5. Semantic Classification of Phraseological Units

Semantic classification of phraseological units is grounded on the semantic links between the components of the phraseologism. According to this classification three main groups of phraseological units are distinguished. They are:

• set phrases, or collocations;

• phraseological unities;

• idioms, or phraseological fusions.

Set phrases / collocations (стійкі сполуки слів) are based on limited variability of their components – in verbal phrases: to do business (not to make business); in attributive phrases: close friendship; in adverbial phrases: at your convenience; in phrases with archaic words: in his behoof – “in his interests” (behoof – book. “benefit, prоfit”).

Phraseological unities (фр. єдності) are semantically indivisableunits the whole meaning of which is motivated by the meaning of their components. In other words, the meaning of the whole phrase is not equal to the meanings of its components, but the figurative meaning is rather apparent.: fall ill, live on air, live in a fool’s paradise.

Phraseological fusions / idioms are nominative or syntactic constructions whose meaning cannot be derived from the meanings of the words combined in them, e.g.: pull smb’s leg (to deceive), mіnd your p’s and q’s – “be careful”, a nice kettle of fish – “a mass”, once in a blue moon – “very rare”.

6. Communicative Types of Sentence

Sentence is a communicative unit, According to the purpose of communication, 3 cardinal sentence-types are recognized: declarative, imperative (inducive), and interrogative.

The declarative sentence expresses a statement, either affirmative or negative, and corresponds to listener’s respond of appraisal (agreement or disagreement).

The imperative sentence expresses inducement, either affirmative or negative. It urges the listener, in the form of request or command, to perform (or not to perform) a certain action. Lingually, it correlates with a verbal response showing that the inducement is either accepted or rejected.

The interrogative sentence expresses a question, forming together with an answer a question-answer dialogue unity.

Alongside with the communicative types of sentences, another, minor types of sentences are recognized. According to Charles Fries, they are not directed to any listener but characterize the situation, such as:

- interjections expressing emotions (surprise, sudden pain, disgust, anger, joy, sorrow, etc.), e.g.: Oh, God! For goodness sake! My goodness! Thank goodness! By gosh! God damn!

• greetings & partings which are statements of conventional goodwill at meetings and partings (they can be attributed to the declarative type);

• calls – requests for attention, kinds of interjectional units (they can be attributed to the imperative type), e.g.: Hey!; Ladies and Gentlemen!

As it is seen from the given examples, all three pairs of different communicative types of sentences make up distinct semantic syntactic oppositions effected by intonation, word-order, and lexical syntactic devices.