2 Оptions for possible methods of accounting and controlling electric energy

2.1 Electronic programmable device for remote metering of electric energy of the type «ets-m»

The main area of ​​application of a programmable remote summation device of the «ETS-M» type (hereinafter referred to as the adder) is the measurement of electrical energy consumption. The use of the device gives an advantage where the consumer receives energy from several substations. In this case, power counters with pulse sensors are installed at each power input. The device «ETS-M» summarizes the pulses of electricity meters and indicates the consumption by channels, the total consumption by tariffs and the total consumption by zones of the daily load profile. The duration of the integration period can be any standard value [5].

The ETS-M can also be used for measuring water supply and gas supply and in every area where impulses are proportional to a certain amount. The device further provides for programming the load level during peak hours. If the load thresholds are reached, the device gives a danger signal. The device of the remote account of type «ETS-M» depending on the order can be executed with 4, 8 and 12 inputs. The actual number of channels depends on programming 2-4, 2-8 and 2-12. The direction of energy can be determined for each channel, so that counters can be connected to one adder, operating in the positive energy direction (consumption) and counters that operate in the negative energy direction (energy production).

To sum up the active and reactive energy, two devices are needed separately. Since the adder performs the function of contact clocks, separate contact clocks are not required. The system can be connected to meters with different current and voltage ratings. The system counteracts vibration with a frequency of no more than 25 Hz and with an amplitude of not more than 0.1 mm.

2.2 Electronic Multifunctional Multimeter «sem-1»

The adder is an electronic multifunctional «SEM-1» (hereinafter - the adder). The adder is designed for effective control and accounting of electricity and power consumption directly from consumers, and in automated centralized accounting and control systems. The adder can be used by state energy supervision enterprises and dispatching services of power systems for the operative collection of information on the generation, flow and consumption of electricity and the introduction of restrictions on power consumption [6].

The adder allows to organize the lower level of the network for accounting for generation, distribution and consumption of energy in order to obtain a balance of energy generation and flows, control of power and energy consumption by consumers with any electricity supply scheme of the whole enterprise and its units by day, day and day.

The general scheme of connecting the adder is shown in Figure 2.1.

Figure 2.1 - General scheme of connecting the adder «SEM-1»

The adder provides reception of impulse signals with the converter on 16 channels with the length of the communication line no more than 3 km, the resistance is not more than 190 Ohm / km and the capacity is not more than 0.1 μF / km. Primary converters with pulse outputs can be electronic counters with pulse output, induction counters with built-in pulse shaping devices, generating pulses corresponding to a certain energy expenditure.

It is allowed to use any primary converters having the following characteristics:

- duration of pulses, not less than 12 ms;

- input current at the moment of the pulse, not less than 10 mA;

- allowable pause current, not more than 1 mA;

- maximum frequency of pulses, not more than 10 Hz.

The totalizer is designed for round-the-clock operation without maintenance. The adder provides algebraic addition of information received from different accounting channels, forming accounting groups from 1 to 6. The set of channels in the group is arbitrary, and the channels in different groups can be repeated. The SEM-1 adder provides the output of the first and second accounting groups via two output channels. The pulse frequency of each output channel is proportional to the total amount of energy of the corresponding accounting group. The parameters of the output signals correspond to the requirements imposed on the converters.

The adder provides bidirectional information exchange with the PC on two serial interfaces. The first interface is «RS-232C» and IRPS «current loop» according to GOST 11 305.916-84. The second interface is «RS-232C» (three-wire). The adder ensures the preservation of measurements during a short-term voltage drop and when the supply voltage is disconnected for a period of at least two months. The totalizer remains operational when the supply voltage deviates by 10% from 220 V and 5% from 100 V.