§5. Obligation and necessity (2): mustn't, don't have to, don't need to, haven't got to, needn't

Compare mustn't and don't have to:

Father: Annie, you have a	Susan: I'm on holiday. I
bad cold. You mustn't get up	don't have to get up early now.
today. (= Do not get up.)	(= It is not necessary to get
	up early. )
You mustn't wash that	You don't have to wash that
sweater. It has to be	shirt. It isn't dirty. (= It is
dry-cleaned. (= Do not	not necessary to wash it. )
wash it.)
We use mustn't when	We use don't have to when
there is an obligation	it is not necessary to do
not to do something.	something.

Mustn't means 'it's forbidden'.

mustn't — prohibition don't have to = absence (lack)

of necessity

Life belts must not be re- Tomorrow is a holiday. We moved, (no choice) don't have to go to class.

(choice)

We can also use don't need to, haven't got to or

needn't to say that it is not necessary to do some­thing.

I don't need to get up today. I haven't got to get up today. I needn't get up today.

Note that we often use needn't when the speaker gives someone permission not to do something.

You needn't pay me back the money you owe me until next week. (= I give you permission not to pay me back the money until then.)

Activities

/. Choose the correct form.

1. You've been late for work twice this week. You mustn't/ needn't be late again tomorrow. 2. We mustn't/don't have to hurry. We've got plenty of time. 3. We mustn't/haven't got to make any noise going into the house. It's very late and everybody is asleep. 4. You mustn't/needn't tell Nicki about the party. I've already told her. 5. You mustn't/don't need to phone the station about the time of the trains. I've got a timetable. 6. I mustn't/haven't got to go now. I can stay a bit longer if you want me.

II. Jim is going to backpack around the world for a year, but his mother is worried. Listen to them.

Mum: You must write to us every week!

Jim: Yes, Mum! I will.

Mum: You mustn't lose your passport!

Jim: No, Mum! I won't.

Work in pairs. Make similar dialogues between Jim and his

mother. Use the cues and must or mustn't.

— look after your money — go out when it's dark — make sure you eat well — phone us if you're in trouble

— talk to strangers — drink too much beer — have a bath regularly — go anywhere that's dangerous

III. Complete the utterances using haven't got to and the prompts in the right column.

Examples: Jane is not tired.

Sheila has got a lot of clothes.

buy a new dress go to bed early.

Jane has not got to go to bed early. Sheila has not got to buy a new dress.

1. Jane is not tired. 2. Sheila has got a lot of clothes.		buy any food this week look for a flat
3.	Harry has got a lot of money.		phone the restaurant
4.	Mrs Hunt has got a lot of		cash a cheque today
	food in the house.
5.	We have bought a house in the		go to bed early
	country.
6.	You have already booked a table.		buy a new dress
7.	I have got six airletters.		go to a snack-bar
8.	We have hired a car.		phone them tonight
9.	I have written to the Blakes.		go to the post office yet
10.	They have already had dinner		buy a car
	in the hotel.

IV. This time make negative sentences with have to.

Example: 'Did they have to change trains?'

'No, it was a through train so they didn't have to change (trains).'

1. 'Did you pay to get into the concert?'

'No, we had free tickets so we_____________________'

2. 'Does Jack shave?' 'No, he's got a beard so___________'

3. 'Did you get up early this morning?' 'No, it's my day off so____________________________________________'

4. 'Do you work?' 'No, I'm extremely rich so___________'

5. 'Will you have to walk?' 'No, we have a car so________'

6. 'Did you have to ask a doctor in?' 'No, my sister is a doctor so______________________________________'

7. 'Did you have to hire a taxi?' 'No, the hotel is not far from the station so______________________________'

8. 'Shall I have to wait?' 'No, the boss is free so_________'

V. Complete the sentences with any appropriate form of have to. Include any words in parentheses.

1. A: (You) ... leave so early?

B: I'm afraid I do. I have some work I ... finish before I go to bed tonight.

2. Last night Jack ... go to a meeting. (You) ... go to the

meeting last night too?

3. Joan travels to Russia frequently. Luckily, she speaks

Russian, so she (not) ... rely on an interpreter when she's there.

4. I (not) ... water the garden later today. Joe has agreed to do it for me.

5. I ... write three term papers since the beginning of the semester.

6. Why (Tom) ... leave work early yesterday?

7. I found some milk in the refrigerator so we (not) ... go to the store after all. There is plenty.

8. (John)... buy a round-trip ticket when he went to Egypt?

9. Matt is nearsighted. He ... wear glasses ever since he was ten years old.

10. By the time this week is finished, I ... take eight examinations in five days. The life of a student isn't easy!

11. (You, not) ... return these books to the library today? Aren't they due?

12. If Jean stays in Brazil much longer, she ... teach English part-time so that she'll have enough to support herself. (She) ... apply for a special work visa? Or can she work part-time on a student visa?

13. Because it was Emily's birthday yesterday, she (not) ... do any of her regular chores, and her mother let her choose anything she wanted to eat for dinner.

VI. Use must not or do not have to in the following sentences.

1. I've already finished all my work, so I ... study tonight.

2. I ... forget to take my key with me. 3. You ... introduce me to Dr Gray. We've already met. 4. In order to be a good salesclerk, you ... be rude to a customer. 5. I ... go to the doctor. I'm feeling much better. 6. Johnny! You ... play with sharp knives. 7. We ... go to the concert if you don't want to, but it might be good. 8. This is an opportunity that comes once in a lifetime. We ... let it pass. We must act. 9. If you encounter a growling dog, you ... show any signs of fear, it is more likely to bite a person. 10. A person ... get married in order to lead a happy >.nd fulfilling life. 11. The soup is too hot. You ... eat it yet. Wait for it to

cool. 12. You ... have soup for lunch. You can have a sandwich if you like. 13. Liz finally got a car, so now she usually drives to work. She ... take the bus. 14. Tommy, you ... say that word. That's not a nice word. 15. Mr Morgan is very rich. He ... work for a living. 16. If you are in a canoe, you ... stand up and walk around. If you do, the canoe will probably turn over. 17. When the phone rings, you ... answer it. It's up to you. 18. When you have a new job, you ... be late the first day. In fact, it is a good idea to be a few minutes early. 19. A: You ... tell Jim about the surprise birthday party. Do you promise? B: I promise. 20. I... forget to set my alarm for 5.30. B: Why do you have to get up at 5.30? A: I'm going to meet Ron at 6:00. We're going fishing. 21. A: Listen to me carefully, Annie. If a stranger offers you a ride, you ... get in the car. Never get in a car with a stranger. Do you understand? B: Yes, Mom. 22. A: Do you have a stamp? B: Uh-huh. Here. A: Thanks. Now I ... go to the post office to buy stamps.

VII. Use must not or need not to fill the spaces in the following sentences.

1. You ... ring the bell; I have a key. 2. Notice in cinema: Exit doors ... be locked during performances. 3. You ... drink this: it is poison. 4. We ... drive fast; we have plenty of time. 5. You ... drive fast; there is a speed limit here. 6. Can­didates ... bring books into the examination room. 7. You ... write to him for he will be here tomorrow. 8. We ... make any noise or we'll wake the baby. 9. You ... bring an umbrella. It isn't going to rain. 10. You ... do all the exercise. Ten sentences will be enough. 11. We ... reheat the pie. We can eat it cold. 12. Mother to child: You ... tell lies. 13. You ... turn on the light; I can see quite well. 14. You ... strike a match; the room is full of gas. 15. You ... talk to other candidates during the exam. 16. We ... make any more sandwiches; we have plenty now. 17. You ... put salt in any of his dishes. Salt is very bad for him. 18. You ... take anything out of a shop without paying for it. 19. You ... carry that parcel home yourself; the shop will send it. 20. You ... clean

the windows. The window-cleaner is coming tomorrow. 21. Mo­ther to child: You ... play with matches. 22. Church notice: Visitors ... walk about the church during a service. 23. I ... go to the shops today. There is plenty of food in the house. 24. You ... smoke in a non-smoking compartment. 25. Police notice: Cars ... be parked here. 26. We ... open the lion's cage. It is contrary to Zoo regulations. 27. You ... make your bed. The maid will do it. 28. I want this letter typed but you ... do it today. Tomorrow will do. 29. I'll lend you the money and you ... pay me back till next month. 30. We ... climb any higher; we can see very well from here. 31. You ... ask a woman her age. It's not polite. 32. You've given me too much. — You ... eat it all. 33. We ... forget to shut the lift gates. 34. Mother to child: You ... interrupt when I am speaking. 35. If you want the time, pick up the receiver and dial 8081; you ... say anything.

VIII. What do you say to the other person in these situations. Use need't or mustn't.

Situation. You are talking to a little girl. She is playing

with some matches. Response You mustn't play with those matches.

Situation Someone is speaking English to you very slowly. Response You needn't speak so slowly.

1. You are in a petrol station. Someone is smoking.

2. You are in someone's house. They are going to turn the heating up. You are warm enough.

3. Your secretary is willing to work late. You can do without

her.

4. Your friend is going to park his car where there is a sign saying 'No Parking'.

5. Your friend is willing to drive you somewhere. You are willing to walk.

6. Your friend is going out and it is going to rain. You can see he is going to forget his umbrella.

7. Someone is shouting at you but you are not deaf.

8. Your taxi driver is willing to wait but it is not necessary.

IX. You must... It's necessary You mustn't ... It's forbidden

You needn't ... It's not necessary

When you arrive in Britain, there are plenty of regulations to worry about. There are things that are necessary, unnecessary, or forbidden. Use the modals above to complete the following statements.

1. You ... bring animals into Britain.

2. You ... have a passport.

3. ... have a visa, if you want to stay a long time.

4. ... have a visa if you are from an EEC (Common Market) country.

5. ... declare any restricted goods at the customs.

6. ... declare cigarettes up to a certain limit.

7. ... take guns into Britain.

8. ... drive on the left.

9. ... stop at pedestrian crossings unless someone is on them.

10. ... use the horn on your car except in an emergency.

X. Mrs Wilson is telling her husband what has been happe­ning. Write his reactions, using must, mustn't or needn't + one of these expressions, and a tag question.

buy anything too expensive do any housework be stopped

be paid immediately make him change his mind

. 1. Stephen has announced that he is going to drop out of school.

We must make him change his mind, mustn't we? 2. They have been invited to a wedding, and will have to buy a present. They________________________,__________?

3. The owners of the house across the road want to open a gambling club.

They____________:___________,____________?

4. The doctor has told Gran to rest completely.

She________;_______________,_____________?

5. The telephone bill has arrived — the final date for payment

is in two weeks.

It ______________________,_____________?

XI. Complete the sentences using must, mustn't, have to or will have to.

1. Julie, trying to train her dog: You ... sit when I tell you to!

2. The teacher who is invigilating Stephen's exam: You ... try to talk to each other during the exam.

3. The doctor to a nurse about a patient with a bad heart: He ... stay in bed for several weeks, and ... talk too much.

4. Mr Wilson phones his wife at 6 pm:

I'm afraid I'm going to be late — I ... finish some letters.

5. The immigration officer notices that a traveller hasn't signed his new passport:

You ... sign it as soon as you get it.

6. Mr Wilson explains why he is taking a pill: I ... take these pills for my blood pressure.

7. Mrs Wilson is offering more cake to a guest at a tea party:

You ... have some more cake.

8. Stephen has hurt his knee playing football: The doctor says I ... play for three weeks.

XII. You work in a gym club. In pairs, use the cues below to make rules for the gym, sauna, and carpark, using must always and mustn't.

IN THE GYM:

You must always wear sports shoes and sports clothes. You mustn't smoke.

IN THE GYM:

wear sports shoes and sports clothes

smoke

use the equipment without a teacher

use training bicycles for more than twenty minutes

clean the equipment after using it

IN THE SAUNA:

wear a swimming costume

remove any jewellery

read newspapers

use the sauna after 8 p.m.

IN THE CAR PARK:

lock your car

make any noise after 9.30 p.m.

leave your car overnight

play your car radio loudly

XIII. Choose the correct verb in these exchanges.

1. I can't go to the disco tonight. I'm afraid I ... get up early tomorrow.

a) mustn't b) I've got c) will

2. You ... wear shoes in the gym.

a) don't b) haven't got to c) mustn't

3. ... go through that door. It says 'No entry'.

a) Don't b) Not c) You mustn't to

3. It was a lovely party. We ... write and thank them, a) got to b) do c) must

5. You're driving at 120 kph. You really ... drive so fast, a) don't b) didn't c) mustn't

XIV. Supply mustn't or needn't/don't have to/haven't got to.

Note: We can use needn't, don't have to and haven't got to

in place of each other to mean it isn't necessary: I needn't/ don't have to/haven't got to go to the office tomorrow.

1. They ... wear a uniform. It's not obligatory. 2. She ... leave the office last. She can go when she is ready. 3. You really ... waste money like that. It worries your parents. 4. Visitors ... enter the laboratories without permission. 5. You ... go to the party if you don't want to. Nobody's forcing you. 6. He ... do the job today, as long as it gets done some time this week. 7. Surely we ... leave home yet. It's far too early to go to the station. 8. Passengers ... smoke in the toilets. 9. 'Are you going to read the report?' — 'No, I.... It's confidential.' 10. 'Are you going to read the report?' — 'No, I .... I already know what it says.' 11. You ... attend the meeting tomorrow. It's for union officials only. 12. You ... attend the meeting tomorrow. It's not important. 13. You ... forget to pay the electricity bill, or we'll be cut off. 14. We ... worry about Tom. He's just phoned to say he's all right. 15. You ... work such long hours. You won't earn any more.

XV. Supply must, need, or a form of have to. Question forms and negatives are also included.

1. 'What time ... we ... leave for the airport?'

'It's only a thirty-minute drive, so we ... go until about 3.30.' 'I ... do my packing. I haven't started yet!'

2. I have an interview for a job next week, but before the interview I ... have a medical examination.

3. How did you damage your bike? You ... learn to look after your toys. When I was your age, I... clean my bike every night.

4. There's a new Indian restaurant just opened that you ... go to. It's wonderful! You ... book, though, because it's so popular already.

5. I'm sure she didn't mean to upset you. You ... take things so personally.

6. I hate ... get up on cold, winter mornings.

7. I hate ... tell you this, but you've just got a parking ticket.

8. I have perfect teeth. I ... never ... have a single filling.

9. I think I've put on weight. I ... watch what I eat in future.

10. I don't think a career in the army would suit me. I ... wear a uniform, for a start.

11. You ... worry about me. I can look after myself.

12. I got something for my cough from the chemist's, so I ... go to the doctor's.

13. You ... drive me to the station. I'd much rather go on foot.

XVI. Replace the words in bold type by need not/need I? etc., or a negative or interrogative have to form.

I've been invited to a wedding; but I can't go. Will it be necessary for me to send a present? Shall I have to send a present?

1. It isn't necessary for him to go on working. He has already reached retiring age. (He ... ) 2. Was it necessary for you to wait a long time for your bus? 3. It isn't necessary for me to water my tomato plants every day. 4. It will be necessary for them to get up early when they go out to work every day. 5. We had to stop at the frontier but we were not required to open our cases. 6. It wasn't necessary to walk. He took us in his car. (We ...) 7. My employer said, 'I shan't require you tomorrow.' (You ... come.) 8. It is never necessary for me to work on Saturdays. 9. When I am eighteen I'll be of age. Then it won't be necessary to live at home if I don't want to. 10. New teacher to his class: It isn't necessary for you to call me 'Sir'; call me 'Bill'. 11. Will it be necessary for us to report this accident to the police? 12. When you buy something on the installment system you are not required to pay the whole price at once. 13. 'Did you know enough English to ask for your ticket?' 'It wasn't necessary to say anything. I bought my ticket at a machine.' 14. It isn't necessary to buy a license for a bicycle in England. (We ...) 15. Is it essential for you to finish tonight? 16. Is it necessary for people to go everywhere by boat in Venice? 17. Will it be necessary for me to sleep under a mosquito net? 18. Most people think that civil servants are not required to work very hard. 19. It wasn't necessary to swim. We were able to wade across. 20. It isn't necessary

for you to drive me to the station. I can get a taxi. 21. Our plane was delayed so we had lunch at the airport. But it wasn't necessary to pay for the lunch. The airline gave it to us. 22. Is it obligatory for us to vote? 23.When you were a child were you required to practise the piano? 24.1 saw the accident but fortunately it wasn't necessary for me to give evidence as there were plenty of other witnesses. 25. Small boy to friend: It won't be necessary for you to work hard when you come to my school. The teachers aren't very strict. 26. They had plenty of time. It wasn't necessary for them to hurry. 27. Is it necessary for you to take your dog everywhere? 28. What time was it necessary for you to leave home? 29. I brought my passport but I wasn't required to show it to anyone. 30. I missed one day of the exam. Will it be necessary for me to take the whole exam again? 31. Is it really necessary for you to practise the violin at 3 a.m.? 32. Everything was done for me. It wasn't necessary for me to do anything. 33. Are French children obliged to go to school on Saturdays? 34. I was late for the opera. — Was it necessary for you to wait till the end of the first act before finding your seat? 35. He repaired my old watch so it wasn't necessary for me to buy a new one after all. 36. Were you required to make a speech?

XVII. Rewrite each of the sentences below using mustn't, can't and don't/doesn't have to, as appropriate.

I. You're not allowed to smoke on the lower deck of a bus in Britain. 2. It's impossible to learn a language properly in just a few weeks. 3. In Britain it isn't necessary for men to do military service. 4. It's impossible to be served in an English pub if you're under eighteen. 5. In Britain it isn't necessary for people to carry identity cards. 6. 'Don't put on any more weight,' his doctor said. 7. 'Don't forget to post my letter,' she said to him. 8. He's not going to work next Monday because it's a public holiday.