). Означення-прізвище в останніх може перекладатися наступними способами:

1. означення-прізвище подається у постпозиції в родовому відмін­ку: Faraday effect - ефект Фарадея, Curie temperature scale - температурна шкала Кюрі, Bohr theory - теорія Бора;

2. означення-прізвище подається у постпозиції в орудному відмінку у сполученні з прийменником "за": Brookfield viscosity - в'язкість за Брукфіл-дом, Frenkel pair - дефект за Френкелем;

3. присвійним прикметником, утвореним від прізвища: Debye shiel­ding - дебаївське екранування, Bayes risk - баєсів ризик, Mercator projection - меркаторова проекція:

4. словосполученням, у якому присутнє слово "метод", "спосіб" тощо: Monte-Carlo simulation - моделювання методом Монте-Карло, Czoc-hralski process - виробництво кристалів (за) методом Чохральського, Саі-mes process - виробництво безшовних труб способом Колмса ( як можна бачити, у таких випадках і головне слово англійського термінологічного сполучення нерідко перекладається словосполученням);

5. прізвищем-прикладкою: Monel metal - монель-метал, Fourier op­tics - фур'є-оптика, Auger peak - Оже-пік;

6. описово (з вилученням прізвища): Clark orbit - геостаціонарна орбіта, Neely process - процес сульфідування, Franeis turbine - діагональна турбіна.

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Іноді прізвища у таких термінах на професійному жаргоні познача­ють прилад, пристрій, метод, процес тощо, і перекладаються відповідно: Gunn oscillator - генератор на діоді Ганна, Hall switch - перемикач на датчику Гол-ла. Деякі українські терміни-відповідники містять не одне прізвище, як в англійських термінах, а два: Gauss theorem - теорема Гаусса-Остроградсько-го, Brillouin shift - зсув частот у розсіянні Бріллюена-Мандельштама.

Окремі англійські терміни, що не мають у своєму складі прізвища, можуть перекладатися термінами із прізвищем: energy operator - оператор Гамільтона, interfacial phase - (міжфазовий) шар Гіббса, thermal noise - шум Джонсона. Такі англійські терміни мають, як правило, й інші дублетні ук­раїнські відповідники, що не містять прізвища: thermal noise - тепловий шум, energy operator - оператор енергії. Подібним же чином деякі англійсь­кі термінологічні сполучення із прізвищем мають дублетні українські від­повідники: Dow oscillator - генератор Доу, генератор з електронним зв'яз­ком; Coriolis acceleration - прискорення Коріоліса, поворотне прискорення.

Слід мати на увазі, що іноді в деяких українських відповідниках ан­глійських термінів, що містять прізвища, відбувається заміна прізвища, тобто вживається інше прізвище: Giaque's temperature scale - шкала Кельві­на, basic Bessemer process - томасівський процес.

Завдання 1 Використовуючи словники, перекладіть наступні тер­міни, звертаючи увагу на вибір адекватного способу передачі прізвища у їхньому складі:

Schottky noise, Charpy V notch, Becker nozzle, Aitken nuclei, Beaufort number, Fibonacci numbers, Laplace operator, Doppler process, Nernst potenti­al, Panama pipe, Oklo phenomenon, Mach number, Raman radiation, Dicke ra­diometer, Hertz waves, Twindow insulating unit, Hilbert transform, Cauchy re­mainder, Laplace representation, Dirac response, Mercalli scale, Froude sca­ling, Compton scattering, Leslie speaker, Bragg spectrometer, Ulbricht sphere, Thomas steel, Lambert surface, solar Stirling cycle power system, Emendorf tear test, Flory theory, Coulomb potential, Lewis number, Hall current accelera­tor, Dorr agitator, Venturi action, Fermi (neutron) age, Hempel analysis, Hall angle, Bowden-Lefen apparatus.

Завдання 2 Перекладіть речення, звертаючи увагу на вибір адек­ватного способу перекладу термінів з антропонімами:

1. Numerous terms in mathematics bear his name, for example, the Cauc­hy integral theorem, in the theory of complex functions, and the Cauchy-Kova-levskaya existence theorem for the solution of partial differential equations. 2. Christoffel published works on conformal mappings, Riemann's o-function, the theory of invariants, and the Christoffel reduction theorem. 3. The Jordan curve theorem, named for French mathematician Camille Jordan, states that any

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simple closed curve in a plane separates the plane into three disjoint sets: the curve itself, its interior, and its exterior. 4. This phenomenon, the Doppler effect, applies to all types of waves and is named after Christian Johann Doppler, an Austrian scientist who predicted in 1842 that the color of a luminous body would change in a similar manner, due to the relative motion of the body and the obser­ver. 5. Starting in the mid-1960s, radar units that measure the Doppler shift were developed to provide velocity information, as well as reflectivity. 6. Thermionic emission is also known as the Edison effect, because Thomas A. Edison disco­vered the phenomenon in 1883 while developing filaments for the electric lig-htbulb. 7. Cherenkov radiation is the electromagnetic radiation emitted by a char­ged particle moving through a medium with a velocity greater than the velocity of light in that medium. 8. The Hubble Space Telescope has enabled astrono­mers to see the first clear evidence of a brown dwarf star, the birth and death of stars, and the discovery of oxygen on Jupiter's moon, Europa. 9. Rudolf Diesel, born on March 18, 1858 and died on September 29, 1913, was a French-born , German engineer who invented the internal-combustion engine that bears his name, the diesel engine. 10. Fourier analysis is a branch of mathematics that is used to analyze repeating, or periodic, phenomena. 11. If the function does pos­sess a Fourier series, the coefficients can be calculated by means of integral calculus. 12. The van der Waals equation, derived by Johannes van der Waals, is an equation of state for gases and liquids. 13. The Turing machine thus served, and continues to serve, as a model—an automaton—for the potentials of any computer that can be built within the limits of technical knowledge for the fore­seeable future. 14. The Wilson chamber typically consists of a small cylinder with a glass window at the top and a retractable piston below. 15. The Richter scale is one of several closely related methods of quantifying the magnitude (strength) of an earthquake. 16. The Swedish biochemist Sune Karl Bergstrom, b. Jan. 10, 1916, shared the 1982 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine with Bengt Samuelsson and John R. Vane for their research concerning prostaglan­dins. 17. Within the limits of experimental accuracy, Coulomb demonstrated that the Coulomb force, F, of attraction or repulsion between two charges, p and q, is proportional to the inverse square of the distance, r, separating the two charges. 18. The results of research into the cell nucleus and the rediscovery of Mendel's heredity theory brought about the development of genetics. 19. Fara­day's first law states that the amount of product formed is proportional to the amount of electricity (number of electrons) that has flowed through the cell. 20. The air flowing around an object has a local Mach number that depends on the local flow speed and that varies inversely with the local speed of sound; hence it changes from point to point. 21. In mathematical analysis Laplace intro­duced the potential function and Laplace coefficients. 22. Fibonacci sequences have proved useful in number theory, geometry, the theory of continued fracti­ons, and genetics. 23. He is best known for discovering the law of hydrostatics, often called Archimedes' principle, which states that a body immersed in fluid loses weight equal to the weight of the amount of fluid it displaces.

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