Министерство транспорта Российской Федерации
Федеральное агентство железнодорожного транспорта
Государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования
САМАРСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ПУТЕЙ СООБЩЕНИЯ
Кафедра иностранных языков
А Н г л и й с к и й я З ы к
Методические указания для студентов II курса специальности «Высокоскоростной наземный транспорт»
Составитель: Л.В. Абдрахманова
Самара 2013
Английский язык. Методические указания для студентов II курса специальности “Высокоскоростной наземный транспорт”. – Самара: СамГУПС, 2013 – с.
Утверждено на заседании кафедры года, протокол №.
Печатается по решению редакционно-издательского совета СамГУПС.
Методические указания выполнены в соответствии с требованиями программы обучения иностранному языку студентов неязыковых специальностей, предполагающей профессионально ориентированную направленность учебного процесса. Методические указания ставят своей целью ознакомить студентов с основной терминологической лексикой по специальности «Высокоскоростной наземный транспорт» и базовыми коммуникативными моделями.
Статьи из журналов Rail International, International Railway Journal, Railway Gazette, а также материалы, заимствованные из Encyclopedia Britannica, Chicago и Internet сайтов послужили основой для разработки уроков, каждый из которых освещает наиболее актуальные проблемы развития железнодорожного транспорта в экономически развитых странах мира. Кроме того, в методические указания включены частично адаптированные тексты познавательного характера.
Структура урока предполагает интеграцию всех видов учебной деятельности по иностранному языку, учитывает специфику технического вуза и обеспечивает индивидуальный подход при проведении занятия.
Методические указания снабжены кратким терминологическим словарем, который призван восполнить недостаток лексикографических материалов по проблемам железнодорожного транспорта.
Составитель Любовь Вениаминовна Абдрахманова
Рецензенты: доцент кафедры иностранных языков СамГУПС,
кандидат филологических наук С.Я. Никитина,
доцент кафедры иностранных языков СамГТУ
кандидат филологических наук А.Л. Кюрегян
Подписано в печать Формат 60x84 1/16
Бумага писчая. Печать офсетная. Усл. п.л.
Тираж 100 экз. Заказ №
Unit 1
Ex. 1. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:
Word-box: |
bullet train – сверхскоростной пассажирский экспресс (в Японии) continuous welded rail – бесстыковой сварной рельс grade – уровень high-speed rail– высокоскоростной наземный железнодорожный транспорт right-of-way – полоса отчуждения rolling stock– подвижной состав turning radius– радиус поворота |
Ex. 2. Copy the following words and memorize their meanings:
alongside – совместно с
compatibility – совместимость
constitute – составлять
conventional – традиционный, обычный
dedicated – специализированный
define – определять, давать определение
feature – характерная черта
incorporate – включать
insist – настаивать на
merely – просто; единственно
precise – точный
significantly – значительно
Ex.3. Describe the relationship between each of the following words (antonyms, synonyms, neither).
1. alongside / near 6. feature / quality
2. compatibility/ incongruity 7. precise/ inaccurate
3. conventional / customary / habitual 8. meaningly / significantly
4. incorporate / exclude 9. merely / especially
5. special-purpose / dedicated 10. insist / demand
Ex.4. Read the following sentences and translate them into Russian:
1. We will never know the precise details of his death.
2. I'll now try to define the term 'popular culture'.
3. We insist on the highest standards of cleanliness in the hotel.
4. Such areas should also be served by dedicated cycle routes.
5.It important to write these goals down, rather than merely think about them.
6. One of the distinguishing features of modern banking is its dependence on computers.
7. Health problems can be significantly reduced by careful diet.
8. Architecture compatibility allows code re-use and results in reduced design time.
9. Children's prices are shown alongside adult prices.
10. Internet connections through conventional phone lines are fairly slow.
11. We must redefine what constitutes a family.
12. We've incorporated many environmentally-friendly features into the design of the building.
13. Methods used by younger teachers differ significantly from those used by older ones.
14. The precise cause of the disease is unknown.
Ex. 5. Translate the words given in the box into English:
характерные черты составлять значительно включает просто совместимость специализированный совместно с традиционный определять точный |
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words and translate the sentences.
1. Throughout the trial, the prisoner ______ on his lack of guilt.
2. Francis Watson was far from being _____ a furniture expert, he is a famous designer.
3. High speed rail is a combination of all the elements which ____ the whole system.
4. The term “high speed traffic” is also frequently understood to signify the movements of this type of train on _____ lines but at speeds lower than those permitted on the new high speed infrastructure.
5. Windows XP presented a _______redesigned graphical user interface.
6. Luna refers only to one particular visual style, not to all of the new user interface ______ of Windows XP as a whole. 6. This design _____ the best features of our earlier models.
7. Organized crime continued to flourish _____ the mainstream economy.
8. ______ because you believe a thing is right, it isn't automatically so.
9. Investing in _______ bike lanes will encourage more bicycle commuters.
10. Housing may vary ______ between, and through, residential areas.
11. People ______ themselves by the choices they make.
Ex.6. Match the word combinations on the left with their translation on the right.
1. integrated system |
a. стандартная ширина колеи |
2. widely known |
b. эксплуатационная скорость |
3. standard gauge |
c. почтовая связь |
4. major cities |
d. полная совместимость |
5. commercial speed |
e. стандартное определение |
6. precise criteria |
f. широкоизвестный |
7. mail service |
g. эксплуатационные условия |
8. complete compatibility |
h. обычные поезда |
9. standard definition |
i. интегрированная система |
10. operating conditions |
j. точные критерии |
11. conventionally hauled trains |
k. основные города |
Ex.7. Translate the following sentences paying attention to different functions of -ed forms.
1. The article includes any planned expansion of existing high-speed rail networks in countries that already have one.
2. Maglev train ridership levels were attributed to limited operating hours, the short length of the line, and high ticket prices.
3. Japan was the first country to build dedicated railway lines for high speed travel.
4. Among the key people credited with the construction of the first Shinkansen is Shinji Sogo, the first President of Japanese National Railways (JNR) who managed to persuade politicians to back the plan.
5. The popular English name bullet train is a literal translation of the Japanese nickname given to the project while it was initially being discussed in the 1930s.
6. To enable high-speed operation, Shinkansen uses advanced technologies compared with conventional rail.
7. In India, trains in the future with speed of 250–350 km/h, are envisaged to run on elevated corridors.
8. Indonesian authorities have expressed an interest in high-speed rail for the densely-populated island of Java.
9. Israel currently has no high-speed trains, with all traction provided by diesel-based equipment.
10. In spring 2010, the government of Israel instructed Israel Railways to investigate alternative railway alignments that would allow a 2½ hour rail journey from Tel Aviv to Eilat across rugged terrain.
11. Two experimental high-speed trainsets were built in 1974 designed for 200 km/h (120 mph) operation.
12. The first upgraded 250 km/h service using Siemens Velaro RUS trains went into service on December 26, 2009.
13. Moreover, the numerous level crossings along the line have to be kept closed to road traffic for longer for the high-speed trains than for regular ones.
14. At the Reggio Emilia interconnection a new station designed by Santiago Calatrava is being built.
15. The shift from road to rail of freight for modal rebalancing, higher safety levels in tunnels as specified in the new European technology and construction standards.
Ex.8. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the functions of -ing forms.
1. China is building high-speed railway network spanning the eastern part of the country.
2. Voters in the state approved a ten billion dollar bond to fund construction of an initial line running between Los Angeles and San Francisco.
3. Competing against California for federal funding is the Midwest High Speed Rail Initiative, involving the states of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin.
4. The line is 30.5 km (18.95 mi) track and has a further separate track leading to a maintenance facility.
5. The Shinkansen line serves commuters who travel to work in metropolitan areas from outlying cities.
6. Japan had a greater need for new high speed lines than countries where the existing standard gauge or broad gauge rail system had more upgrade potential.
7. Following the end of World War II, high-speed rail was forgotten for several years.
8. The first high-speed rail route in Italy, the Direttissima, opened in 1977, connecting Rome with Florence.
9. China's initial high speed trains were imported or built under technology transfer agreements with foreign train-makers including Siemens, Bombardier and Kawasaki Heavy Industries.
10. State planning for China's high speed railway began in the early 1990s.
11. Overcrowding on existing rail lines could be solved by expanding capacity through higher speed and frequency of service.
12. They focused modernization efforts on increasing the service speed and capacity on existing lines through double-tracking, electrification, improvements in grade, and installation of continuous welded rail.
13. In addition to track and scheduling improvements, they also deployed faster trains.
14. Despite setting speed records on test tracks, domestically produced high speed trains were insufficiently reliable for commercial operation.
15. China's expansion must also be used to develop its own high-speed train building capacity through technology transfers.
Ex.9. Read the text and translate it using a dictionary if necessary.
High-speed rail
(1) High-speed rail is a type of rail transport that operates significantly faster than traditional rail traffic, using an integrated system of specialized rolling stock and dedicated tracks. The first such system began operations in Japan in 1964 and was widely known as the bullet train. High-speed trains normally operate on standard gauge tracks of continuously welded rail on grade separated right-of-way that incorporates a large turning radius in its design.
(2) Since 1964 many countries in addition to Japan have developed high-speed rail to connect major cities (e.g. China, France, Germany, Italy, Taiwan, Turkey, South Korea and Spain). As of 2012 the maximum commercial speed on most high-speed rail lines was about 300 km/h (185 mph).
(3) While high-speed rail is usually designed for passenger travel, some high-speed systems also offer freight service. For instance, the French mail service La Poste owns a few special TGV trains for carrying postal freight.
(4) The European Union Directive defines high-speed rail as a set of three elements with precise criteria:
Infrastructure: track built specially for high-speed travel or specially upgraded for high-speed travel.
Rolling stock: Minimum speed of 250 km/h (155 mph) on lines specially built for high speed and 200 km/h (124 mph) on existing lines which have been specially upgraded.
Operating conditions: Rolling stock must be designed alongside its infrastructure for complete compatibility, safety and quality of service.
(5) The International Union of Railways (UIC) prefers to use "definitions" because they consider that there is no single standard definition of high-speed rail, nor even standard usage of the terms ("high speed", or "very high speed"). They make use of the European EC Directive, insisting that high speed is a combination of all the elements which constitute the "system": infrastructure, rolling stock and operating conditions.
(6) It must be noted, as the International Union of Railways insists, that high-speed rail is a set of unique features, not merely a train travelling above a particular speed. Many conventionally hauled trains, in different parts of the world, are able to reach 200 km/h in commercial service, but are not considered to be high-speed trains, such as the French SNCF Intercités or German DB IC.
Ex.10. Search the text for the English equivalents of the following Russian phrases:
значительно быстрее, первые подобные системы, кроме, на высокоскоростных железных дорогах, грузоперевозки, например, комплекс, существующие линии, качество обслуживания, считать, следует заметить, с определенной скоростью.
Ex. 11. Go back to the text and using the paragraph reference find the words which are similar to:
kind, meaningly, act, quick, conventional, special-purpose, uninterruptedly (paragraph 1);
join, main, profitable (paragraph 2);
whereas, devise, propose, as an example, traffic, possess (paragraph 3);
characterize, collection, clear, improved, together (paragraph 4);
suppose, uniform, component, form, achieve (paragraph 5);
notice, aspects, only (paragraph 6).
Ex.12. Answer the following questions choosing the right variant.
1. How is high-speed rail different from traditional rail?
a. It operates more frequently. b. It operates more safely. c. It operates faster.
2. Where was the first high-speed rail system used?
a. In the USA. b. In Japan. c. In the UK.
3. When did it happen?
a. In1964. b. In 1954. c. In 1974.
4. What type of track do high-speed trains operate on?
a. On broad-gauge tracks. b. On standard-gauge tracks. c. On narrow-gauge tracks.
5. What is the maximum commercial speed?
a. 250 km/h b. 350 km/h. c. 300 km/h.
6. What is meant under infrastructure?
a. Track. b. Rolling stock . c. Compatibility, safety and quality of service.
7. What is meant under rolling stock?
a. Track. b. Maximum and minimum speed. c. Compatibility, safety and quality of service.
8. What is meant under operating conditions?
Track. b. Maximum and minimum speed. c. Compatibility, safety and quality of service.
Ex.13. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English using the active vocabulary of the unit.
1. Скоростные и высокоскоростные дороги Китая включают: модернизированные обычные железнодорожные линии, новые линии, построенные специально для движения высокоскоростных поездов.
2. Высокоскоростной наземный железнодорожный транспорт, обеспечивает движение скоростных поездов со скоростью свыше 200 км/ч.
3. Движение таких поездов, как правило, осуществляется по специально выделенным железнодорожным путям.
4. Впервые регулярное движение высокоскоростных поездов началось в 1964 году в Японии.
5. В 1981 году высокоскоростные поезда стали курсировать во Франции, а вскоре большая часть западной Европы, включая даже островную Великобританию, оказалась объединена в единую высокоскоростную железнодорожную сеть.
6. В России регулярная эксплуатация высокоскоростных поездов «Сапсан», по общим путям с обычными поездами, началась в конце 2009 года.
7. В основном, высокоскоростные поезда перевозят пассажиров, однако существуют разновидности, предназначенные и для перевозки грузов.
8. В основном, на высокоскоростных железных дорогах применяемые технологии аналогичны стандартным технологиям железнодорожного транспорта.
9. Согласно проекту, длина высокоскоростной железной дороги должна была составить 659,1 км, ширина колеи — 1520 мм.
10. Высокоскоростные поезда при скоростях до 400 км/ч будут преодолевать 649 км за 2,5 ч.
Additional text
Read the text and translate it using a dictionary. Check your translating speed.
High-speed rail is emerging in Europe as an increasingly popular and efficient means of transport. The first high-speed rail lines in Europe, built in the 1980s and 1990s, improved travel times on intra-national corridors. Since then, several countries have built extensive high-speed networks, and there are now several cross-border high-speed rail links. Railway operators frequently run international services, and tracks are continuously being built and upgraded to international standards on the emerging European high-speed rail network. In 2007, a consortium of European railway operators, Railteam, emerged to coordinate and boost cross-border high-speed rail travel. Developing a Trans-European high-speed rail network is a stated goal of the European Union, and most cross-border railway lines receive EU funding. As of 2012, several countries in Western Europe – France, Spain, Italy, Germany, Austria, Sweden, Belgium, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom – are connected to a cross-border high-speed railway network. This is expected to change in the coming years as Europe invests heavily in tunnels, bridges and other infrastructure and development projects across the continent, many of which are under construction now.
The Trans-European high-speed rail network is one of a number of the European Union's Trans-European transport networks. It was defined by the Council Directive of 23 July 1996.
The aim of this EU Directive is to achieve the interoperability of the European high-speed train network at the various stages of its design, construction and operation.
The network is defined as a system consisting of a set of infrastructures, fixed installations, logistic equipment and rolling stock.
On 5 June 2010, the European Commissioner for Transport signed a Memorandum of Understanding with France and Spain concerning a new high speed rail line across the Pyrenees to become the first link between the high speed lines of the two countries. Furthermore, high speed lines between Helsinki and Berlin (Rail Baltica), and between Lyon and Budapest, were promoted.
Unit 2
Ex. 1. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:
Word-box: |
articulated train – сочленённый поезд axle – ось bogie – тележка boiler – паровой котёл coupler –сцепка current frequency – частота тока electric multiple unit – электропоезд electrify – электрифицировать external combustion engine – двигатель внешнего сгорания multi-powered unit – дизель-электропоезд regular service – регулярное сообщение, регулярные рейсы three-phase current – трёхфазный ток |
Ex. 2. Copy the following words and memorize their meanings:
advent – наступление эпохи
albeit – хотя
breakout – внезапное начало
contemporary – современный
establish – устанавливать
evaluate – оценивать
feasibility – осуществимость; возможность
fit with – снаряжать, оснащать
joint venture – совместное предприятие
indicate – показывать
merge – сливаться, соединяться
respectively – соответственно
streamlined – обтекаемый
surpass – превосходить, превышать
thereby – таким образом
time-consuming – трудоёмкий
Ex.3. Read the following sentences and translate them into Russian:
1. The advent of the computer has brought this sort of task within the bounds of possibility. 2. Charles's letter was indeed published, albeit in a somewhat abbreviated form. 3. They will first send in trained nurses to evaluate the needs of the individual situation. 4. The contemporary avant-garde composers all concur in the principle of the triad. 5. There was no financial feasibility to keep the community centre open. 6. He was considered as a tough albeit fair boss. 7. The principle of the supremacy of national parliaments needs to be firmly established. 8. In a joint venture, both parties are equally invested in the project in terms of money, time, and effort to build on the original concept. 9. Unbalanced growth or outward expansion of one neighbor may necessitate an administrative decision to merge. 10. The workweek and weekend are those complementary parts of the week devoted to labour and rest respectively. 11. Facing a catastrophic loss of business during the Great Depression, American railroads cast their eyes on streamlined trains of light weight material, streamlined to gain speed, and using an internal combustion diesel engine rather than steam. 12. He became a citizen in 1978, thereby gaining the right to vote. 13. Most tools can be fitted with a new handle. 14. His tone indicated that he didn't hold out much hope. 15. The number of multiple births has surpassed 100,000 for the first time.
Ex.4. Read the following numerals:
0 – zero
decimals: 0.0006 – zero point zero zero six
percentages: 0.03% – zero point zero three percent
water freezes at 0º C – zero degrees Celsius
0 – Oh
What time is it? – 5:06 – five oh six; 6:26 – six twenty six; 4:35 – four thirty five
Telephone numbers: 806 595813– eight oh six five nine five eight one six
(area code) (phone number)
Address: I live at 102 King Street – one oh two
Sports scores: Who won the game last night? – The Toronto Maple Leaves won 2-0 – two – nothing! The score was tied 6-6! – six-all - The score was 3-2! – three – two
Money: 10.00$ – ten dollars; 6.25$ – six dollars and twenty five cents;
Years: the 1900s – the nineteen hundreds; the 1960s – the nineteen sixties; a decade – 10 years; 1909 – nineteen oh nine; 1998 – nineteen ninety-eight; 2001 – two thousand and one; 2010 – two thousand and ten or twenty ten
Population: The population of Canada is 33,311,389 – thirty-three million three hundred and eleven thousand three hundred and eighty nine. The population of China is 1,325,639,982 – one billion three hundred and twenty-five million six hundred and thirty-nine thousand nine hundred and eighty two.
Speed: 120 km/h – one hundred and twenty kilometers per hour
Say the following numerals:
decimals: 6.057; 12.08; 0.579; 3.2096; 1.93078; 7.098; 3.592
percentages: 75, 8%; 10,33%; 13,87%; 92,09%; 57,99%; 11,48%
temperature: 15 ºC; 25 ºC; 13ºC; 23 º; 35 ºC; 11 ºC; 27 ºC
years: 2010; 1700; 1805; 1917; 1945; 1902; 1913; 2013; 1945; 1992
dates:24/12; 1/5; 31/12; 8/3, 12/6; 4/11; 30/10; 4/7; 1/9; 23/2; 25/4
speed: 96 km/h; 250 km/h; 28 km/h; 70 km/h; 160 km/h; 202.58 km/h; 320 km/h
telephone numbers: 2020458; 495 5387200; 89171090812; 89279912865
money: 12.15$; 100.99$; 78.50$; 1.000.000$; 2.586.000$, 9.586.500.000$
Ex.5. Match the words and word combinations in A with their definitions in B. Translate the definitions.
A |
B |
1. articulated train |
a. a fuel-burning apparatus or container for heating water, in particular |
2. bogie |
b. self-propelled train carriages capable of coupling with other units of the same or similar type and still being controlled from one driving cab. |
3. boiler |
c. a mechanism for connecting rolling stock in a train |
4.coupler |
d. an undercarriage with four or six wheels pivoted beneath the end of a railway vehicle |
5.current |
e. a heat engine where an internal working fluid is heated by combustion in an external source, through the engine wall or a heat exchanger |
6.frequency |
f. a system supplying a public need in transport |
7.multiple unit |
g. an alternating current in three conductors carrying voltages that are offset in time by one-third of the period |
8.electrify |
h. the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time |
9.external combustion engine |
i. a rail vehicle which consists of a number of smaller, lighter cars which are semi-permanently attached to each other and which share common bogie |
10. service |
j. a flow of electricity which results from the ordered directional movement of electrically charged particles |
11. three-phase current |
charge (a medium) with electricity; pass an electric current through |
Ex.6. Translate the words and word combinations given in the box into English:
перевозки сочленённый поезд тележка паровой котёл частота тока электропоезда электрифицирован двигатель внешнего сгорания регулярное сообщение сцепка трёхфазный ток совместное предприятие трудоёмкий |
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words and translate the sentences.
1. Passenger cars share _____ and that the passageways between them are more or less permanently attached.
2. _____ have a number of advantages; they save on the total number of wheels and bogies, reducing initial cost, weight, noise, vibration and maintenance expenses.
3. Passenger transport may be public, where operators provide scheduled ______, or private.
4. When ______ is needed but only single-phase is readily available from the electricity supplier, a phase converter can be used to generate three-phase power from the single phase supply.
5. The fluid in ______ by expanding and acting on the mechanism of the engine produces motion and usable work.
6. In a joint venture, both parties are equally invested in the project in terms of money, time, and effort to build on the original concept.
7. The form and size depends on the application: mobile steam engines such as steam locomotives, portable engines and steam-powered road vehicles typically use a smaller _____ that forms an integral part of the vehicle.
8. At very high _____ the current no longer flows in the wire, but effectively flows on the surface of the wire._____ are popular on commuter and suburban rail networks around the world due to their fast acceleration.
9. Because real-time magnetic resonance imaging is based on _____ scanning of k-space, real-time magnetic resonance imaging was possible only with low image quality or low temporal resolution.
10. When a railway system or railway line is _____, electric cables are put over the tracks, or electric rails are put beside them, so that the trains can be powered by electricity.
11.In order for two railway vehicles to be connected together in a train they are provided with ______.
Ex.7. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the Passive Voice.
1. Many train cars are made with articulated connections, sharing a common truck between two cars.
2. Trams and Light Rail Vehicles have been made with articulated designs since the 1950s.
3. In electric circuits the charge is often carried by moving electrons in a wire.
4. When oscillating electric currents flow at the correct voltages within radio antennas, radio waves are generated.
5. The magnetic field can be visualized as a pattern of circular field lines surrounding the wire that persists as long as the current flows.
6. When a metal wire is connected across the two terminals of a DC voltage source such as a battery, the source places an electric field across the conductor. 7. Six of the most commonly used voltages have been selected for European and international standardisation. 8. The energy is typically generated in large-scale commercial generating stations, where the fuel efficiency of generation can be optimized. 9. The energy is transferred to moving trains through a continuous or nearly continuous contact conductor. 10. Third rail systems can be designed to use top contact, side contact or bottom contact. 11. A new approach to avoiding overhead wires is taken by the "second generation" tram/streetcar system in France. 12. Common DC commutating electric motors can also be fed with AC, because reversing the current in both stator and rotor does not change the direction of torque. 13. The idea was that, if the motors could be remotely controlled, a set of driver's controls could be placed at each end of the train. 14. To ensure the correct direction is achieved by a second locomotive that is coupled to the first, the forward and reverse wires are crossed over in the jumper cable.
Ex.8. Read the text and translate it using a dictionary if necessary.