6, Терміни з суфіксом -oid

Суфікс -oid має значення "подібний (до того, що позначає дерива­ційна основа)", "схожий (на те, що позначає дериваційна основа". За його допомогою від іменників і прикметників утворюються похідні іменники і прикметники. Терміни-іменники з цим суфіксом звичайно перекладаються термінами з відповідним суфіксом -оїд (фактично, такі терміни є інтерна-ціоналізмами і в мові перекладу нерідко утворюються шляхом транскоду-вання): paraboloid - параболоїд, solenoid - соленоїд, delphinoid - дельфіно-їд, cylindroid - циліндроїд.

Терміни-прикметники, утворені за допомогою цього суфіксу, часто перекладаються складними термінами, що містять термінокомпонент "-вид­ний" або "-подібний", а також похідними термінами з суфіксом "-оїдний": rhomboid - ромбовидний, salamandroid - саламандроподібний, asteroid - асте-роїдний, ellipsoid - еліпсоїдний.

Завдання Перекладіть речення, звертаючи увагу на правильний переклад термінів, утворених за допомогою суфікса -oid:

1. In dealing with gravity measurements, scientists refer to an idealized Earth shape, the reference spheroid. Another shape, the so-called geoid, is an ideal one on the surface of which all points would experience equal gravitational force. 2. An ellipsoid is a three-dimensional surface of such shape that any plane section of the surface is either an ellipse or a circle. 3. The organisms in this division grow as multinucleate amoeboid plasmodia and produce motile uninuc­leate amoebae, as well as biflagellate cells. 4. For example, the centroid of a straight line is the midpoint of the line and the centroid of a circle is the center, which is why a waiter or waitress balances a tray of dishes at its center. 5. Chlo-roplasts are generally 4 to 6 microns in length, 1 to 2 microns in width, and discoid or ellipsoid in shape. 6. Mathematically, a cycloid is defined as the plane curve generated by a point P fixed on the circumference of a circle as the circle rolls without slipping along a straight line. 7. The area of a trapezoid is half the sum of the bases times the altitude. 8. The spleen, thymus, tonsils, and adenoids are all composed of lymphoid tissue. 9. Scientists held that there were three or

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five or more such subdivisions in the species Homo sapiens - including Caucaso-id, Negroid, and Mongoloid. 10. Builders in Europe and Latin America used thin shell structures in a variety of shapes derived from the geometry of double-war­ped surfaces, such as the conoid and hyperbolic paraboloid. 11. Today the majo­rity of robots are not at all humanoid. 12. Boron is a metalloid chemical element that exhibits properties significantly different from the other members of group IIIA.

7. Терміни з суфіксом -ologist

Суфікс -ologist має значення фахівець галузі, позначеною дерива­ційною основою, і перекладаються переважно термінами з суфіксом -олог та термінокомпонентом "-знавець": musicologist - музикознавець, climato-logist - кліматолог, neuropsychologist - нейропсихолог, sinologist - синолог, radiologist - радіолог, embryologist - ембріолог, paleontologist - палеонтолог.

Завдання Перекладіть речення, визначивши адекватний спосіб пе­рекладу термінів з суфіксом -ologist:

1. The French physiologist Pierre Flourens removed or destroyed speci­fic parts of an animal's brain tissues to see the differences in outcome. 2. The archaeologist attempts to reconstruct the past by analyzing, dating, and compa­ring systematically excavated sites and artifacts. 3. Soon afterward the basic neural structure of the brain unfolded as a result of the work of Camillo Golgi, an Italian histologist who developed a method for staining cells, and the Spani­ard Santiago Ramon у Cajal, who improved the method and used it to trace brain cells. 4. The Soviet neuropsychologist Aleksandr Luria, a major figure in this development, suggested that psychological functions are hierarchical and that broader functions may not be localized because they comprise more narrow fun­ctions that are localized in different brain structures. 5. The dermatologist must understand the systemic diseases likely to be responsible for a skin rash, just as the internist or pediatrician examines the skin as a first clue to underlying dise­ase. 6. Although the field is classified as a surgical specialty, the otolaryngolo­gist also treats nonsurgical conditions of these structures. 7. The anatomic pat­hologist examines tissues obtained during surgery or at an autopsy and also ex­amines cells from body secretions. 8. In recent decades, with the advances made in surgical procedures, the functions of the anesthesiologist have become cor­respondingly complex. 9. The ophthalmologist treats medical and surgical eye conditions and is concerned with the prevention and treatment of blindness 10. Apart from the social relationships in which they are taught and learned, such activities are not of primary concern to the sociologist; they are instead studied by the cultural anthropologist, who may take the entire culture of a society, from marriage customs to magic, as a field of inquiry. 11. genetic constitution and

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social behavior. Named by the Harvard University entomologist Edward 0. Wil­son, sociobiology has attracted a small but vigorous number of sociologists, al­though it has been assailed by others as a revival of post-Darwinian biological determinism. 12. A futile search for so-called engrams, the hypothetical memo­ry sites in the brain, was conducted by American neuropsychologist Karl Lash-ley in the 1920s. 13. Pioneering in this field, German bacteriologist Paul Ehrlich began his career by discovering that many cells would bind to specific dyes then being developed by the German chemical industry. 14. In 1943 the microbiolo­gist Selman Waksman discovered streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective aga­inst tuberculosis. 15. Embryologist Oscar Hertwig described (1876) the union of eggs and sperm in fertilization, and Polish botanist Eduard Strasburger descri­bed (1884) fertilization in flowering plants. 16. A related category of crime is the type that the U.S. criminologist Edwin H. Sutherland (1885—1950) termed white-collar crime. 17. The forensic toxicologist provides the pathologist with data relating to the presence of poisons or drags found in a victim's body. 18. Whereas European dialectologists had used only rural and so-called lower-class speakers in their samples, as early as 1933 the American dialectologist Hans Kurath distinguished between lower- and middle-class speakers. 19. The words technician and technologist are frequently, though incorrectly, interchan­ged, and the length of the training programs differs according to the institution.

20. The Paleolithic era and the Neolithic transition, which jointly constitute more than 99% of the time span of technological history, lie properly in the domain of the prehistorian—mainly the archaeologist, anthropologist, and paleontologist.

21. Theodor Wiesengrand Adorno, b. Sept. 11, 1903, d. Aug. 6, 1969, was a German sociologist, philosopher, and musicologist. 22. In studying the planets, the astronomer must also enlist the aid of the chemist, the geologist, and the meteorologist. 23. An important, widely used technique for identifying bacteria, called gram staining, was perfected by the Danish bacteriologist Hans Christian Gram in 1884. 24. James Henry Breasted, b. Rockford, I11., Aug. 27, 1865, d. Dec. 2, 1935, was an American Egyptologist, historian, and archaeologist. 25. De Groot later became a methodologist, developing procedures for a forum for resolving scientific disagreements. 26. The dendrochronologist determines the cause of the discrepancy, makes the changes necessary to remove it, and then rechecks the synchroneity. 27. Gerard Paul Deshayes, b. May 15, 1795, d. June 9, 1875, was a French malacologist and paleontologist whose statistical work with Tertiary mollusks, a classic model of biostratigraphy, produced essential support for the subdivisions of the Tertiary Period (from 65 to 2 million years ago) proposed by Charles Lyell. 28. Harry Hammond Hess, b. May 24, 1906, d. Aug. 26, 1969, was a prominent American geologist, geophysicist, mineralo-gist-petrologist, and oceanographer who also served as a rear admiral in the U.S. Naval Reserve. Between the scholar and the craftsman there has always been a close connection, so close that in every period of history examples can be found of the two roles combined by the same person, whether it be the 14th-century mathematician and horologist Richard of Wallingford, the 17th- century physi-

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cist, microscopist, and mechanician Robert Hooke, or the 20th-century bacterio­logist Alexander Fleming.

8. Терміни з напівсуфіксом -worthy

Напівсуфікс -worthy, поєднуючись із іменниковою основою, утво­рює слова (в тому числі й терміни), що мають такі значення:

1. який заслуговує на те, що позначено іменниковою основою: quo-teworthy - який заслуговує на цитування, noteworthy - який заслуговує на увагу, trustworthy - який заслуговує на довіру;

2. який підходить або придатний до того (безпечний стосовно того), що позначено іменниковою основою: crashworthy- аварійно-безпечний, seaworthy- придатний для плавання на морі.

Терміни з напівафіксом -worthy переважно перекладаються наступ­ними способами:

1. складним терміном, що містить підрядне означувальне речення з присудком на кшталт "заслуговувати", "бути придатним", яке є безпосе­реднім відповідником напівафікса -worthy: newsworthy - що заслуговує на висвітлення у пресі (новинах), creditworthy- що заслуговує на довіру (як отримувач кредитів);

2. складним терміном, що містить компонент "-здатний" як безпосе­редній відповідник напівафікса -worthy: creditworthy - кредитоздатний, air- , worthy - польотоздатний;

3. складним терміном, що містить словосполучення "придатний до (для)": airworthy - придатний до польоту, flighworthy - придатний для поль­отів;

4. іноді універбами-прикметниками: unseaworthy- немореходний.

Завдання Перекладіть речення, попередньо визначивши спосіб пе­рекладу термінів з напівафіксом -worthy:

1. Powered by four 3,800-horsepower gas-turbine engines that drive four lift fans and four swiveling air propellers, these big craft cruise smoothly at up to 77 knots, making them the fastest class of seaworthy water vehicles in the world. 2. The flight demonstrated that the vehicle was spaceworthy for the duration of a lunar mission. 3. By the late Middle Ages the ancient Chinese sailing ship had evolved into the junk, one of the world's strongest and most seaworthy ships. 4. After the major components of the steering and propulsion systems were in­stalled the ship was launched. An extensive amount of outfitting and finishing, however, was still required before the ship was seaworthy. 5. Banks have a parti­cular advantage in making loans to corporate accounts that are constrained in borrowing directly from the public (through issuance of bonds and other securi­ties) because the public cannot judge whether they are creditworthy. 6. Hearsay

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is not always rejected. The law recognizes a number of situations in which evi­dence may be considered sufficiently trustworthy even though it is plainly hear­say. 7. The rationale behind the tort of negligence is that even though an injury may not have been intentional, it nonetheless may be blameworthy because the defendant did not use reasonable care under the circumstances. 8. The cactus family contains numerous attractive and noteworthy members. 9. A noteworthy feature of the fern's reproduction cycle is that two very different reproductive forms exist in every species, a phenomenon known as the alternation of generati­ons.

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