1. Make an outline of the text consisting of 5-8 sentences.

2. Retell the text according to its outline. Factory production

List of words

Read the words and learn them:

advantage	преимущество, выгода, польза
batch production	серийное производство
to bring about	осуществлять; вызывать
cargo	груз
continuous production	непрерывное производство
contribution	пожертвование, взнос, вклад
to convince	убеждать, уверять (в чём-л.)
craft	ремесло; профессия
disarmingly simple	обезоруживающе просто
to draw attention to	привлекать внимание
earth-shattering effects	шокирующие действия, влияния; эффекты
to gain	добывать, зарабатывать
to increase	возрастать, увеличиваться; расти
job production	изготовление продукции по заказу
mass-production	массовое производство
misery	страдание, бедность, нищета, нужда
order	заказ
owe	быть должным (кому-л.)
pace	скорость, темп
phenomenon (pl. -ena or -enons )	событие, феномен, явление
to be responsible for	ответственный
to solve the problems	решать, разрешать (проблему )
specialization	специализация
to spread out	1)рассредоточиваться, 2)планировать, 3) налаживаться (о бизнесе)
technique	техника, технические приёмы, метод
trail	след (человека или животного
upsurge	повышение, подъём, рост
vote of thanks	"вотум благодарности", выражение благодарности (организаторам встречи и т.п.)
worldwide	мировой

Ex. 1 Complete the phrase by matching the word from A with its best association from B. Translate the phrases.

A	B
to gain	the craft
earth-shattering	advantages
to practise	the problem
to solve	cargoes
to carry	effects

Ex. 2. Read the text and translate it into Russian.

Over two hundred years ago, Adam Smith introduced some ideas which were to bring about a world revolution. If we enjoy a high standard of living in modern society, we owe much to this Scottish economist and philosopher. If we enjoy driving in sleek motor cars, wearing fashionable shoes, or flying away to distant places for exciting holidays, we should perhaps give an occasional vote of thanks to the man who made it all possible.

What then was Adam Smith's contribution? Like so many ideas which have earth-shattering effects, his was a disarmingly simple notion. He watched workers practicing their craft of pin making. One man would heat the strip of metal, stretch it out, cut off an appropriate length, shape it, cool it and finally smooth and shine it. Smith drew attention to the advantages which could be gained if these various tasks were performed by different workers. Let one be responsible for keeping the brazier glowing and preparing the metal. Another for stretching and cutting. Another for shaping. Another for finishing. He described this technique as the Division of Labor, whereby workers perform short work-cycles, repeating the same actions again and again and again. Smith convinced the world that specialization could solve the problems of poverty and want.

What was the result? The Industrial Revolution, specialization became the order of the day. Productivity was increased to an incredible degree. For Britain, where the revolution started, there was an upsurge in prosperity which made them the richest country in the nineteenth century world. British trains - and railway lines - spread out like a spider's web across the world, opening up the great continents of America, Asia, Africa and Australasia. British ships - built of iron and steel - were used to carry the new bountiful cargoes (including human beings) from every corner of the world, to every corner of the world.

The revolution is not over. It is still with us, but now it is a worldwide phenomenon. Everywhere, factories producing large numbers of more or less identical units are in continuous production. What were called mass-production lines yesterday are called robotic production lines today. If anything, the pace of change is increasing. And if these techniques have brought us prosperity, they have also brought us a trail of misery in overcrowded towns, boring jobs and, worst of all, unemployment.

Ex. 3. Use the information from the text to answer the questions:

1. Why is the name of Adam Smith remembered?

2. What technique was he responsible for introducing?

3. Why was Britain the richest country in the world in the nineteenth century?

4. What do you understand by the term «robotic production lines»?

5. Why do you think some jobs might be boring?

6. How can we blame Adam Smith for our present overcrowded towns?

7. How does large-scale production cause unemployment?

Ex. 4. Mark the following sentences as true or false

1. Over three hundred years ago, Adam Smith introduced some ideas which were to bring about a world revolution.

2. Smith convinced the world that globalization could solve the problems of poverty and want.

3. Unit costs will always tend to be low when large numbers of individually designed items are produced.

4. Advertising is often necessary to ensure that stocks of finished goods do not pile up in the factory.

5. Higher output can be obtained by running the cheap machines over two or three shifts per day.

6. The orders consist of a significant number of similar items.

7. Both labour and machines have to be more versatile than in the case of mass production, but less so than in the case of job production.

Ex. 5. Develop the sentences:

1. Over two hundred years ago, Adam Smith introduced …

2. Adam Smith's contribution was …

3. Smith drew attention to ...

4. He described the technique …

5. Smith convinced the world that …

6. Specialization became …

7. Productivity was increased …

8. There was an upsurge …

9. The revolution is not ...

10. The techniques have brought us …

11. At the same time the techniques have also brought…

Ex.6. Reduce the text to one fifth of its original length giving the most important information.