4. Терміни з суфіксом -less

Суфікс -less утворює від іменників прикметники, що мають значення:

1. позбавлений чогось: painless - безболісний, roofless - без даху;

2. який не має чогось: priceless - безцінний, homeless - бездомний, childless - бездітний,

3. неможливість якоїсь дії (у випадку прикметників, утворених від дієслівних основ): cureless - невиліковний, recoilless - безвідкатний, harmless

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- нешкідливий.

Такі терміни переважно перекладаються наступними способами:

1. похідними термінами з префіксом без-: valueless- безцінний, do­ubtless- безсумнівний, wireless- бездротовий, tailless- безхвостий, seam­less- безшовний, tongueless- без'язикий, wingless- безкрилий, smokeless-бездимний, recoilless- безвідкатний, limbless- безногий, toothless- беззу­бий, neutrinoless- безнейтринний", pilotless- безпілотний;

2. складними термінами, де значення суфікса -less передається у під­рядному означувальному реченні (як правило, заперечувальному), що міс­тять присудок на кшталт "мати", "містити": scaleless - що не має луски, hairless - що не має волосся, colorless - що не має кольору, odorless - що не має запаху, moistureless - що не містить вологи, brotherless - який не має брата, chipless - що не використовує мікросхеми, flightless - що не може літати, tasteless - що не має смаку, massless - що не має маси;

3. похідними термінами з префіксом не-: changeless - незмінний, sta­inless - нержавіючий, countless - незліченний, relentless - невпинний, moti­onless - нерухомий, harmless - нешкідливий;

4. сполученням прийменника "без" із іменником: moonless sky - небо без місяця, warrantless search - обшук без ордера;

5. підібраним варіантним відповідником-прикметником, що в своїй семантичній структурі містить заперечення: voiceless - глухий (про звук), faceless system - анонімна система.

Завдання Перекладіть речення, звертаючи увагу на правильний вибір способу перекладу термінів з суфіксом -less:

1. Stainless steels are melted almost exclusively in the electric-arc furna­ce and are semi-finished in slab, rod, or tube form. 2. Compression is called "lossless" when the original digital image can be exactly reconstructed (decom­pressed) from the compressed image. 3. Recoilless guns are now used primarily for short-range antitank defense when the barrel can be pointed directly at the target. 4. Today machines exist that can perform every operation automatically; second, new "chipless" techniques have been developed that use ultrasonics, lasers, high-voltage sparks, chemicals, plasma gases, and high-speed electroc­hemical processes to machine metals. 5. Special solid-metal wheels were crea­ted for railroad cars; later, tubed, and then tubeless, rubber tires were developed for automobiles, permitting very high speeds by greatly reducing surface fricti­on. 6. Nitrocellulose-base smokeless powders, of which guncotton was the first, began to replace black powder in the late 1880s. 7. Modern anchors for large ships are generally stockless, so that they may be drawn up into the opening for the anchor cable, called a hawsehole. 8. When the converter is heated and extra air is pumped into it by an air pump, contact with the catalysts causes the hydro­carbons and the carbon monoxide to be converted into harmless carbon dioxide and water. 9. The long-range, or tactical, cruise missile is a small pilotless air-

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craft armed with either a conventional or nuclear warhead. 10. Gum, a sticky substance obtained from plants, is a complex compound derived from carbohyd­rates and is tasteless and odorless. 11. The helicopter is capable of remaining motionless in hovering flight because the powered rotors produce lift even at zero forward speed. 12. The cordless telephone uses radio over very short dis­tances in the home or office. 13. A weightless state produces effects on a body's cardiovascular and nervous systems as well as on its blood, muscles, skeleton, body fluids, and electrolytes. 14. The chemical element nitrogen is a colorless, odorless gas. 15. Cacti are typically leafless and spiny and have a thick, waxy cuticle and sunken stomata that close by day to conserve water. 16. Currently, some physicists are pursuing an approach based on a quantum theory of strings, objects extended in one spatial dimension, as opposed to conventional particles, which are extensionless points. 17. Interest was aroused in the mid-1980s by a report of evidence for neutrinoless double beta decay and the suggestion that the neutrinos had instead merged to form a new kind of particle called a majoron. 18. Many species of birds in the United States, including peregrine falcons, bald eagles, pelicans, and roseate terns, lay thin-shelled or shell-less eggs as a result of ingesting degradation products of DDT and some of the other chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides that make their way into the food chain. 19. A simpli­fied version of the problem is the restricted problem of three bodies. In this case, one of the bodies is assumed to be "massless" - in other words, to have mass so insignificant as not to affect the motion of the other two, which move around each other in circular orbits, while the massless body (which is affected, of cour­se, by the other two) moves in the common orbital plane. 20. In the 1980s a sophisticated expansion of the big bang theory was developed, called inflationa­ry theory. It tried to account for the fact that the universe is not featureless but has structure - particles, atoms, stars, galaxies. 21. In regions once covered by Pleistocene glaciers, extensive areas sometimes lack glacial drift. In the United States large driftless area covers southwestern Wisconsin and parts of Minneso­ta, Iowa, and Illinois. 22. Even though the defendant is found not to have acted as a reasonably prudent person, he or she is liable for the tort of negligence only if a fairly close cause-and-effect relationship exists between the careless con­duct and the subsequent injury. 23. Some of these conflicts result in attempts at genocide, and the rest of the world appears powerless to intervene. 24. In En­glish law, also, brotherless women could inherit, and a woman could own pro­perty and could will it to the same extent as a male. 25. The biblical story of creation contained in the Book of Genesis begins with a formless, watery chaos that God shapes into the ordered world.