Навч_Пос_бник_Лазарева_Ковтун

Further information will be given later. – Наступну інформацію Ви отримаєте пізніше.

He is 5 years older than me. – Він старший за мене на 5 років. He is my elder brother. – Він мій старший брат.

Запам’ятайте прислів’я з прикметниками у різних ступенях

порівняння! East or west – home is best.

Better late than never.

The grass is always greener on the other side.

Запитання для самоперевірки.

1. Чим відрізняється спосіб утворення ступенів порівняння багатоскладових і односкладових прикметників? 2. Чи є різниця у способах утворення ступенів порівняння прикметників і прислівників?

Вправа 3. Утворіть порівняльний та найвищий ступені порівняння прикметників та прислівників.

1.Hot, long, short, clever, silly, great, red, black, white, thin, thick, fat, nice, warm, cold, merry, small, tall, high, weak, strong, heavy, light, green, dry, clean, dirty, wide, deep, brave.

2.Necessary, quickly, slowly, clearly, well, far, high, widely, poorly.

Вправа 4. Розкрийте дужки та перекладіть речення.

1. They are not (smaller, the smallest) particles, but they are very small. 2. This discovery is much (more important, the most important) than the previous one. 3. It is (easier, the easiest) to manufacture parts of plastics than of metal or wood. 4. This is (better, the best) laboratory in our Institute. 5. Aluminum is (lighter, the lightest) known metal. 6. Hydrogen is (lighter, the lightest) of the elements.

17.5. Домашнє завдання

Вправа 5. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи потрібну форму прикметника. Перекладіть рідною мовою.

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1. Mike is (tall) than his brother. 2. Are you (young) in your group? 3. This book is (interesting) than that one. 4. That exercise is (easy) of all. 5. Lenin Avenue is (wide) than Pushkinskaya Street. 6. February is (short) of all the months of the year. 7. Her pronunciation is (good) than Nick’s. 8. Our house is (large) than your house. 9. These roses are (beautiful) than those. 10. Russia is a very (large) country.

Вправа 6. Розкрийте дужки, використовуючи потрібну форму прикметника.

1. Which is (large): the United States or Canada? 2. What is the name of the (big) port in the United States? 3. Kiev is the (large) city in Ukraine. 4. The London underground is the (old) in the world. 5. There is a (great) number of cars in the streets of Kharkiv than in any other neighbouring town. 6. Paris is one of the (beautiful) cities in the world. 7. The rivers in America are much (long) than those in England. 8. The island of Great Britain is (small) than Greenland. 9. What is the name of the (high) mountain in Asia? 10. The English Channel is (wide) than the Strait of Gibraltar.

Вправа 7. Складіть розповідь про свій факультет з використанням активних слів та виразів (7–10 речень).

Lesson 18. The City of Science and Education

18.1.Розмовна тема. Місто науки та освіти

Active Vocabulary:

crossroads – перехрестя; route – шлях; civil engineering – громадянське будівництво; jet aircraft – реактивний літак; control system – система керування; carrier rocket – ракета-носій; vehicle – транспортний засіб; to constitute – становити; core – ядро; solid-state physics – фізика твердого тіла, labour pool – трудовий резерв.

Industry, Science and Education in Kharkov

The city of Kharkiv was founded over 350 years ago at the crossroads of major transportation routes. It has now become one of Ukraine’s largest centres for science, industry and culture.

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There are about 250 large industrial enterprises in the city, the most important of which are in mechanical engineering and metal working, electrical power engineering and construction materials industries. The chemical, printing and woodworking industries are also well developed, and the city has a highly developed civil engineering industry.

The products of Kharkiv companies are well known in Ukraine and abroad. They include tractors and turbines, jet aircrafts, automated machine tools, electrical motors and engines for agricultural machinery, TV sets and electrical devices, medical equipment and pharmaceuticals.

Specialists from Kharkiv have contributed greatly to rocket engineering and space exploration. Control systems for carrier rockets and space vehicles, as well as several generations of rocket systems, have been developed by research and engineering specialists from Kharkiv. These systems constitute the core of the CIS space program.

The research and development potential of the city is represented by its research and design institutes and design offices. Kharkiv is the largest regional centre for the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, and over 150 institutions in Kharkov deal with science and research work.

Fundamental research schools and universities in Kharkiv are leaders in the country. Investigations by Kharkiv scientists in the fields of solid-state physics, cryobiology and cryomedicine, radio electronics, crystal synthesis, low temperature physics, genetics and selection are known worldwide.

Specialists in various fields of knowledge are trained in Kharkiv state institutions including 6 academies, 10 universities and 8 institutes. Institutions such as Kharkiv National University, NTU “KhPI”, State Law Academy, Engineering and Pedagogic Academy, and Pharmaceutical Academy are well known and respected. There is also a growing number of private educational institutions.

The high educational level of the population is a major factor of the city’s progress.

The city has 193 elementary, middle and high schools, 8 college preparatory high schools, 37 vocational schools and 4 junior colleges. The students of these schools provide a highly qualified labour pool for business enterprises and institutions.

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Дайте відповіді на запитання.

1. When was Kharkiv founded? 2. Is Kharkiv the largest Ukrainian industrial centre? 3. How many industrial enterprises are there in Kharkiv? 4. What industries are presented in Kharkiv? 5. What products do Kharkiv enterprises manufacture? 6. What is Kharkiv’s contribution to the space exploration? 7. How many institutions in Kharkiv deal with science and research work? 8. What fields of science are the most developed in Kharkiv? 9. How many and which state institutions of higher education are there in Kharkiv?

18.2. Письмове завдання

Вправа 1. Заповніть пропуски в тексті такими словами та словосполученнями: leading, Peninsula, based on, education, city, globally, school, England, center, population, students, the United States, tourists.

Boston is the capital of and largest ___ in Massachusetts, and is one of the oldest cities in ___. The city has a ___ of about 618,000 people. In 1630, Puritan colonists from ___ founded the city on the Shawmut ___. Its rich history now helps attract over 20 million ___ every year. The city was the site of several “firsts”, including America’s first public ___, Boston Latin School (1635), and the first subway system in the United States (1897). With many colleges and universities within the city and surrounding area, Boston is an international ___

of higher ___ and a center for medicine. More than 100 colleges and universities are located in the Greater Boston Area, with more than 250,000 ___ attending college in Boston and Cambridge alone. The city’s economy is also ___

research, electronics, engineering, finance, and high technology – principally biotechnology. Besides, the city is a ___ finance center. The city was also ranked number one for innovation, both ___ and in North America.

18.3. Читання

Прочитайте текст.

What is Fiber Optics?

Fiber optic technology allows humans to control the path of a beam of light by confining it within ductile, transparent materials, like cords of plastic and glass. These transparent materials function as pipelines for light, and with their help, light, which usually moves in straight lines, can be sent along curved

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trajectories or around corners. Optical fibers of very pure glass have a surprisingly massive range, having been observed to carry light across distances greater than 100 miles (160 km) with only slight dimming. Some individual fibers measure less than 0.00015 inches (0.004 mm) wide, which makes them thinner than human hair. The light transmitted by optical fibers can be used for simple illumination, or to transmit signals and data. Though there was some practical application of fiber optic technology as early as the 1950s, major commercial implementation began in the 1980s.

Виберіть правильний варіант.

1.In fiber optics technology, such materials as ___ are used to transmit light. a) wood b) plastic c) metal

2.Optical fibers can carry light over the distances of ___.

a) 1,000 km b) 100 km c) 10,000 km 3. The thickness of a single fiber is ___.

a) that of a match b) less than that of a human hair c) 3 inches 4. The commercial application of fiber optic began in ___.

a)1950s b) 1980s c) the 21st century

18.4.Граматика. Порівняльні конструкції as ... as, not so ... as,

It is as cold today as it was yesterday. – Сьогодні так само холодно, як і вчора

3) not so ... as – не такий ... як

It is not so cold today as it was yesterday. – Сьогодні не так холодно, як учора.

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He did more than she did. - Він зробив більше, ніж вона. (Він зробив більше від (за) неї).

☺ Smile !

Did you hear about the man who went to see the optician because he saw spots in front of his eyes?

The optician gave him glasses, and now he can see the spots much better.

Вправа 2. Використайте порівняльну конструкцію as ... as або so ... as.

1. Mike is ___ tall ___ Pete. 2. Kate is not ___ nice ___ Ann. 3. My room is ___

light ___ this one. 4. This book is not ___ thin ___ that one. 5. Sergei is ___ old

___ Michael. 6. She is ___ young ___ Tom’s brother. 7. Nick’s English is not

___ good ___ his friend’s. 8. This woman is ___ young ___ that one. 9. I am

___ thin ___ you. 10. Kate is ___ lazy ___ her brother. 11. This child is not ___

small ___ that one.

Вправа 3. Перекладіть речення, звертаючи увагу на порівняльну конструкцію the ... the.

1. The shorter the half-life period of an element, the greater its radioactivity. 2. The faster the object moves, the greater the air resistance. 3. The higher the temperature of a metal, the higher its resistance. 4. The more you read, the more you learn. 5. The larger the water-pipe, the more water passes through it. 6. The shorter the wire, the less its resistance to current flow. 7. The greater the number of free electrons in a substance, the better that substance conducts electricity.

Вправа 4. Перекладіть рідною мовою.

1. The less you say, the better. 2. Unfortunately I couldn’t come as early as I had promised. 3. The cat fell off the roof but it feels none the worse for it. 4. The room is nice, but not as nice as I should like. 5. The more one has, the more one wants. 6. He is not as experienced as you are. 7. The weather is changing for the better. 8. The window is as narrow as the door. 9. The soup smells good, but it tastes better. 10. How can I get to the nearest post-office? 11. If he helps us, so much the better. 12. If he doesn’t do his home tasks, so much the worse for him. 13. The sooner you do it, the better. 14. He is getting still weaker. 15. This time

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you’ve made fewer mistakes. 16. The more we study, the more we know. 17. He is not so industrious as his brother. 18. My train starts in a minute. I can’t wait for him any longer.

Вправа 5. Вставте as ... as, so ... as або than.

1. Our house is not ___ big ___ yours. 2. The new cinema in our district is much bigger ___ the old one. 3. We are ___ proud of our district ___ you are of yours. 4. The house I live in is ___ old ___ the one my sister lives in. 5. Exercise 2 is easier ___ exercise 3. 6. This song is more beautiful ___ that one. 7. My composition is not ___ long ___ yours.

18.5. Домашнє завдання

Вправа 6. Перекладіть речення, звертаючи увагу на контрукцію the ...

the.

1. The nearer the Earth, the denser the atmosphere. 2. The more experiments scientists make, the greater is their knowledge of the structure of matter. 3. The bigger the mass, the bigger the weight of the body. 4. The nearer the centre of the Sun, the higher the temperature. 5. The more the scientist studied the problem, the better he understood its importance for man. 6. The stronger the magnet, the greater the distance through which it acts.

Вправа 7. Перепишіть речення як показано у прикладі: Jack is younger than he looks. – Jack isn’t as old as he looks.

1. It’s warmer today than yesterday. It isn’t ___. 2. The station was nearer than I thought. The station ___. 3. The hotel is cheaper than I expected. The hotel isn’t

___. 4. There were fewer people at this meeting than at the last one. There weren’t ___. 5. The maths test was easier than we expected. The maths test wasn’t ___. 6. My brother is taller than me. My brother isn’t ___. 7. Ice is harder than show. Ice isn’t ___.

Вправа 8. Складіть розповідь про своє місто або будь-який інший науковий та промисловий центр з використанням активних слів та виразів (7-10 речень).

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UNIT 4. EUROPEAN AND INTERNATIONAL EDUCATIONAL

ENVIRONMENT

Lesson 19. Great Britain

19.1. Розмовна тема. Велика Британія

Прочитайте текст та знайдіть переклад підкреслених слів у словнику.

Great Britain, formally known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, is situated on the British Isles. The British Isles consist of Great Britain, Ireland and some 5,500 smaller islands. The total area of the United Kingdom is 244,027 square kilometres. It is seventy-fifth in size among the countries of the world and it is less than two percent of the world’s land area. The population of Great Britain is over 58 million people. About four fifths of the population is urban. The largest island in north-west Europe – Great Britain

– is separated from Ireland by the Irish Sea and from the Continent by the English Channel (La Manche) and the Strait of Dover (Pas de Calais).

The surface of England and Ireland is rather flat. The highest mountain in the United Kingdom is Ben Nevis in Scotland (1343 m). There are many rivers in Great Britain but they are not very long. The rivers are deep and do not freeze in winter. The chief rivers are the Severn (220 miles) and the Thames (215 miles). Great Britain is known for its typically maritime climate with frequent rains, strong winds and continuous fogs.

Great Britain consists of four administrative parts: England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. England is the heart of Britain. It is the richest, the most fertile and most populated in the country. The north and the west of England are mountainous, but all the rest of the territory is a vast plain. In Northwest England, there are many beautiful lakes with green, wooded or grassy shores and grey mountains all around. It is called Lake District. The national symbol of England is red rose.

Wales is the smallest land of the United Kingdom. The capital of Wales is Cardiff, an important industrial centre and port. Most people in Wales live in the costal plains. The national symbol of Wales is a leek or a daffodil.

Scotland is a land of mountains, wild moorlands, narrow valleys, famous lakes and no end of large and small islands off the coast. The Highlands of Scotland are among the oldest mountains in the world. One-third of the people

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in Scotland live in or near its capital, Edinburgh, and its great industrial centre, Glasgow. The national symbol of Scotland is a thistle.

Northern Ireland was a part of Ireland as a whole before the early 20th century. The territory is small. It is a land of lakes, rivers and a varied sea coast. The capital city is Belfast. The national symbol of Ireland is shamrock.

Great Britain is a parliamentary monarchy. Queen Elizabeth II is the head of the state. In practice she reigns but does not rule. The country is governed in her name by the Government. Parliament is the supreme legislative body. It consists of two Houses: the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The Prime Minister is usually the head of the party which is in power.

The UK’s flag is often called the Union Jack.

Great Britain is a highly developed industrial country. Shipbuilding is one of the principal industries of Great Britain. For centuries Britain has been the leading shipbuilder in the world.

Coal is the main source for the development of British industry. The biggest centres of iron and steel industries are situated in the neighbourhood of coal basins. They are Newcastle, Cardiff, Glasgow, and Sheffield. The district around Birmingham is a land of factories and mines. Coal-mining, metallurgy, textile, shipbuilding are the older branches of industry. The new industries are the chemical, electrotechnical, automobile, aviation, and electronics. The new industries have developed hand in hand with science and technology and are equipped to meet present technical demands. London, Liverpool and Glasgow are the biggest English ports. The products of Britain’s economy, e.g. automobiles, textile, machinery, electronic equipment and many others, are exported to many countries of the world.

Agriculture is one of the largest and most important activities in Great Britain. The greater part of the land here is used for sheep-, cattle-, and dairy farming. Vegetables are grown in all parts of the country. The chief grain crops are wheat and barley.

Great Britain is a country of high culture. There are many universities, colleges and scientific institutes here. Such English scientists of the past as Newton, Faraday, Darwin, Rutherford and others greatly contributed to world science. English writers Shakespeare, Byron, Dickens, B. Shaw and many others enriched world literature.

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