Навч_Пос_бник_Лазарева_Ковтун
.pdfor other wireless devices. A hydrogen-powered car painted with the film could potentially convert enough energy into electricity to continually recharge the car’s battery.
The researchers envision that one day “solar farms” consisting of the plastic material could be rolled across deserts to generate enough clean energy to supply the entire planet’s power needs.
“The sun that reaches the Earth’s surface delivers 10,000 times more energy than we consume”, said Ted Sargent, an electrical and computer engineering professor at the University of Toronto. Sargent is one of the inventors of the new plastic material. “If we could cover 0.1 percent of the Earth’s surface with [very efficient] large-area solar cells”, he said, “we could in principle satisfy all of our energy needs with a source of power which is clean and renewable”.
Infrared Power
Plastic solar cells are not new. But existing materials are only able to harness the sun’s visible light. While half of the sun’s power lies in the visible spectrum, the other half lies in the infrared spectrum.
The new material is the first plastic composite that is able to harness the infrared portion.
“Everything that’s warm gives off some heat”, Sargent said. “So there actually is some power remaining in the infrared spectrum, even when it appears to us to be dark outside”.
The researchers combined specially designed nano-particles called quantum dots with a polymer to make the plastic that can detect energy in the infrared. With further advances, the new plastic “could allow up to 30 percent of the sun’s radiant energy to be harnessed, compared to 6 percent in today’s best plastic solar cells”, said Peter Peumans, a Stanford University electrical engineering professor, who studied the work.
Electrical Sweaters
The new material could make technology truly wireless. Sargent said that the plastic coating could be woven into a shirt or sweater and used to charge an item like a cell phone.
“A sweater is already absorbing all sorts of light both in the infrared and the visible”, said Sargent. “Instead of just turning that into heat, as it currently does, imagine if it were to turn that into electricity”.
191
Other possibilities include energy-saving plastic sheeting that could be spread on a rooftop to supply heating needs, or solar cell window coating that could let in enough infrared light to power home appliances.
Складіть діалог до тексту (3–4 репліки кожний партнер).
30.4. Граматика. Повторення підрядних речень
Вправа 2. Доповніть текст необхідними відносними займенниками.
During your holidays, ___ you go somewhere with your friends, you usually take a lot of things with you. Though, your holiday suitcase is never big enough, is it? And there isn’t a place ___ you can put bulky items like a sleeping bag. Well, there is a simple solution: take a rope or a scotch and attach it to your suitcase.
On holiday you put all the clothes ___ you have worn into old bags before you take them home. And when you get home, your brother says “___ T-shirt is this, yours or mine?” Correct? Well, here are some attractive bags ___ come in different sizes for different clothes.
There are people ___ like to read late at night on holiday and there are other people ___ want to go to sleep. Here is the answer. It’s a little reading light ___
you put behind the book while you are reading.
Вправа 3. Вставте that, who, what.
1. Tell me ___ you want and I will try to help you. 2. Why do you blame me for everything ___ goes wrong in our group? 3. Maria is the only person ___
understands me. 4. Why do you always disagree with anything ___ I say? 5. She gives her children everything ___ they want. 6. This is an awful film. It’s the worst one ___ I’ve ever seen. 7. I won’t be able to do very much but I’ll do the best ___ I can. 8. Nobody knows ___ kind of work is being carried out in that laboratory.
Вправа 4. Передайте непрямою мовою.
1. Mike hasn’t come to school today. – The teacher says that Mike hasn’t сотe to school today. 2. Are you going anywhere for the weekend? – Tom asked me
___. 3. I’m really angry with you for what you’ve done. – Hannah said that ___. 4. How long has Paul Brown been living in this street? – The police officer
192
asked ___. 5. The police will probably want to question me. – The director thought that ___. 6. I was in love with Judith once. – He confessed that ___. 7. I have a lot of pets at home: a dog, a cat and some budgies. – Anna says that ___. 8. Have you met Kate before? – Mike wanted to know ___.
30.5. Домашнє завдання
Вправа 5. Розкажіть про тварин з тексту (30.1), використовуючи такі фрази. Не забудьте вжити правило узгодження часів.
1. I learned that ... 2. It was reported that ... 3. It turned out that ... 4. Scientists warned that ... 5. It appeared that ...
Вправа 6. Визначте типи підрядних речень та перекладіть їх.
а) 1. That it is possible to convert heat to energy and energy back to heat can be demonstrated in a number of ways. 2. When we will start a new series of experiments is not settled yet. 3. Whether the spaceship will be able to leave the earth depends upon the speed of the ship.
b)1. One of the main characteristics of plastics is that their molecules are composed of a large number of repeating molecules known as monomers. 2. The most important feature of this plant is that all its shops are equipped with automatic and semi-automatic machine-tools. 3. The difficulty is whether all the processes of the production at the plant can be mechanized.
c)1. I know when he will return home. 2. We didn’t understand what had happened. 3. They said they knew about his arrival. 4. She couldn’t even imagine where she had put her glasses.
d)1. At the next table in the cafe I noticed the guy whose photo I saw yesterday in the newspaper. 2. She didn’t explain the reason why she was absent. 3. The house we live in has been renovated recently. 4. The girl who is sitting next to me is my friend’s sister.
e)1. As soon as you arrive home, please, send us an E-mail. 2. He will be waiting until you come to a decision. 3. When she comes to Australia she will see a lot of exotic animals. 4. Look before you leap.
Вправа 7. Заповніть пропуски словами, що підходять за змістом: man, months, discovered, wars, evolved, only, appear, information, riches, Earth, ago, known, extinction, huge, system.
193
Planet Earth Is 4,600 Million Years Old
If we pretend that our planet is like a person, we can compare the Earth with a man of 46 years of age. Nothing is ___ (1) about the first 7 years of this person’s life, and very little ___ (2) can be found about his youth. What we know for sure is that ___ (3) at the age of 42 the Earth began to flower.
Dinosaurs and the great reptiles did not ___ (4) until one year ago, when the planet was 45. Mammals arrived only eight ___ (5) ago. In the middle of the last week man-like apes ___ (6) into ape-like men. And only last weekend the ice age enveloped the ___ (7).
Modern ___ (8) has been around for only four hours. During the last hour Man ___ (9) agriculture. The industrial revolution began only a minute ___ (10). During those sixty seconds of biological time, Man has made ___ (11) rubbish dump out of Paradise. Man has caused the ___ (12) of 500 species of animals, robbed the planet of its mineral ___ (13), and now stands at the brink of a war to end all ___ (14) which will destroy this oasis of life in the solar ___ (15).
194
APPENDIX I. SUPPLEMENTARY READING TO LESSONS
To Lesson 2
Satomi (Japan)
There are five members in my family: my mom, dad, grandmother, brother and myself. My dad works for a golf company. My mom is a housewife. My brother is majoring in tourism at Rikkyo University. When I was four, we moved from Kanagawa to Tokyo because we bought a new house. Now, we’re living with my grandma. She used to be a very energetic ikebana teacher, but she’s getting old. So, we’re supporting her as much as possible. I was influenced by her very much because in my childhood she mainly took care of me and I wanted to be a woman like her in every respect. Now, she’s not what she used to be; however, I really love her and my family also really loves her. That’s why we’ll continue to look after her. As for my grandpa, he died before I was born. Therefore I don’t know very much about him. One thing I know about him is that thanks to his job (teacher), he didn’t have to go to the war.
Daniel (USA)
My immediate family consists of six people. I am the youngest of four children. I have an elder brother John, who is twenty-five and two sisters. Jackie is twenty-two, while Anne-Marie is twenty-eight. John graduated from the University of Michigan and is an engineer, while Jackie has just graduated from the University of John Carol. Anne-Marie is an attorney, and currently works for McDonalds, dealing with their corporate material. My father has been the provider for the family as a doctor, and my mother works as a secretary and housemother. My family is always there for me through the rough times, even though I see little of them now.
Sarah (USA)
My family consists of my father (George), mother (Jennifer), my elder sister Korie, me, and my younger sister Vanessa. Korie is 21, and she is a senior at the Ohio State University. She has a double major of journalism and political science and is an editor of the school’s newspaper, the Lantern. She plans to graduate after the summer quarter. My little sister, Vanessa, is 5 years old, and is
195
in her last year of pre-school. She will start kindergarten next year. My father and mother are both alumni of the Ohio State University. My father works for Conrail/CSX, and my mother as a family and consumer sciences teacher for Benjamin Logan High School. My parents made our family’s home in Belle Center in 1980. This was after living in Marysville, Ohio, and Runnemede, New Jersey, respectively. The house that we call home now has always been home to me.
To Lesson 4
Archimedes
Archimedes was born in 287 ВС in Syracuse, Sicily and died in 212 ВС in Syracuse, Sicily.
Archimedes’ father was Phidias, an astronomer. We know nothing else about Phidias other than this one fact and we only know this since Archimedes gives us this information in one of his works, The Sandreckoner. A friend of Archimedes called Heraclites wrote a biography of him but sadly this work is lost.
Archimedes was a native of Syracuse, Sicily. It is reported by some authors that he visited Egypt and there invented a device now known as Archimedes’ screw. This is a pump, still used in many parts of the world. When he was a young man, Archimedes studied with the successors of Euclid in Alexandria. Certainly he was completely familiar with the mathematics developed there, but what makes this version much more certain, he knew personally the mathematicians working there and he sent his results to Alexandria with personal messages!
Yet Archimedes, although he achieved fame by his mechanical inventions, believed that pure mathematics was the only worthy matter.
The achievements of Archimedes are quite outstanding. He is considered by most historians of mathematics as one of the greatest mathematicians of all times. He perfected a method of integration which allowed him to find areas, volumes and surface areas of many bodies.
Archimedes was able to apply the method of exhaustion (метод перебора), which is the early form of integration, to obtain a whole range of important results. Archimedes also showed that he could approximate square roots
196
accurately. He invented a system for expressing large numbers. In mechanics Archimedes discovered fundamental theorems concerning the centre of gravity of plane figures and solids. His most famous theorem gives the weight of a body immersed in a liquid, called Archimedes’ principle. This principle is contained in his work On floating bodies, a work in which Archimedes lays down the basic principles of hydrostatics. He also studied the stability of various floating bodies of different shapes and different specific gravities.
The Sandreckoner is a remarkable work in which Archimedes proposes a number system capable of expressing numbers up to 8*1063 in modem notation. He argues in this work that this number is large enough to count the number of grains of sand which could be fitted into the universe.
Archimedes was killed in 212 ВС during the capture of Syracuse by the Romans in the Second Punic War after all his efforts to hold back the Romans with his machines of war had failed.
Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein was born in Germany in 1879. He enjoyed classical music and played the violin. One story Einstein liked to tell about his childhood was of a wonder he saw when he was four or five years old: a magnetic compass. The needle’s invariable northward swing, guided by an invisible force, profoundly impressed the child. The compass convinced him that there had to be “something behind things, something deeply hidden”.
Even as a small boy Albert Einstein was self-sufficient and thoughtful. According to family legend he was a slow talker, pausing to consider what he would say. His sister remembered the concentration and perseverance with which he would build houses of cards.
Albert Einstein’s first job was that of patent clerk.
In 1933, he joined the staff of the newly created Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. He accepted this position for life, living there until his death. Einstein is probably familiar to most people for his mathematical equation about the nature of energy, E= MC2.
Albert Einstein wrote a paper with a new understanding of the structure of light. He argued that light can act as though it consists of discrete, independent particles of energy, in some ways like the particles of a gas. A few years before, Max Planck’s work had contained the first suggestion of discreteness in energy,
197
but Einstein went far beyond this. His revolutionary idea seemed to contradict the universally accepted theory that light consists of smoothly oscillating electromagnetic waves. But Einstein showed that light quanta, as he called the particles of energy, could help to explain phenomena being studied by experimental physicists. For example, he made clear how light ejects electrons from metals.
There was a well-known kinetic energy theory that explained heat as an effect of the ceaseless motion of atoms; Einstein proposed a way to put the theory to a new and crucial experimental test. If tiny but visible particles were suspended in a liquid, he said, the irregular bombardment by the liquid’s invisible atoms should cause the suspended particles to carry out a random jittering dance. One should be able to observe this through a microscope, and if the predicted motion were not seen, the whole kinetic theory would be in grave danger. But just such a random dance of microscopic particles had long since been observed. Now the motion was explained in detail. Albert Einstein had reinforced the kinetic theory, and he had created a powerful new tool for studying the movement of atoms.
Einstein’s researches are, of course, well chronicled and his more important works include Special Theory of Relativity (1905), Relativity (English translations, 1920 and 1950), General Theory of Relativity (1916), Investigations on Theory of Brownian Movement (1926), and The Evolution of Physics (1938). Among his non-scientific works About Zionism (1930), Why War? (1933), My Philosophy (1934), and Out of My Later Years (1950) are perhaps the most important.
Albert Einstein received honorary doctorate degrees in science, medicine and philosophy from many European and American universities. During the 1920’s he lectured in Europe, America and the Far East and he was awarded Fellowships or Memberships of all the leading scientific academies throughout the world. He gained numerous awards in recognition of his work, including the Copley Medal of the Royal Society of London in 1925, and the Franklin Medal of the Franklin Institute in 1935.
Einstein’s gifts inevitably resulted in his dwelling much in intellectual solitude. Music played an important role in his life. He married Mileva Marie in 1903 and they had a daughter and two sons; their marriage was dissolved in
198
1919 and that very year he married his cousin, Elsa Lowenthal, who died in 1936. He died on April 18, 1955 at Princeton, New Jersey.
Marie Curie
Marie Sklodowska-Curie, one of the few people to win two Noble Prizes in different fields, was one of the most significant researchers of radiation and its effects as a pioneer of radiology. Until her granddaughter recently had them decontaminated her notes were radioactive.
Marie Curie (Polish Maria Sklodowska-Curie, born November 7, 1867, died July 4, 1934) was a chemist pioneer in the early field of radiology and a two-time Nobel laureate. She also became the first woman ever appointed to teach at the Sorbonne. She was born in Warsaw, Poland, and spent her early years there, but in 1891 at age 24 moved to France to study science in Paris. She obtained all her higher degrees and conducted her scientific career there and became a naturalized French citizen. She founded the Curie Institutes in Paris and in Warsaw.
After finishing high school, she suffered a mental breakdown for a year. Due to her gender and Russian anti-Polish reprisals following the January Uprising, she was not allowed admission into any universities so she worked as a governess for several years. Eventually, with the monetary assistance of her elder sister, she moved to Paris and studied chemistry and physics at the Sorbonne, where she became the first woman to teach.
At the Sorbonne she met and married another instructor, Pierre Curie. Together they studied radioactive materials, particularly the uranium pitchblende ore, which had the curious property of being more radioactive than the uranium extracted from it. By 1898 they deduced a logical explanation: that the pitchblende contained traces of some unknown radioactive component which was far more radioactive than uranium; thus on December 26th Marie Curie announced the existence of this new substance.
Over several years of unceasing labour they refined several tons of pitchblende, progressively concentrating the radioactive components, and eventually isolated initially the chloride salts (refining radium chloride on April 20, 1902) and then two new chemical elements. The first they named polonium after Marie’s native country, and the other was named radium from its intense radioactivity.
199
Together with Pierre Curie and Henri Becquerel, she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903: “in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel”. She was the first woman to be awarded a Nobel Prize.
Eight years later, in 1911, she received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry “in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element”. In an unusual move, Curie intentionally did not patent the radium isolation process, instead leaving it open so the scientific community could research unhindered.
In her later years, she was disappointed by the myriad of physicians and makers of cosmetics who used radioactive materials without precautions.
Her death near Sallanches in 1934 was from leukemia, almost certainly due to her massive exposure to radiation in her work.
Element 96 Curium (Cm) was named in her and Pierre’s honour.
George and Robert Stephensons
George Stephenson won world-wide acclaim with his “Rocket” but he said that much of the credit belonged to his son Robert. Robert supervised the building of the “Rocket”, and later improved some parts in its construction.
Father and son were always very friendly. Robert was born in 1803, and his mother died before he was three years old. This brought the boy nearer to his father.
One thought above all others was in George Stephenson’s mind: at all costs Robert should have some schooling. He worked long and hard to send the boy first to a village school, then to a school in Newcastle. Robert wore clothes made by his father and went to school on a donkey, because there was no money to buy a horse.
Robert’s first period of schooling ended when he was twelve, but during his few years of schooling he was a teacher as well a pupil, because what he learned by day he taught his father in the evening.
In 1815 George Stephenson invented a miner’s lamp − the Georgie lamp, as it is still called, for use in the mines. For this invention he was given a large sum of money and so he could send Robert to Edinburgh University for a six-
200