EP / Теория ЭП Драчев

ɇɨ ɢ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɟɧ ɬɨɤɭ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ. ɍ ɚɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɩɪɢ Ɇ = 0 ɬɨɤ ɫɬɚɬɨɪɚ ɪɚɜɟɧ ɬɨɤɭ ɧɚɦɚɝɧɢɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬɫɹ. ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɦɟɬɨɞ Ɇɗ ɞɥɹ ɚɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ 0,5·Ɇɇ Ɇ 0,75·ɆɄ, ɨɬɞɚɜɚɹ ɫɟɛɟ ɨɬɱɟɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɦɟɬɨɞ Ɇɗ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚɯ, ɛɥɢɡɤɢɯ ɤ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ.

Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɟɝɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ – ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ (ɢ ɬɢɩɵ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɢ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ). Ɇɟɬɨɞ Ɇɗ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ ɢ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɟɧ ɬɨɤɭ (ɟɫɥɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɬɨɤ).

Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɢɱɧɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɚɝɪɟɜ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɬɟɩɥɨ-

ɜɵɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ ǻɊ, ɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ǻɊɗ ɞɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ. ȼɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ǻɊɗ Ł Iɗ2, ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɱɚɳɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ. ɋɚɦɵɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ Ɇɗ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɩɨ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɭ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɪɟɞɤɨ, ɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ ɱɚɫɬɵɦɢ ɩɭɫɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ.

Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɠɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɜ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ?

Ɇɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɲɢɧ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ Ɋ= = U·I·Ș ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɬɨɤɭ ɩɪɢ U = const ɢ Ș = const. ȿɫɥɢ U = const ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɨɬ ɰɟɯɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ, ɬɨ Ș § const ɦɨɠɧɨ ɝɪɭɛɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɩɪɢ 0,5·Ɋɇ < Ɋ < 2·Ɋɇ.

Ɇɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɲɢɧ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ Ɋ~ = 3 ·U·I·cosij·Ș ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɬɨɤɭ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɫɬɜɟ Ș ɢ cos ij. ȿɫɥɢ ɨ Ș § const ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɨɫɶ ɜɵɲɟ, ɬɨ ɨ cos ij § const ɦɨɠɧɨ ɝɪɭɛɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɩɪɢ 0,5·Ɋɇ < Ɋ < 1,5·Ɋɇ.

ɇɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ Ɋ Ł I, ɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ Ɋ = Ɇ·Ȧ, ɚ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ Ɋ Ł Ɇ Ł I ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ ɥɢɲɶ ɩɪɢ Ȧ = const ɢ ȕi = const. Ɉɬɫɸɞɚ ɜɵɜɨɞ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɚ, ɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ, ɝɪɭɛɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɦ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɚ ɥɢɲɶ ɢɡ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ

ȼɵɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɩɭɫɤɚ ɢ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢ Ȧ = 0 ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɜɧɚ Ɋ = 0, ɚ ɬɨɤ I 0, ɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬɫɹ.

Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɊɋɊɄȼ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦ (ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ). ɗɬɨɬ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɭɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ.

Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɊɋɊɄȼ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦ ɬɨɝɞɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ ɢ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɚɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ.

191

4.3.7. ȼɵɛɨɪ ɩɨ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨ-ɤɪɚɬɤɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ

ɇɚɝɪɟɜ ɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ. ɉɨ ɩɪɨɲɟɫɬɜɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ IJɆȺɄɋ ɜ ɰɢɤɥɚɯ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɪɚɜɧɵ, ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ IJɆɂɇ.

ȼ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɜɲɟɦɫɹ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨ-ɤɪɚɬɤɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ (ɉɄɊ) ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ IJ(t):

– ɞɥɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ tɊ

– ɞɥɹ ɩɚɭɡɵ t0

t0

IJɆɂɇ IJɆȺɄɋ e TɌɈ .

Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɬɞɚɱɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ.

ɇɚɣɞɟɦ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ

192

ȼɵɱɢɬɚɟɦɨɟ ɜ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɚɬɟɥɟ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɜɵɱɢɬɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɜ ɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɟ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ IJɆȺɄɋ < IJɍ. ȿɫɥɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɜ ɉɄɊ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ, ɪɚɜɧɭɸ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ, ɬɨ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɟɞɨɝɪɭɠɟɧ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɧɭɠɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜ ɰɢɤɥɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɥɚ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ: IJɆȺɄɋ = IJȾɈɉ.

ɉɪɢɪɚɜɧɹɟɦ IJɆȺɄɋ = IJȾɈɉ:

Ɉɬɫɸɞɚ ɧɚɣɞɟɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɭɡɤɢ (ɩɨ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɦ, ɩɨ ɬɟɩɥɭ)

ȼ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɦ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ:

–ȕ0 ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɚɭɡɵ ɜɨ ɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡ, ɜɨ ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡ ɯɭɠɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɬɞɚɱɚ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ;

–ȕ0t0 – ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɚɭɡɵ, ɡɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ ɭɫɩɟɥ ɛɵ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ, ɟɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥɢɫɶ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɬɞɚɱɢ;

–İc – ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɤ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɠɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɚɭɡɟ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ.

ɍɩɪɨɫɬɢɦ ɤɌ ɢɡ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɱɬɨ tɐ / ɌɌ < 0,1. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɹɞ Ɇɚɤɥɨ-

ɪɟɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ

(1 – ɟ– y) = 1 – (1 – y + y2 /2! – y 3 / 3! + +….) = y + y2 /2! – y3 / 3!… § y,

ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ

Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɜɨ ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɵ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ.

ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɟɫɥɢ İ = 0,25, ȕ0 =0,5, ɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɚ

Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬ

193

Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɧɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ 2,5 ɪɚɡɚ !? Ɇɧɨɝɨ ɷɬɨ ɢɥɢ ɦɚɥɨ?

Ʌɭɱɲɟ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɩɨ ɬɨɤɭ ɤi.(ɟɝɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɭɡɤɢ).

ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɤɌ = 2,5, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤi § 1,6. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɭ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨ-ɤɪɚɬɤɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɟɝɨ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɬɨɤ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧ ɜ ɤi ɪɚɡ.

IȾɈɉ ɉɄ Iɇ ki Iɇ kT Iɇ/ İc .

ȼ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɤi = 1,6. Ⱥ ɟɫɥɢ İc = 0,25, ɬɨɝɞɚ IȾɈɉ = 2ǜIɇ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨ-ɤɪɚɬɤɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɧɭɠɧɵ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɟ ɪɟɠɢɦɵ.

Ⱦɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨ-ɤɪɚɬɤɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨ-

ɤɪɚɬɤɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ (ɪɟɠɢɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ S3) ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɟɪɢɣ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ ɤɪɚɧɨɜɨ-ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɟɪɢɹ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɨɛɳɟɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɪɢɢ:

–ɭɫɢɥɟɧɵ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɢ (ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪ – ɜ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹɯ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ, ɭɫɢɥɟɧɵ ɨɛɦɨɬɤɢ ɫɬɚɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɪɨɬɨɪɚ ɚɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ – ɜɵɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɬɨɤɢ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɹ);

–ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɪɨɬɨɪɚ (ɹɤɨɪɹ) ɫɧɢɠɟɧɵ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɵ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɢ;

–ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɞɨ 3 – 4 ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ.

Ⱦɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɟɪɢɢ (ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ – ɬɢɩɚ Ⱦ, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ - ɬɢɩɚ 4MTF(H)) ɢɦɟɸɬ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɧɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɜ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɟ ɭɤɚɡɵ-

ɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɧɚ ɜɚɥɭ ɊȾɈɉ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɉȼɄȺɌ =15, 25, 40, 60, 100%. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 4.2 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɜɢɝɚ-

ɬɟɥɹ MTF412-6.

MK = 932 ɇɦ, U2ɇ (ȿ2Ɉ) = 255 ȼ, J = 2,7 ɤɝɦ2, m = 345 ɤɝ

194

ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɉȼ = 100%. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɨɛɳɟɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɪɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɤɪɚɧɨɜɨɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɟɪɢɢ ɜ 2…2,5 ɪɚɡɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ.

ɉɪɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɉȼ ɫɧɢɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɵɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ǻɊ, ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɚɹ ɩɨ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɭ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ Ɋ, ɬɨɤɢ ɢ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ, ɪɚɫɬɟɬ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ. ɇɨ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɧɢɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɄɉȾ, ɢ cos ij, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤɨɣ ɰɟɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ.

Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɉȼ, ɨɬɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɨɬ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɠɧɨɣ.

ɉɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɫ ɉȼɎȺɄɌ = ɉȼɄȺɌ ɜ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɵɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɩɨ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɭ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɚ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ǻɊɗ ɢɥɢ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ Iɗ (ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɵɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ) ɢ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɢɯ ɫ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɠɧɵɦɢ.

Ⱦɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɭ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɊɄȺɌ ɩɪɢ ɉȼɄȺɌ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨ-

ɫɬɢ ɊȾȼ.

Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ ɭɫɥɨɠɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɉȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɠɧɨɣ, ɩɪɢ ɉȼɎȺɄɌ ɉȼɄȺɌ. Ɋɟɲɢɬɶ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢɥɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ.

1.Ƚɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɠɧɵɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ (ɫɦ.

ɬɚɛɥ.4.1) ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ IȾɈɉ = f(ɉȼ) ɢ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɉȼ = ɉȼɎȺɄɌ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 4.18.

2.ɑɚɳɟ ɷɬɭ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ ɪɟɲɚɸɬ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ.

ɉɭɫɬɶ ɢɦɟɟɦ ɞɜɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ (ɪɢɫ. 4.19) ɫ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɰɢɤɥɚ

tɐ1 = tɐ2 = tɐ, ɧɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɰɢɤɥɚɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨ. ɉɭɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ 1 ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɠɧɨɣ İ1 = İɄȺɌ, ɞɥɹ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ 2 – İ2 = İɎȺɄɌ. ɇɭɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɭɸ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɩɪɢ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ

ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ İɎȺɄɌ.

195

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ – ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɨɜ IJɆȺɄɋ1 = IJɆȺɄɋ2, ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ

n

196

ɝɞɟ İcɄȺɌ ǻPɉɈɋɌ ɄȺɌ – ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ ɤ

İcɎȺɄɌ

ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɉȼ.

Ɋɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ ɦɚɥɚ, ɢ ɟɸ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɱɶ. Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɵɣ ɬɨɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɪɚɜɧɵɦ:

IȾɈɉ IɄȺɌ İcɄȺɌ .

İcɎȺɄɌ

ȼ ɩɚɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɱɬɟɧɵ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɉȼ. Ʉɚɤ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɠɧɵɦɢ ɉȼ?

ȿɫɥɢ ɉȼ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ ɪɚɫɬɭɬ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ (ɯɨɥɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɯɨɞɚ), ɪɚɫɬɟɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɧɨ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɫɬɟɬ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɬɞɚɱɚ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɬɶɫɹ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ, ɢ ɷɬɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɜ IȾɈɉ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ

ɇɨ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ IɄȺɌ ɢ ɉȼ,

ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɢɟ ɤ ɉȼɄȺɌ.

Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɛɨɪɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɪɚɧɨɜɨɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɟɪɢɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨ-ɤɪɚɬɤɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ ɨɛɳɟɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɪɢɢ, ɬɚɤɨɟ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨ, ɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɩɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (4.58).

ɉɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚɯ, ɛɥɢɡɤɢɯ ɤ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɬɨɤɭ (cos ij ɢ Ș ɦɚɥɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ) ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɢɱɧɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ

PȾɈɉ ɊɄȺɌ İɄȺɌ .

İɎȺɄɌ

ȿɫɥɢ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɰɢɤɥɚ tɐ > 10 ɦɢɧ, ɬɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ.

ȼɵɛɨɪ ɩɨ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨ-ɤɪɚɬɤɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ. ɉɨ-

ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɩɨ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɤɪɚɬɤɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɜ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɦ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɢ ɩɨ ɤɭɪɫɨɜɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ [26]. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɢɦ ɥɢɲɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɷɬɚɩɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.

1.ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɢɧɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ (ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɵ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɹɬɫɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɵɟ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɊɊɈ ɋɌ(t) ɢɥɢ ɆɊɈ ɋɌ(t);

2.ȿɫɥɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɟ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɚȾɈɉ, ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɵ ɆɊɈ Ⱦɂɇ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɩɭɫɤɚ ɢ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɵɯ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ

197

ɊȾɂɇ = ɆɊɈ ȾɂɇǜȦɊɈ ɋɊ

ɢ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɡɧɚɤɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ

ɊɊɈ = ɊɊɈ ɋɌ + ɊȾɂɇ.

ȿɫɥɢ ɚȾɈɉ ɧɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɚ, ɬɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɢɫɤɚɬɶ ɜ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɢɧɬɭɢɰɢɢ. ɉɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɚȾɈɉ ɧɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɨɜ;

3. ȼɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɣɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɭɬɶ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɩɭɫɤɚ ɢ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɦɭ ɚȾɈɉ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ vɍ:

ȼɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɜɲɟɦɫɹ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ – ɩɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɭɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟ-

ȿɫɥɢ ɚȾɈɉ ɧɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɨ, ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɭɸ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ

4. ɉɨ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɨɣ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ Ɇ(t) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɢɱɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɆɋɊ Ʉȼ (ɩɨ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ Ɋ(t) – ɫɪɟɞɧɟɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɢɱɧɭɸ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ

ɊɋɊ Ʉȼ)

ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɉȼ = tɊ / tɐ;

5. ɉɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɭɸ ɤ ɉȼɄȺɌ:

ɝɞɟ ɤɁ – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɡɚɩɚɫɚ ɧɚ ɧɟɭɱɬɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɯɨɜɵɟ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ, ɢɧɬɭɢɬɢɜɧɨ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɦɵɣ ɪɚɜɧɵɦ ɤɁ = 1,1…1,5. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ tɉ / tɍ 0,05 ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɁ, ɞɥɹ tɉ / tɍ > 0.2…0,3 – ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɁ. ɉɪɢ tɍ , ɛɥɢɡɤɨɦ ɤ ɧɭɥɸ (ɫɥɟɞɹɳɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ), ɤɁ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɩɨ 5.13 ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɝɪɭɛɵɦ;

Șɉ – ɄɉȾ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ, ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ Șɉ § 0,8.

ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɩɨ 5.13 ɜɵɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɢɡ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɚ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɊɄȺɌ ɩɪɢ ɉȼɄȺɌ, ɪɚɜɧɭɸ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɊȾȼ ɉɊȿȾ:

ɊȾȼ ɉɊȿȾ ɊɄȺɌ.

6. ȼɵɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɪɟɞɭɤɬɨɪ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ, ɪɚɜɧɵɦ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɦ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ

198

ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ Ɇɇ ɊȿȾ ɧɚ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɯɨɞɧɨɦ ɜɚɥɭ ɪɟɞɭɤɬɨɪɚ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɜɟɧ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɧɚ ɜɚɥɭ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ

Ɇɇ Ⱦȼ

Ɇɇ ɊȿȾ Ɇɇ Ⱦȼ.

7.ɉɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɵ ɆC ɢ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɵ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɢ J ɤ ɜɚɥɭ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ;

8.ȼɵɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɢɜɨɞɚ (Ɍɉ-Ⱦ, ɉɑ-ȺȾ, ɪɟɨɫɬɚɬɧɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.) ɢ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɚɧɟɥɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ;

9.ȼɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɢɜɨɞɚ;

10.Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɹɬɫɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɵɟ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦ-

ɦɵ Ȧ(t), M(t), I(t), L(t) ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ;

11.ȼɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɩɨ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɭ ɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɵɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ, ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ – ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ

ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ȕiǜti – ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɚɭɡɵ t0 ɭɱɬɟɧɨ ɡɚɜɨɞɨɦɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɢ ɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɩɨ (4.53) ɧɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɟɬ. ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ IȾɈɉ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɉȼ

Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ IɄȺɌ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɟ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦ

ɉȼɄȺɌ.

Ⱦɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɦ ɢ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɦ ɬɨɤɚɦɢ

Iɗ = (0,85…0,9)ǜ IȾɈɉ.

12. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ:

–ɩɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɦɭ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɸ ɚȾɈɉ;

–ɩɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɟɣ ȦɊɈ;

–ɩɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ tɊ ɁȺȾ ɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɚ ɜ ɰɢɤɥɟ tɊ ɊȺɋɑ:

tɊ ɁȺȾ tɊ ɊȺɋɑ.

13. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɨɣ ɧɚ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɸɬ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɭɡɨɤ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɢɜɨɞɚ ɫ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɨ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɠɧɵɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ;

199

14.ɉɪɢ ɪɟɨɫɬɚɬɧɨɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɩɭɫɤɨ-ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɢɫɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɭ ɢɯ ɩɨ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɭ;

15.Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɢɜɨɞɚ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɰɢɤɥɚ:

–ɰɢɤɥɨɜɵɣ ɄɉȾ Șɐ = Ⱥ/Ɋ,

–ɰɢɤɥɨɜɵɣ cos ijɐ = cos (arctg Q/P),

n

ɝɞɟ Ⱥ = ¦Mi Zi ti – ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɚɥɭ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɰɢɤɥɚ;

i 1

n

P=¦ 3 Ui Ii cosMi ti – ɚɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɢɡ ɫɟɬɢ;

i 1

n

Q =¦ 3 Ui Ii sin Mi ti – ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɢɡ ɫɟɬɢ.

i1

16.ɉɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɫ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɢɡ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ.

4.3.8.ȼɵɛɨɪ ɩɨ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ

Ʉɪɚɬɤɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ (ɪɢɫ. 4.20), ɤɨɝɞɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ t = tɊ ɧɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ (IJ < IJɍ), ɚ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɚɭɡɵ t = t0, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ ɨɬɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɫɟɬɢ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɭɫɩɟɜɚɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ (IJ = 0). ȼ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɚɯ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ tɊ: 10, 30, 60, 90 ɦɢɧ.

Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɧ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ

ɉɪɢ IJɇȺɑ = 0 ɢ t = tɊ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɟɬ

©¹

ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ IJɍ.

Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɬɨ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ ɧɟ ɧɚɝɪɟɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ IJȾɈɉ ɢ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧ ɩɨ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɭ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɩɨ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ IJɆȺɄɋ = IJȾɈɉ. Ɍɨɝɞɚ

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