- •1.1. Commentaries and explanations
- •1.1.2. Predication as a means of sense catenation (chaining).
- •1.1.3. Identity patterns.
- •1.1.4. Identity pattern particulars.
- •1.2. Assignments
- •1.2.1. What is the speaker’s / speakers’ problem (the problem specified in the message)? Name it in the form of a noun phrase.
- •1.2.2. Make mini-dialogues imitating the pattern:
- •1.2.3. Rephrase the italicized fragments using words with similar meaning from 1.1.1 and 1.1.2. Make changes of the sentence structure if necessary.
- •1.2.4. Review and activate some vocabulary items used in 1.1. Make meaningful statements matching up the parts given in columns I and II.
- •1.2.5. Discuss the main issues given in 1.1.1 and 1.1.2 focusing on the following questions.
- •1.2.7. Modify choosing the right determiner:
- •1.2.8. Give names relying on the descriptions below. Some of them can refer to the same nouns. Choose proper indefinite determiners
- •1.2.9. . Retrieve a situation relying on the things mentioned.
- •1.2.10. Read the text and comment on the issues at stake. Discuss the points which seem disputable. Give your own examples of common noun phrases relevant to the search terms displayed on the Net.
- •1.2.11. Generic or referential? Use proper determiners (an indefinite article, a definite article, no-article, a possessive, a quantifier) to complete the following sentences.
- •1.2.12. Noun Substitution: Synonyms. Varying synonyms we slightly change the entire meaning. Substitute the italicized nouns by their synonyms choosing them from the given hints.
- •1.2.13. Are you a good matchmaker? Match up the given statements and responses to them. You may also give your own ones.
- •1.2.14. Discuss the following issues asking and answering questions like those given below.
- •1.2.16. Read, reflect and comment specifying identity patterns.
- •1.2.17. Practice identity pattern comprehension: read and comment on the “ingredients” of the framework in each example.
- •1.2.18. Identity gets trickier: specify the identity pattern constituents in each example.
- •1.2.19. Specify identity patterns working through the text. Use vocabulary notes for better understanding of some special terms (see 1.2.6 for revision).
- •It is useful to see how identity patterns function in descriptions, specifications, definitions, etc. The structure is based on renaming a noun by another one.
- •Vocabulary notes
1.2.16. Read, reflect and comment specifying identity patterns.
For anything to be a picture of something else,
it must have something in common with what it depicts.
Once upon a time a disciple went to his guru and said: ‘Guru, what is life?’ To which the Guru replies, after much thinking, ‘My Son, life is like a fountain’. The disciple is outraged. ‘Is that the best that you can do? Is that what you call wisdom?’ ‘All right,’ says the guru, ‘don’t get excited. So maybe it’s not like a fountain.’ But it’s not the end of the story. The guru noticed that taking this line was losing him clients, and gurus have to eat. So the next time a disciple asked him: ’Guru, what is life?’ his answer was: ‘My Son, I cannot tell you.’ ‘Why can’t you?’ the disciple wanted to know. ‘Because, the guru said, ‘the question “What is having life?” is logically prior.’ “Gee,’ said the disciple, ‘that’s pretty interesting’; and he signed on for the whole term.
It’s a general truth that if you know what an X is, then you also know what it is to have an X. And ditto the other way around. This applies to concepts in particular: the question what they are and the question what it is to have them are logically linked; if you commit yourself on one, you are thereby committed, willy nilly, on the other. Suppose, for example, that your concepts are pumpkins. Very well then, it will have to be a part of your theory that having a concept is having a pumpkin. And, conversely: if your theory is that having a concept is having a pumpkin, then it will have to be a part of your theory that pumpkins are what concepts are. I suppose this all to be truistic.
After J.A.Fodor
1.2.17. Practice identity pattern comprehension: read and comment on the “ingredients” of the framework in each example.
1) Banks are unique economic entities primarily due to their ability to create money.
2) A detailed review of this theory is beyond the scope of this study.
3) The real problem is neither theorists nor experimenters can simply establish the relationship between gravity and quantum physics. So, our understanding of it remains speculative.
4) ‘Financial crisis’ is a remarkably imprecise term.
5) Taking a hard line in the talks is losing the contract.
6) What is clearly established is that a man’s actions and beliefs are dominated by their desire of which they may be quite unaware.
7) What makes the human mind so powerful is the use of speech for learning.
8) Alan Turing’s idea that thinking is a kind of computation is now part of everybody’s intellectual equipment; no that everybody likes it, of course, but at least everybody’s heard of it.
9) A main reason I love this theory so much is that the computational story about mental processes fits so nicely with the story that psychological explanation is subsumption under intentional laws.
10) An expert is one who knows more and more about less and less. (N.M.Burtler)
11) The heart of cognitive science is its theory of concepts. My topic is what concepts are.
12) Tell me what you think is wrong with my theory.