§19. Need and dare as modals and as full verbs

Need as a modal and as a full verb

1. We use need as a modal (without to after it) mainly in the negative to mean 'it isn't necessary':

I needn't go to the meeting today.

I needn't have gone to the meeting yesterday.

2. In the affirmative, we use need as a modal:

— in questions: Need you go so soon? Need you have told him the truth?

— with 'negative adverbs' (eg hardly): I need hardly tell you how important this is.

3. Otherwise, we generally use the full verb need to (used like any regular verb):

I need to/ I don't need to/I needed to/I didn't need to go to the dentist this morning.

Activities

J. Replace the phrases in italics with modal need or the full verb need to.

modal full verb

1. Is it necessary for you to

go so soon? Need you go? Do you need to go?

2. Is it necessary for me to

wait till you return?.........................................................

3. It's not necessary for them

to wait............................................................................

4. It wasn't necessary for you

to have said that................................................................

5. It's hardly necessary for

me to explain it.................................................................

6. There is no need for him

to learn about this.........................................................

7. All that is necessary for

you to do is to agree...........................................................

8. / don't think there is any

need for you to explain.....................................................

//. Explain the forms of need in the following sentences. Translate them into Russian.

1. Need you bring your girl-friend with you? 2. Does he need to study more at home? 3. I need hardly say that I agree with you. 4. He doesn't even need to do it for a living, either. 5. You needn't be afraid of me. 6. I needn't have phoned the plumber. I learnt later that John had already phoned him. 7. You need not meet me unless you like. 8. You needn't be nervous about that. 9. The forecast was for fine weather so I didn't need to bring my umbrella. 10. 'I'm not ambitious.' 'You don't need to tell me that.' 11. It was obvious. You needn't have protested. 12. Need we insist upon the date? 13. Do you need to work hard? 14. She said that if he didn't like to come to her parties he needn't come at all. 15. You needn't have brought your umbrella after all. It hasn't rained. 16. It is warm. You won't need to take a coat. 17. Did you need a passport to go to Scotland? 18. I need to go to the bank. 19. Does he need to arrange a visa? 20. He needs to save money for his holiday. 21. Did you need to help him? 22. If you don't like the cocktail, you needn't drink it. 23. Need I pay? 24. She said that if he didn't like to come to her parties he needn't come at all.

III. Study and practise.

Jeff: I'd like to learn to drive. Could you explain to

me what I have to do? For instance, need I own a car before I can start?

' Instructor: No, you certainly don't need to have a car. In fact, we prefer to use our own cars as they have dual controls.

Jeff: Do I need to do a written test as well as a

practical one? Instructor: No, but you need to know your highway code in

detail. Jeff: So all I really need now is the money for a course

of lessons — and my courage!

The form of dare as a modal and as a full verb

1. We use dare as a modal (that is, without to after it) mainly in the negative to express lack of courage:

I daren't tell him the truth. I daren't ask for more money.

2. In the affirmative, we use dare as a modal:

— in questions: Dare you do it?

— with 'negative adverbs' (eg hardly): I hardly dare tell him what happened.

— in the expression I daresay (or I dare say): I daresay (= I suppose, no doubt) you are right.

3. We also form questions with do/does/did:

Do you dare tell him? I don't dare tell him.

4. We can use dare to as-a full verb:

Do you dare to tell him? I don't dare to tell him.

5. And note: I didn't like the meal ...,

but / daren't say so/I daren't have said so/I didn't dare (to) say so/I dared not say so.

IV. Supply dare, daren't, dare not have (done), didn't dare (do), etc.

1. I ... tell them I've just broken their favourite vase.

2. I ... tell them I had broken their favourite vase.

3. I hardly ... mention this, but you still haven't paid for those tickets.

4. ... we ask for more money after what he has just said?

5. I knew I was right, but I ... say so at the time.

6. I'm going to tell your mother what you've just said! — Just you ...!

T. She'd like to wear more unconventional clothes, but she ....

8. We didn't like the meal they gave us, but we ... said so. It would have been rude.

9. They offered me something strange to eat which I ... refuse.

Uses of dare

We use dare in four ways to express:

1. courage: Very few climbers have dared (to) attempt Mount Everest without oxygen.

Dare (to) is in the affirmative here, and this use is relatively rare.

2. lack of courage: I don't dare (to) tell the children that their holiday has been cancelled.

This use of dare (to), in the negative, is the most common.

3. challenge: I dare you to jump off that wall.

We use dare only as a full verb with to for challen­ging. We use it in the affirmative and negative like any other verb. 'Challenging' is common in the language of children.

4. outrage: How dare you read my private diary!

We use dare only as a modal without to when expressing outrage.

V. What do the sentences below express? Choose a, b, c, or d:

a — courage b — lack of courage с — challenge d — outrage

1. You dare raise your voice! _d

2. I dare you to put a spider in her desk.___

3. How dare you speak to me like that?___

4. He's the only person who'll dare (to) stand up to her!___

5. I wanted to ask for some time off, but I didn't dare.___

6. Jill's friends dared her to bring her pet snake to class.___

7. I daren't ask for any more money.___

8. He lost his job because he dared (to) speak out.___

9. Don't you dare do anything like that in public again!___

10. I daren't have said so at the time, but I was very bored.___

11. John never dares to stand up in public and say what he thinks.___

12. I'm going to break the door down! — Just you dare!___

VI. Analyse the uses of dare in the following sentences and translate them into Russian.

1. He felt he dared not reply. 2. Her face bore an expression of such ferocity that no one dared come near to speak with her. 3. I dare say you're a little tired after your walk, dear. 4. He dared not look into her face. 5. I did not dare to ask him to call off his trip. 6. Who dares to jump over the stream? 7. She did not dare to leave the house in case he telephoned. 8. How dare you talk to me like that? 9. 'Don't you dare to speak to me!' she screamed. 10. How many years is it since we danced together? I daren't think. 11. 'How dare she come here!' cried Davidson indignantly. 12. No one dared to live in the house since. 13. With laughing and jokes they handled things which formerly they had not dared touch. 14. He'd never dare to do an operation on his own responsibility. 15. My son is not in town; but I dare say he will be before long. Can I give him any message? 16. He does not dare to come here again.

VII. Combine the correct forms of dare and need with the verbs in brackets.

It was a routine flight from Hilo on Hawaii to Kahului 110 miles away. Suddenly, there was a tremendous noise and the top of the plane was torn away! Ninety-four passengers (not move) ... , wondering what would happen next. They (not worry)... because Robert Schornsteimer, the pilot, was firmly in control. For 25 minutes they hardly (breathe) ... , though there was plenty of unwelcome fresh air! 'I (not open) ... my mouth,' one of the passengers said later. 'I hardly (tell) ... you how terrified I was.' The passengers embraced the pilot who had brought the plane down safely. 'I've heard of a plane flying off a roof,' joked one of them later, 'but never of a roof flying off a plane!'

VIII. Study and practise.

Peter: I've just failed my exams. I daren't tell my father. Jake: I'm not surprised. I don't think I'd even dare to go

home. Peter: Well, in that case, I won't. I'll go to France and find

a job there. Do you dare to come with me? Jake: Why not? It could be fun.

Activities

I. Comment on the uses of the modal verbs. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. 'If you are in trouble,' I said, 'you must send for me.' 2. 'You must listen to me, Jim Wilson,' she said with almost an accent of command. 3. Devit's expression showed disap­pointment, relief, a little anger. 'You ought to have arranged an appointment,' he said irritably. 4. What can have happened to change him so much? 5. 'She smashed his kite. He says he'll never forgive her for that till his dying day.' 'He must be crasy.' 6. Perhaps for the first time in his life Freddy would not listen to his father. 7. Someone's got to do it sometime and it might as well be you. 8. Madam, may I speak to you a moment? 9. He could not have left her at such a moment — he couldn't! 10. He had to go — he was obliged to go, to see about the land over there! 11. Remember, it's some of the money I ought to have had. You are to use it to make your way. 12. 'What's happened to the dog?' I said. 'It isn't here. His master may have taken it with him.' 13. 'It's early yet. We might walk part of the way,' he suggested. 14. Cars must not be parked in front of the entrance. 15. I'm quite well and I will not go abroad. Why will you bother me so about my health? 16. Need you be so inflexible, Blanche? 17. Look up, Tom, look up. Boys as they go to boarding schools should hold their heads up. 18. You can get a taxi just at the end of the street. You won't have to walk more than a few yards. 19. No, we are not going to fight at all if you'll only let me talk. 20. I think I ought to stand the tickets; he's always hard up, you know. 21. I've got to run now because I have a date. 22. One mustn't shirk one's responsibilities. Not even the painful ones. 23. 'Boys of your age ought to be in bed by eight,' she said.' 'No wonder you're tired in the morning.' 24. 'Shall I serve?' said Doris. 25. He's obstinate, and when he's once made up his mind nothing can move him. 26. 'I must do my best for her,' thought Jolyon, 'he left her to me in his will. But what is the best?' 27. 'What can I do for you?' he said in cordial

tones. 28. The rules said you must lie quietly at rest in your bed as a help to getting well. 29. The arrangement was that you were to give your views and I was to say what I thought of them. 30. He needn't have bought such a large house. His wife would have been quite happy in a cottage. 31. Why should we put an end to all that's sweet and lovely? "What must come will come. 32. It is but right they should do their share. 33. Awfully sorry, Mother, I've got to go out to dinner now. 34. You should have left me alone. It's all I'm fit for. 35. I'm afraid that we're going to have to move. 36. We may have to take steps. 37. 'Oh,' cried Fleur. 'You can't have done it!' 38. We won't argue about that. It isn't the time to argue now. I must consider what ought to be done. 39. I must talk to you, Percy. You may as well have a drink while you listen. 40. This was a scene — it could be nothing else and he must face it. 41. He took a position from which he could see what was going around. 42. 'The old actor was drunk,' thought he. 'Still there may be truth in what he said.' 43. I hear somebody's steps on the stairs. She must be coming! 44. You shall not search my rooms. 45. I will make your excuses to Margaret. 46. Need it be finished by Satur­day? 47. Judging from the books and papers on his writing — table he must have been working for several hours. 48. Surely Holly might have told him all this before. 49. They may not have come back yet. Let's ring them up and find out. 50. I wonder what that could have meant? 51. If you will keep your watch half an hour slow it is hardly surprising that you are late for your appointments. 52. Do you think you could complete it by the evening? 53.1 think we might be great friends. 54. Surely you can't have eaten all of it. 55. You could easily have been killed. 56. By the end of the evening I almost felt that I ought to call him 'Uncle Jack'. 57. Felix said hastily, 'Forgive me. I shouldn't have troubled you.' 58. You can be really annoying, you know! 59. You might have drowned! 60. Jack would get lost, wouldn't he? It's typical! 61. You can go if you want to, of course, but could you leave the boy here if only for half an hour? 62. It might have been worse. 63. You might have asked me if I had an objection.

//. Discuss the difference, if any, in the following groups of sentences.

1. a. May I use your phone?

b. Could I use your phone?

c. Can I use your phone?

2. a. You should take an English course.

b. You ought to take an English course.

c. You're supposed to take an English course.

d. You must take an English course.

3. a. You should see a doctor about that cut on your arm.

b. You had better see a doctor about that cut on your arm.

c. You have to see a doctor about that cut on your arm.

4. a. You must not use that door.

b. You don't have to use that door.

5. a. I will be at your house by six о clock.

b. I should be at your house by six o'clock.

6. — There is a knock at the door. Who do you suppose it

is?

a. It might be Sally.

b. It may be Sally.

c. It could be Sally.

d. It must be Sally.

7. — There's a knock at the door. I think it's Mike.

a. It may not be Mike.

b. It couldn't be Mike.

c. It can't be Mike.

8. — Where's Jack?

a. He might have gone home.

b. He must have gone home.

c. He had to go home.

9. a. Each student should have a health certificate.

b. Each student is to have a health certificate.

c. Each student must have a health certificate.

Ю- a. If you're having a problem, you could talk to Mrs

Anderson.

b. If you're having a problem, you should talk to Mrs Anderson.

11. a. I've got to go.

b. I have to go.

c. I should go.

d. I'm supposed to go.

e. I'd better go.

f. I'd prefer to go.

12. — I needed some help.

a. You should have asked Tom.

b. You could have asked Tom.

13. a. When I was living at home, I would go to the beach

every weekend with my friends.

b. When I was living at home, I used to go to the beach every weekend with my friends.

///. Choose the sentence closest in meaning to the sentence given.

1. It's possible that we'll know the answers tomorrow.

a) We may know all the answers tomorrow.

b) We should know all the answers tomorrow.

2. I don't think you should ring him now. It's rather late.

a) You might not ring him now. It's rather late.

b) You'd better not ring him now. It's rather late.

3. You needn't come if you don't want to.

a) You won't come if you don't want to.

b) You don't have to come if you don't want to.

4. I think it's wrong for you to work so hard.

a) You don't have to work so hard.

b) You shouldn't work so hard.

5. Perhaps these are the keys.

a) These might be the keys.

b) These must be the keys.

6. I know. Why don't we go out to eat instead?

a) I know. We must go out to eat instead.

b) I know. We could go out to eat instead.

7. It would be quite wrong for us to lock the cat in the house for a week.

a) We'd better not lock the cat in the house for a week.

b) We can't lock the cat in the house for a week.

8. It's possible that the decision will be announced next week.

a) The decision might be announced next week.

b) The decision will be announced next week.

IV. Rewrite each sentence so that it contains the word in capitals, and so that the meaning stays the same.

1. I expect this beach will be deserted. SHOULD

2. Arthur is sometimes really irritating! CAN

3. How about going to the theatre instead? COULD

4. Do you want me to turn off the oven, or not? SHOULD

5. I'm sure this isn't the way to Norwich. CAN'T

6. It would be the same if we gave up now. MIGHT

7. Please turn off the light before leaving. SHOULD

8. Jim keeps giving me presents. WILL

9. It makes no difference if we call it off. MAY

10. Don't bother lying to me. HAVE

11. You should leave before Jack gets back. HAD

VI. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Use between two and five words.

1. I think you should give up smoking immediately. had

I think you had better give up smoking immediately.

2. I expect we will get there by 5.00, if there isn't too much traffic.

should

We.................... 5.00, if there isn't too much traffic.

3. Is it necessary for me to bring my passport? have

Do.........................................to bring my passport?

4. I am sure that the cat is in the house somewhere. be

The cat.............................. in the house somewhere.

5. An aerial is not required with this radio. have

You don't...........................an aerial with this radio.

6. It is very inconvenient if you can't drive. to

It's very inconvenient if................................. drive.

7. I am sure that John is not the thief. be

John ....................................................... the thief.

8. All students should report to the main hall at 9.00. are

All students.........................to the main hall at 9.00.

9. I thought that you would know better! ought You ............................................................ better!

VIII. Complete each sentence so that it contains might, might not, must, mustn't, can or can't. More than one answer may be possible.

1. Don't stand up in the boat! You ... fall in the river!

2. She says she's stuck in the traffic and she ... be late.

3. You really ... start spending more time on your work.

4. Tell Peter he ... stay the night here if he wants to.

5. That's a really stupid idea! You ... be serious, surely!

6. You ... realise it, but this is very important to me.

7. Don't be silly. You ... expect me to believe you!

8. We're not sure but we ... go to Prague for Christmas this year.

9. Me learn to fly! You ... be joking!

10. Bill cooked the lunch, so you ... expect anything special!

IX. Rewrite each sentence so that it contains can, could, must, have to or should (including negative forms).

1. I'm sure that Helen feels really lonely.

2. You're not allowed to park here.

3. It would be a good idea if Harry took a holiday.

4. I'm sure that Brenda isn't over thirty.

5. Do I need a different driving licence for a motorbike?

6. What would you advise me to do?

7. Mary knows how to stand on her head.

8. You needn't come with me if you don't want to.

9. It's possible for anyone to break into this house!

10. The dentist will see you soon. I don't think he'll be long.

11. I'm sure it isn't the way to Norwich.

12. This climb is possibly dangerous.

13. I expect this beach will be deserted.

14. Arthur is sometimes really irritating!

15. How about going to the theatre instead?

X. Complete each sentence with a suitable word or phrase.

1. It's odd that you ... know Wendy too!

2. You ... better not take any more medicine now.

3. All students ... report to the registrar's office on arrival.

4. How about going to the lake? We ... take a cold lunch with us.

5. I'm not sure about my application. ... I send two copies or three?

6. ... that really be Paula's husband? He looks so young.

7. This ... be the place I suppose, but it doesn't look like it.

8. Both the clocks say 4.30, so that ... be the time.

9. What about this meat? ... I roast it or stew it?

10. Harry studies a lot. He ... know the answers.

11. Oh well, things ... much worse I suppose.

12. It's no use waiting here. We ... well start walking.

13. Jack refuses. He says it's wrong and he ... do it.

14. Cairo ... be quite cold in winter.

15. Rule 6. No member ... enter the bar area wearing sports kit.

16. Quite honestly, you might as ... not bother.

XI. Choose the most suitable response to each comment or question.

a) A. What did I do wrong?

B. 1) You shouldn't have connected these two wires. 2) You didn't have to connect these two wires.

b) A. Why is the dog barking?

B. I) It should have heard something. 2) It must have heard something.

c) A. Why are you home so early?

B. I) I needn't have worked this afternoon. 2) I didn't have to work this afternoon.

d) A. Why did you worry about me? I didn't take any risks. B. I) You must have been injured.

2) You could have been injured.

e) A. You forgot my birthday again!

B. 1) Sorry, I should have looked in my diary. 2) Sorry, I had to look in my diary.

f) A. We had a terrible crossing on the boat in a storm. B. 1) That didn't have to be very pleasant!

2) That can't have been very pleasant!

g) A. Where were you yesterday? You didn't turn up! B. 1) I had to go to London.

2) I must have gone to London, h) A. What do you think about the election? B. I) The Freedom Party had to win.

2) The Freedom Party should have won. i) A. There's a lot of food left over from the party, isn't

there?

B. 1) Yes, you couldn't have made so many sandwiches. 2) Yes, you needn't have made so many sandwiches, j) A. What do you think has happened to Tony? B. 1) I don't know, he should have got lost. 2) I don't know, he might have got lost.

XII. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words.

1. It wasn't necessary for me to go out after all. have

I needn't have gone out after all.

2. There was a plan for Jack to become manager, but he left.

was

Jack......................................manager, but he left.

3. It was a mistake for you to buy that car. bought

You........................................................that car.

4. I don't think Sally enjoyed her holiday. have

Sally.......................................enjoyed her holiday.

5. It's possible that Bill saw me. may

Bill................................................................me.

6. I'm sure that Karen was a beautiful baby. been

Karen......................................... a beautiful baby.

7. Perhaps Alan didn't mean what he said. meant

Alan..................................................what he said.

8. It's possible that I left my wallet at home. ; could

I..............................................my wallet at home.

9. I think you were wrong to sell your bike. shouldn't

You..............................................................bike.

10. You must be thirsty, so can I offer you some tea? like

You must be thirsty, so................................... tea?

11. If I were you, I wouldn't buy a dog. should

I don't think............................................... a dog.

12. I'm sure that Jack hasn't left home yet. have

Jack.......................................................home yet.

13. I suppose that this is Trafalgar Square.

be

This............................................Trafalgar Square.

14. Perhaps Jean's plane was delayed. been

Jean's plane..............................................delayed.

15. It was unnecessary for you to come early today. have

You............................................come early today.

16. Tony is supposed to be here by now. been

Tony................................................. here by now.

17. Perhaps this is the answer. be

This....................................................the answer.

XV. Rewrite each sentence so that it contains the word in capitals, and so that the meaning stays the same.

1. It wasn't very nice of you not to invite me to MIGHT your party.

2. Thank you very much for buying me flowers! SHOULDN'T

3. It wouldn't have been right to let you do all COULDN'T the work on your own.

4. I don't believe that you have lost your keys CAN'T again!

5. Mary was a talented violinist at the age of ten. PLAY

6. Perhaps they didn't notice the tire was flat. MIGHT

7. The results are expected tomorrow. KNOW

8. They escaped possible injury when the car HAVE crashed.

9. A visa wasn't necessary after all. NEED

XVI. Rewrite each sentence so that it contains can't, might, must, should or needn't.

1. I'm sure that David took your books by mistake.

2. It was a mistake to park outside the police station.

3. It was unnecessary for you to clean the floor.

4. I'm sure that Liz hasn't met Harry before.

5. I'm sure they haven't eaten all the food. It's not possible!

6. Jack is supposed to have arrived an hour ago.

7. Perhaps Pam and Tim decided not to come.

8. I think it was the cat that took the fish from the table!

9. It was a waste of time worrying, after all!

10. It's impossible that we stayed at the same hotel, in that case.

11. It's not necessary for you to wear a uniform.

12. I wouldn't wake her up if I were you.

XVII. Complete each sentence with a suitable word or phrase.

1. Don't worry that Carol is late, she ... missed the train.

2. I begged David to accept some money, but he ... hear of it.

3. That was a lucky escape! You ... been killed!

4. It was supposed to be a secret! You ... told her!

5. I spent last week at the beach because I didn't ... go to school.

6. The plane is late. It ... landed by now.

7. You ... met my brother. I haven't got one!

8. There is only one solution. The butler ... done it.

9. So it was you who set off the fire alarm for a joke! I ... known!

10. Pay attention to what Martin said. He ... serious.

11. Fancy accepting the job like that! You ... asked me first!

12. The test was no problem at all. It ... easier in fact!

13. I'm sure Jack didn't mean to ignore you. He ... noticed you.

14. Hello, I'm home early. I ... late at the office after all.

15. The meat is a bit burnt. You ... cooked it for so long. I did tell you!

16. There were plenty of tickets left for the concert. We ... them in advance.

17. Sally got home at four this morning. The party ... really good!

18. This homework is not as good as usual. I think you ... more time on it.

19. A child ... given everything he or she wants.

20. You ... here when Helen told the boss not to be so lazy!

21. Peter wasn't here then, so he ... broken your vase.

22. If you felt lonely, you ... given me a ring.

23. It's been more than a week. You ... have some news by now!

24. You really ... have gone to so much trouble!

25. I ... have thought that it was rather difficult.

26. You should have seen Jim's face! He ... happier!

27. I'm sorry. I suppose ... been a bit rude.

28. Surely it ... been Ann who told you.

29. You really .... so much trouble over me.

30. One thing is for sure, someone ... known about it.

31. Was it really necessary? You ... to tell the police, you know.

32. They ... saved her from the fire, but the ladder didn't reach her window.

33. Keep your fingers crossed. The traffic warden ... noticed

the car is parked on double yellow lines!

34. It's funny ... bought exactly the same dress as me!

XVIII. Correct any errors in these sentences.

1. You mustn't have forgotten already! (error: can't have forgotten)

2. Paul shouldn't have been more helpful if he had tried.

3. Frank might not have understood what you said.

4. It was funny that she should have remembered me.

5. Harry may have won the match with a bit more effort.

6. You must have told me you had already eaten.

7. Fortunately I needn't have gone to the bank in person.

8. You mustn't have been so unkind!

9. I couldn't have managed without you.

10. I have no idea who it was, but I suppose it would have been Ann.

XIX. Rewrite each sentence so that it contains a modal verb and so that the meaning stays the same.

1. The police refused to do anything about my noisy neigh­bours.

2. Why didn't you back me up!

3. Our worrying so much was a waste of time.

4. It's just not possible for the cat to have opened the fridge!

5. George knew how to ride a bicycle when he was five.

6. I wanted to go to the party, but it was snowing hard.

7. It would have been possible for Helen to give us a lift.

8. It's possible that the last person to leave didn't lock the door.

9. School uniform wasn't compulsory at my school.-

10. It's possible that they didn't notice us.

XX. Choose the correct completion.

1. Dick painted his bedroom black. It looks dark and dreary. He____a different colour.

A. had to choose B. should have chosen

C. must have chosen D. could have been choosing

2. Tom is sitting at his desk. He's reading his chemistry text because he has a test tomorrow. He____.

A. could study B. should be studying

C. will study D. must be studying

3. When Mr Lee was younger, he____work in the garden

for hours, but now he has to take frequent rests because he has emphysema.

A. has got to B. can

C. should be able to D. could

4. Whenever my parents went out in the evening, I____the

job of taking care of my younger brother.

A. would get B. should get

C. must have gotten D. had better get

5. Yesterday I ____to a furniture store. I bought a new

lamp there.

A. could go B. went

C. could have gone D. ought to have gone

6. Jimmy and Maria were naughty children. They___tricks

on their teachers, which always got them into a lot of trouble.

A. could play B. used to play

C. could have played D. may have played

7. Robert has a new car. He___it for a very good price.

He paid 30 percent less than the regular retail cost.

A. could buy B. had to buy

C. was supposed to buy D. was able to buy

8. 'Why are you so sure that Ann didn't commit the crime she's been accused of committing?'

'She___that crime because I was with her, and we were

out of town on that day.'

A. may not have B. wasn't supposed to

committed commit

C. committed D. couldn't have committed

9. 'Since we have to be there in a hurry, we___take a

taxi.' 'I agree.'

A. had better B. may

C. have been used to D. are able to

10. 'It___rain this evening. Why don't you take an umbrel­la?'

'That's a good idea. May I borrow yours?'

A. had better B. could be

C. must D. might

11. '____you hand me that pair of scissors, please!'

'Certainly.'

A. May B. Shall

C. Will D. Should

12. Larry drove all night to get here for his sister's wedding.

He___exhausted by the time he arrived.

A. ought to be B. could be

C. must have been D. will have been

13. 'What are you doing here now? You ___be here for

another three hours.'

'I know. We got an early start and it took less time than we expected. I hope you don't mind.'

A. couldn't B. might not

C. had better not D. aren't supposed to

14. ' ___ taking me downtown on your way to work this

morning?'

'Not at all.'

A. Can you B. Why don't you

C. Would you mind D. Could you please

15. 'I locked myself out of my apartment. I didn't know what to do.'

'You___your roommate.'

A. could have called B. may have called C. would have called D. must have called

16. 'You haven't eaten anything since yesterday afternoon. You___be really hungry!'

'I am.'

A. might B. will

C. can D. must

17. 'I____there at 6 p.m. for the meeting, but my car won't

start. Could you please give me a lift in your car?' 'Sure. Are you ready to go now?'

A. will be B. may be

C. supposed to be D. have got to be

18. 'I left a cookie on the table, but now it's gone. What happened to it?'

'I don't know. One of the children___it.'

A. may have eaten B. could eat

C. had to eat D. should have eaten

19. Peter___rather sleep on a matress than on the floor.

A. shall В. could

С. would D. must

20. 'My boss is always looking over my shoulder whenever I do anything.'

'That__bother you.'

'But it does.'

A. shouldn't B. might not

C. may not D. won't

21. 'This movie is boring and too violent.' 'I agree.___leave?'

A. Will we B. Why don't we

C. Must we D. Would we

22. 'Chris, you ___ the fish in the refrigerator before it

spoils.'

'You're right. I didn't know it was still in the shopping bag.'

A. had better put B. had to put

C. would rather put D. may put

23. 'What does Mr Griffin do for a living?'

'Nothing. He's very rich. He___work for a living.'

A. must not B. shouldn't

C. doesn't have to D. hadn't better

24. 'Why are you so late?'

'I___my aunt to the airport. The traffic was terrible!'

A. could take B. must have taken

C. should take D. had to take

25. 'I heard that Laura was offered a job at a top computer firm in Chicago.'

'Oh? That's wonderful! She __ very pleased.'

A. is supposed to be B. might be C. must be D. is

26. 'The hot weather doesn't seem to bother you.'

'When I had my farm, I__work in the hot fields for

hours.'

A. used to B. ought to

C. must D. had better

27. 'I need some help with this table.__you lift the other

end, please?'

'Sure. Just a second.'

A. May B. Should

C. Could D. Shall

28. 'How did you get my telephone number? It's not listed

in the phone book, so you __ have found it in the

directory.'

'I got it from your mother.'

A. may not B. won't

C. might not D. couldn't

29. 'Is littering against the law?'

'Yes. There's a law that says that you___throw trash

on the streets.'

A. don't have to B. must not

C. couldn't D. might not

30. 'Do you like to play tennis?'

'Yes. When I worked at the embassy, I__meet a friend

at 5 every afternoon for a game.'

A. would B. should

C. had better D. would rather

31. 'Harry's new jacket doesn't seem to fit him very well.' 'He___it on before he bought it.'

A. must have tried B. was able to try

C. should have tried D. may have tried

XXI. Use a modal with each verb in parentheses. More than one modal may be possible. Use the one that seems most appropriate to you.

1. I've never seen a London policeman. — You (see) one! You've been in London a week already! 2. ... I (call) for you? — No, I (get) a taxi and meet you at the station. 3. I heard their. telephone ringing. — You (not hear) their phone ringing. They haven't got a phone. 4. Don is putting on a little weight around his middle. He (get) more exercise. 5. Jack: I've fini­shed. Ann: But you were only half way through when I went to bed. You (work) all night! 6. I'm sleepy. I (not keep) my eyes open. I (go) to bed before I fall asleep right here. 7. Zoo keeper: In spite of all the notices, people (feed) these animals. 8. In my country, a girl and boy (not go) out on a date unless they are accompanied by a chaperone. 9. The instructions were in French. I translated them into English for him. — You (not translate) them. He knows French. 10. Jones: Stand away from that door! You can't keep me here against my will. Smith: You (not go) till you have given me an explanation! (I won't let you go.) 11. You can trust me; nobody (know) that you are here. (I promise to keep it secret.) I (not) even (tell) my wife. 12. My wife and ten children are coming to join me here. They (not live) in my dormitory room. I (find) an apartment. 13. A: ... I (speak) to Peggy? B: She (not come) to the phone right now. ... I (take) a message? 14. Jimmy was serious when he said he wanted to be a cowboy when he grew up. We (not laugh) at him. We hurt his feelings. 15. ... you (cash) this check for me? 16. A: How are you planning to get to the airport? B: By taxi. A: You (take) a shuttle bus instead. It's cheaper than a taxi. You (get) one in front of the hotel. It picks up passengers there on a regular schedule. 17. You (not feed) the bears! (It was foolish of you to feed them.) Now they'll be angry if the next campers don't feed them too. 18. Nobody has been in this house for a month. — Nonsense! Here's last Monday's paper in the wastepaper basket; somebody (be) here quite recently. 19. Let's go shopping. The shops (not be) crowded. Monday morning's usually quiet. 20. Why ... everyone (promote) except me? It's not fair. 21. A: Why didn't you come to the party last night? B: I (study). A: You (come). We had a good time. 22. A: I (go) to the University of Iowa or Iowa State University? B: Think it over for a few

days. You (not make) up your mind right now. There's no hurry. 23. A: The phone's ringing again. Let's not answer it. Just let it ring. B: No, we (answer) it. It (be) important. 24. We (start) yesterday (this was the plan); but the flight was cancelled because of the fog, so we're still here, as you see. 25. I left my car here under the No Parking sign; and now it's gone. It (steal). — Not necessarily. The police (drive) it away. 26. He was riding a bicycle along the motorway when he was hit by the trailer of a lorry. These big lorries are very dangerous. — Perhaps, but Paul (not ride) a bicycle along the motorway; bicycles are not allowed. 27. Jane's looking at the test paper the teacher just returned. She's smiling. She (pass) the test, 28. It's not like Tony to be late. He (be) here an hour ago. I hope nothing bad happened. 29. He used to have a day off once a week, and on that day he (get) up early, have a hasty breakfast and set out for the river. 30. I know that it will be difficult to pick him out in such a crowd, but if you (happen) to see him give him this packet. 31. Why didn't you wait for me yesterday? — I waited five minutes. — You (wait) a little longer! 32. How did Peter get here? — He (come) on a motorcycle. (This is a possibility.) — He (not come) on a motorcycle. He doesn't ride one. 33. Police Officer (in a loud speaker van beside a motorway In thick fog): They are going much too fast. I keep warning them to reduce speed but they (not do) it. 34. Ann: She says she'd rather go to prison than pay the fine. Tom: She (not go) to prison. (I won't let this happen.) I (pay) her fine for her! 35. A: Somebody called you while you were out, but she didn't leave her name. B: Who did it sound like? Anybody you know? A. Well, it (be) Phyllis, but that's just a guess. I (ask) who was calling, but I didn't. B: That's okay. 36. (Alice, staying at a hotel for the first time, carefully washes up the early morning tea things.) Mother: You (not do) that. The hotel staff do the washing up. 37. Mrs Smith: I've cooked scrambled eggs for Mr Jones, because of his diet, and steak and onions for everyone else. Mr Jones: You (not cook) anything special for me, Mrs Smith; I'm not on a diet any longer. 38. Tom (looking out of the window): Fortu-

nately that teapot didn't hit anyone, but you (not throw) it out of the window, Ann! You (kill) someone. 39. Look at this beautiful painting! Only a very great artist (paint) such a picture! — Nonsense! A child of five (paint) it with his eyes shut. 40. It looks like rain. We (shut) the windows. 41. Ann, ... you (hand) me that dish? Thanks. 41. I returned a book to the library yesterday. It was two weeks overdue, so I (pay) a fine of $ 1.40. I (return) the book when it was due. 42. Spring break starts on the thirteenth. We (not go) to classes until the twenty-second. 43. ... I (make) an appointment to see Dean Witherspoon? 44. Neither of us knows the way to their house. We (take) a map with us or we'll probably get lost. 45. You (not tell) Jack about the party. It's a surprise party for him. 46. Secretary: There's a Mr Peterson in the outer office, sir. He says he has an appointment. ... you (see) him now? Mr Smith: I (not see) him now or at any other time. I told him so when we last met. And he hasn't an appointment! 47. Excuse me. I didn't understand. ... you (repeat) what you said? 48. In the United States, elementary education is compulsory. All children (attend) six years of elementary school. 48. There was a long line in front of the theatre. We (wait) almost an hour to buy our tickets. 49. I wonder who carried the piano upstairs. — I suppose it was Paul. — Paul (not carry) it by himself. Someone (help) him. 50. The car (not start) so we had to ring for a taxi. 51. The people in the flat above us were members of a band. We liked them very much but they (practise) the drums at night. Nothing we said made any difference. 52. I don't feel like going to the library to study this afternoon. I (go) to the shopping mall than to the library. 53. Do you know where Tom is? — He (be) in the canteen. He's usually there between twelve and one. 54. She asked me what she (do) if any letters came for me while I was away. I told her that my brother would come every day to pick up my mail. 55. When I rang the exchange and asked for the number the operator said, 'You (not ring) the exchange! You (dial) direct!' However, he put me through. 56. Bill proposed that women (allow) to join the club. 57. A:

This is Steve's tape recorder, isn't it? B: It (not be) his. He doesn't have a tape recorder. It (belong) to Lucy or to Linda. They sometimes bring their tape recorders to class. 58. A: Why is Margaret in her room? B: I don't know. She (do) her homework. 59. A: Did Ed really mean what he said yesterday? B: No, I don't think so. I think he (kid). 60. Johnny! You (not play) with sharp knives. 61. We (not go) to the concert if you don't want to, but it might be good. 62. I'm taking my exams in two days. I know I (study) tonight, but I think I'll watch TV instead. 63. It is essential that everyone (be able) to see the stage. 64.1 suggested that they (have) a hot breakfast and a cold supper. 65. You (love) your father. (It is natural and right.) — Why ... I (love) him? I've never seen him. 66. Remember that we (be) at his place not later than eight. 67. Ann's birthday was on the 5 th, and now it's already the 8 th. Her birthday card (send) a week ago. Maybe we (give) her a call to wish her a belated happy birthday. 68. The entire valley (see) from their mountain home. 69. According to our teacher, all of our compositions (write) in ink. He won't accept papers written in pencil. 70. Last semester's class was too large. It (divide) in half.

71. Tom: What's happened to Jack? We said 7.30 and now

it's 8.00 and there's no sign of him. Ann: He (forget) that we invited him. He is rather

forgetful. I (telephone) him yesterday to remind

him. (It was foolish of me not to telephone.) Tom: Or he (get) lost. He hasn't been to this house before.

I (give) him directions. (I didn't give him directions,

which was stupid of me)

Ann: Or he (have) a breakdown or a puncture. Tom: A puncture (not delay) him so long. Ann: Or he (stop) for a drink and (get) involved in an

argument. Jack's arguments go on for hours! Tom: Or he (run) out of petrol. Perhaps we (go) and look

for him.

XXII. Study and practise.

1. Dear Brenda,

Thanks for replying so quickly to my last letter. You must have been surprised when you received a letter from me. I'm glad you will be able to put me up when I come to London. Could you possibly give me some directions for your flat? I'm bound to get lost. Do I have to take a taxi from the station, or is it near enough to walk? Perhaps I should buy a street map of Birmingham when I arrive. And is it all right if I bring my little brother, Tim? By the way, congratulations on your new job. You must be very happy. Do you think that you made the right decision, though? I think you should have gone to university like me. I'm sure that you would have enjoyed it. I have to study a lot, but with any luck I should get a good job when I finish. I'd better post this letter now.

Best wishes, Sheila

2. Residents in the Blackwood area complained last night that they should have been warned about the escape of a dangerous snake. The snake, a python, is three metres long, and can kill pets. 'I heard about it on the radio,' said Mrs Agnes Bird. 'I had to lock my dog in the kitchen this morning, because I thought the snake could easily attack it. Now I am not sure what I ought to do.' The snake, called Lulu, disappeared from Blackwood Zoo. 'It must have found a hole in the wall, or it might have slipped out while the door was open,' said zoo director Basil Hart. Mr Hart said that people needn't have been alarmed. 'A local radio must have mixed up its reports,' he went on. 'We found Lulu a few minutes after we missed her. We had to climb a tree and bring her down. So you see, you should never believe silly stories you hear on the radio!'

XXIII. Give general advice to people who want to:

a. improve their health.

b. get good grades.

c. improve their English.

d. make a good first impression.

e. find a job.

f. live life fully every day.

g. get married.

Say: Do this. Don't do that. You should do this. You shouldn't do that. You ought to do this. You don't have to do that. You must do this. You must not do that. You can do this. You had better do that, etc.

XXIV. Directions: Go to a public place, a place where there are people whom you do not know (a cafeteria, store, street corner, park, zoo, lobby, etc.). Choose three of these people to write a composition about. Using a paragraph for each person, describe his/her appearance briefly and then make 'guesses' about this person: age, occupation, personality, activities, etc.

Example I'm in a hotel lobby. I'm looking at a man who is wearing a blue suit and carrying a briefcase. He is talking at the registration desk, so he must be registering to stay in the hotel. He couldn't be checking out, because people have to check out at a different desk. He might be simply asking a question, but I doubt it. Judging from his clothes, I'd say he's probably a businessman. But he could be something else. He might be a doctor, or a funeral director, or a professor. He has salt-and-pepper hair and not too many wrinkles. He must be about 50 or 55. He doesn't have any luggage with him. The porter must have taken his luggage. The hotel clerk just handed the man a key. Aha! I was right. He is registering to stay at the hotel.

XXV. Work in pairs. Using the given situations, create dialogues of 10 to 20 sentences or more. Then present your dialogues to the rest of the class. For each situation, the beginning of the dialogue is given. Try to include appropriate modals in your conversation.

1. Situation: The two of you are roommates or a married couple. It is late at night. All of the lights are turned off. You hear a strange noise. You try

to figure out what it might or must be, what

you should or should not do, etc. Dialogue: A: Psst. Are you awake?

B: Yes. What's the matter?

A: Do you hear that noise?

B: Yes, what do you suppose it is?

A: I don't know. It ...

B: ...

2. Situation: Your teacher is always on time, but today it is

fifteen minutes past the time class begins and he/she still isn't here. You try to figure out why he/she isn't here yet and what you should do.

Dialogue: A: Mr/Mrs/Ms/Miss/ Dr/Professor____should

have been here fifteen minutes ago. I wonder where s/he is. Why do you suppose s/he hasn't arrived yet? B: Well, ...

3. Situation: The two of you are planning to go on a picnic.

You are almost ready to leave when you hear a loud noise. It sounds like thunder. You are supposed to meet Nancy and Paul at the park for your picnic.

Dialogue: A: Is the picnic basket all packed? B: Yes. Everything is ready to go. A: Good. Let's get going. B: Wait. Did you hear that? A: ...

4. Situation: It is late at night. The weather is very bad.

Your eighteen-year-old son, who had gone to a party with some of his friends, was supposed to be home an hour ago. (The two of you are either a married couple or a parent and his/her friend.) You are getting worried. You are trying

to figure out where he might be, what might or must have happened, and what you should do, if anything.

Dialogue: A: It's already____o'clock and____isn't home

yet. I'm getting worried.

B: So am I. Where do you suppose he is?

A: ...

XXVI. Choose three of the following topics. Write a short paragraph on each.

1. Write about when, where, and why you should (or should not) have done something in your life.

2. Write about a time in your life when you did something you did not want to do. Why did you do it? What could you have done differently? What should you have done?

3. Look at your future. What will, might, should it be like? Write about what you should, must, can do now in order to make your life what you want it to be.

4. Write about one embarrassing incident in your life. What

could, should, might you have done to avoid it?

5. Look at the world situation in relationships between nations. What could, should (or should not), must (or must not) be done to improve understanding?

6. Choose one of the environmental problems people are considering today. What could, should, may, must, might be done to solve this problem?

XXVII. Translate from Russian into English.

1. Ему необязательно об этом говорить. 2. Погода, безу­словно, будет хорошая. 3. Он не принес книгу, хотя ему бы следовало сделать это еще на прошлой неделе. 4. Не­ужели тебя не укачало? Море было таким бурным. 5. Сто­ит ли ее ждать? Возможно, она вообще не придет. 6. Он спросил, может ли он положиться на меня. 7. Ей придет­ся пройти рентген. 8. Вряд ли она оценит его доброту. Она такая эгоистка. 9. Он сказал, что она уже взрослая и должна помогать матери. 10. Мне не нужно было гото-

вить обед. Мы договорились пообедать сегодня в рестора­не. 11. Она понимала, что он должен чувствовать. 12. Мож­но (вы можете) пройти много миль и никого не встретить.

13. Его зовут Добсон. Возможно, вы слышали его имя.

14. Не может быть, чтобы дверь осталась открытой. Я сама ее запирала. 15. Он предложил, чтобы собрание про­вели в среду. 16. Не будете ли вы любезны немного по­дождать? Ваши документы еще не готовы. 17. Я могу выучить это и обязательно (непременно) выучу. 18. Он, вероятно, получит телеграмму не позже, чем через два часа. 19. Многое может показаться вам необычным в чужой стра­не. 20. Возможно, их не предупредили, что их сын болен и что жизнь его находится в опасности. 21. Неужели он гово­рил это серьезно? 22. Трудно было поверить, что туристы смогли подняться на такую высокую гору. Это, должно быть, были смелые ребята. 23. Я должна с ним увидеться во вторник вечером. 24. Я не слышал, как подъехал авто­мобиль. Вероятно, я еще спал. 25. Им следовало бы удер­жать его от такого неразумного шага. Они еще пожалеют об этом. 26. Зря ты пришел. Собрание отменили. 27. Мне очень хотелось поехать в горы, но я не осмеливался спро­сить разрешения у родителей, так как знал, что они бу­дут против. 28. В конце концов мы решили, что нам не следует там дольше оставаться и что нужно отправляться в горы. 29. Мы можем не спешить. Поезд задерживается на два часа. 30. Он сказал, что ему придется уехать через несколько дней, но мы и слушать не хотели. 31. Он дол­жен был приехать пятичасовым поездом. Неужели он опоздал на него? — Откуда мне знать? 32. Я считал, что мне следует поставить вас в известность об этом. 33. Ав­тобусом вы туда не доедете. 34. Она не могла этого сделать! 35. Весьма странно, что он сказал это. 36. Ты мог бы быть повнимательнее по отношению к своей сестре. 37. Делать все равно нечего, я могу (с таким же успехом) лечь спать. 38. Удивительно, до чего он неразумен (глуп)! 39. Он, быва­ло, часто заходил к нам. 40. Вы говорите, что не желаете этого делать, а я вам говорю, что вы это сделаете. 41. Мы должны подчиняться законам. 42. Стоянка у этих ворот

запрещена. 43. Если он это говорит, то это, должно быть, правда. 44. Не пойти ли нам на прогулку? 45. Сейчас они, наверное (пожалуй), уже там. 46. Это, наверное, наш по­езд. 47. Ящик стола никак не открывается. 48. Он выехал в 7.00. Он скоро здесь должен быть. 49. Студентам не пола­гается выносить книги из читального зала. 50. Когда мне нужно прийти? 51. Не видно было ни облачка. 52. Их не было дома, когда я приехал. Должно быть, они не ожида­ли меня. 53. Наши футболисты в хорошей форме. Они дол­жны выиграть матч. 54. Почему ты не аплодируешь? Тебе, очевидно, не нравится, как она поет. 55. Ребенок ничего не хочет есть. — Возможно, он не голоден. 56. Они близ­кие друзья. Не может быть, чтобы она не помогла ему. 57. Ваш сын мог бы быть поосторожнее. Он мог сбить моего ребенка. 58. Может быть (могло быть и так, что), он и не слышал эту новость. 59. Он мог бы поспеть вовре­мя, если бы бежал быстрее. 60. Пожалуйста, отправьте письмо без задержки. 61. После экзаменов вы должны сдать все учебники в библиотеку. 62. По моему мнению, следует избрать ее, потому что она честная, умная и компетент­ная. 63. Мы больше не можем ждать! Необходимо что-то немедленно предпринять!

KEY