I use I Perceiving/sensing an action

When we use a present participle after verbs like see, hear, watch, notice and feel we emphasize experience of part of an action:

— They watched the athletes running. (= while they were running)

— At work yesterday, I heard someone shouting at Mr Le­wis in the next room.

— Do you see Mary walking up the street? Isn't that her, the woman in the red dress?

When we want to emphasize the experience of the complete action we use an infinitive without to after the verb of perception.

— I remember it distinctly. At 5:30 yesterday afternoon, I saw Jim walk to his car, open the door, and get in.

Past participle (as adjective)

Charles: I've said this before, I know, but look at this flat. It really is the last time we have a party here! There are four smashed glasses and three broken plates and there seem to be bits of unea­ten food everywhere.

David: You're right — and look at the rag. It's ruined. There's red wine all over it.

Martin: Come on — stop feeling so disgusted. We'd bet­ter get on and clean the place up.

I use 1| In front of nouns

eg There were a lot of excited fans at the stadium. He answered through the locked door.

[USE 21 After be (or some other verbs)

— The picture is damaged.

— He sounds interested.

— The victims remained forgotten.

Past participle (introducing an adjectival phrase)

The town, almost deserted since the battles with the enemy, stood black and half-ruined. Many houses, hit and dest­royed by bombs and gun-fire, were nothing more than piles of stones. There were still a few people left amongst the buildings. Now, after the soldiers had gone away, they were beginning to creep out. Shocked by what they saw around, they stood silently.

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| USE I With or without relative pronoun

We can use a past participle to introduce an adjectival phrase in order to give extra information about a noun. The phrase may or may not include a relative pronoun:

— The town, deserted since the battles, stood black and half ruined. c> The town, which had been deserted since the battles, stood black and half-ruined.

— There were still a few people left amongst the buil­dings. e> There were still a few people who had been left amongst the buildings.

— Ray, depressed after his unfortunate road accident, decided to go for a holiday.

Have something done

a) We use the structure have something done to talk about some­thing which we arrange for someone else to do for us.

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— I'm having a garage built at the moment. Compare:

— I'm building a garage at the moment. (I'm building the garage myself.)

— I'm having a garage built at the moment. (I arranged for someone else to do this for me.)

More examples:

— I had my carpet cleaned by a professional carpet cleaner. We didn't do it ourselves.

— I usually have my car serviced at a garage in East Street.

b) We can also use have something done when we do not arrange for someone else to do something for us.

I had my leg broken in a football match.

We had our fence blown down in a storm last week.

We often use have something done in this way when something unpleasant or unexpected happens to someone.

Note that we can often use get something done instead of have something done, eg I must get this jacket cleaned.

Practice Participial adjectives

The problem confuses the students.

(a) It is a confusing problem.

The present participle conveys an active meaning. The noun it modifies does something. In (a): The noun "problem" does something; it "confuses." Thus it is described as a "confusing problem."

The students are confused by the problem.

(b) They are confused students.

The past participle conveys a passive meaning. In (b): The students are confused by something. Thus, they are described as "confused students."

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I. Complete the sentences with the present or past participle.

eg The class bores the students. It's a boring class.

eg The students are bored by the class. They are bored students.

1. The game excites the people. It is an... game. 2. The people are excited by the game. They are... people. 3. The news surprised the man. It was... news. 4. The man was surprised by the news. It was a ... man. 5. The child was frightened by the strange noise. The ... child sought comfort from her father. 6. The strange noise frightened the child. It was a... sound. 7. The work exhausted the men. It was ... work. 8. The men were exhausted. The ... men sat down to rest under the shade of a tree. 9. The story amuses the children. It is an ... story. 10. The children are amused by the story. They are ... children. 11. Mike heard some bad news. The bad news depressed him. a) Mike is very sad. In other words, he is... b) The news made Mike feel sad. The news was... 12. Nancy's rude behaviour embarrassed her parents, a) Nancy's rude beha­viour was... b) Nancy's parents were... 13. The nation's leader stole money. The scandal shocked the nation, a) It was a ...scandal. b)The... nation soon replaced the leader. 14. I like to study sea life. The subject of marine biology fascinates me. a) I'm ... by marine biology, b) Marine biology is a... subject.

II. Choose the correct form (-ing or-ed) of the words in brackets.

1. Don't bother to read that book. It's (boring, bored). 2. The students are (interesting, interested) in learning more about the subject. 3. Mrs Green doesn't explain things well. The students are (confusing, confused). 4. Have you heard the latest news? It's really (exciting, excited). 5.1 don't understand these directions. I'm (confusing, confused). 6. I read an (interesting, interested) article in the newspaper this morning. 7.1 heard some (surprising, surprised) news on the radio. 8. I'm (boring, bored). Let's do something. How about going to a movie? 9. Mr Sawyer bores me. I think he is a (boring, bored) person. 10. Mr Ball fascinates me. I think he is a (fascinating, fascinated) person. 11. Most young children are (fascinating, fascinated) by animals. 12. Young children think that animals are (fascinating, fascinated). 13.1 was very (embarrassing, embarrassed) yesterday when I spilled my drink on the dinner table. 14. That was an (embarrassing, embarrassed) experience. 15.1 read a (shocking, shocked) report

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yesterday on the number of children who die from starvation in the world every day. I was really (shocking, shocked). 16. The children went to a circus. For them, the circus was (exciting, excited). The (exciting, excited) children jumped up and down.

III. Complete the sentences with the present or past participle of the verbs in brackets.

1. The (steal) car was found in the woods. 2. Success in one's work is a (satisfy) experience. 3. The tiger was a (terrify) sight for the villagers. 4. The (terrify) villagers ran for their lives. 5.1 found myself in an (embarrass) situation last night. 6. A kid accidentally threw a ball at one of the school windows. Someone needs to repair the (break) window. 7. A (damage) earthquake occurred recently. 8. People are still in the process of repairing the many (damage) buildings and streets. 9. I elbowed my way through the (crowd) room. 10. No one lives in that (desert) house except a few ghosts. 11. The thief tried to open the (lock) cabinet. 12. The (injure) woman was put into an ambulance. 13.1 bought some (freeze) vegetables at the supermarket. 14. The (expect) event did not occur. 15. A (grow) child needs a (balance) diet. 16. There is an old saying: Let (sleep) dogs lie. 17. At present, the (lead) candidate in the senatorial race is Henry Moore. 18. Any (think) person knows that smoking is a destructive habit. 19.1 still have five more (require) courses to take. 20. (Pollute) water is not safe for drinking. 21.1 don't have any furniture of my own. Do you know where I can rent a (furnish) apartment? 22. No one may attend the lecture except (invite) guests. 23. The (suggest) remedy for the common cold is to rest and to drink plenty of fluids. 24. Because we have a (write) agreement, our landlord won't be able to raise our rent for two years. 25. (Ex­perience) travellers pack lightly. They carry little more than neces­sities.

IV. Change the adjective clauses to adjective phrases.

eg Do you know the woman who is coming toward us?

Do you know the woman coming toward us? eg I come from a city that is located in the southern part of the

country.

I come from a city located in the southern part of the

country.

1. The man who is talking to John is from Korea. 2. The ideas which are presented in that book are interesting. 3. Anyone who wants to come with us is welcome. 4. The people who are waiting for the bus in the rain are getting wet. 5. The children who attend that school receive a good education. 6. The scientists who are researching the causes of cancer are making progress. 7. The fence which surrounds our house is made of wood. 8. They live in a house that was built in 1890. 9. We have an apartment which overlooks the park. 10. Did you get the message which concerned the special meeting? 11. Be sure to follow the instructions that are given at the top of the page. 12. The conclusion which is presented in that book states that most of the automobiles which are produced by American industry have some defect. 13. The photographs which were published in the newspaper were extraordinary. 14. There is almost no end to the problems that face a head of state. 15. The psychologists who study the nature of sleep have made important discoveries. 16. The experiment which was conducted at the University of Chicago was successful. 17. David Keller, who is a young poet who is known for his sensitive interpretations of human relationships, has just published another volume of poems. 18. Any student who doesn't want to go on the trip should inform the office. 19. He read "The Old Man and the Sea", a novel which was written by Ernest Hemin­gway. 20. My uncle Elias, who is a restaurant owner, often buys fish and shellfish from boats that are docked at the local pier. Customers come from miles around to dine on a seafood feast that is considered to be the best in all of the northeastern United States. 21. The children attended a special movie program that consisted of cartoons that featured Donald Duck and Mickey Mouse.

V. Complete the newspaper story about an earthquake in a city called Kitamo. Put in either an -ing form or an -ed form. Use these verbs: break, burn, cry, damage, fall, frighten, injure, smoke. (You have to use one of the verbs twice.)

There was an earthquake in the Kitamo region at ten o'clock yesterday morning. It lasted about a minute. Many buildings collapsed.... people ran into the streets. Many were injured by... bricks and stones. After the earthquake, buildings in many parts

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of the city caught fire. The heat was so great that firemen could not get near many of the ... buildings. Hundreds of people have died. The hospital is still standing, but there aren't enough beds for all the ... people. Things look very bad in Kitamo now. There are hundreds of badly ... houses, and those that caught fire are now just ... ruins. The streets are covered with ... glass, and ... trees block the way. Everywhere there is the sound of... children.

Present participle and perfect participle (introducing an adverbial phrase)

I. Join the sentences using an -ing clause, as in the example.

eg I was sitting in the park. I was writing a letter. I was sitting in the park writing a letter.

1. The woman was driving along. She was listening to her car radio. 2. I arrived at the examination hall. I was feeling very nervous. 3. He came into the room. He was carrying a suitcase.

4. They were walking down the street. They were holding hands.

5. She was sitting in an armchair. She was reading a book. 6. Jill was lying on the bed. She was crying. 7.1 got home. I was feeling very tired. 8. The old man was walking along the street. He was talking to himself.

II. In these sentences one thing happens during another.

eg Jim was playing tennis. He hurt his arm. Jim hurt his arm playing tennis.

1. Ann was watching television. She fell asleep. 2. The man slipped. He was getting off the bus. 3. The boy was crossing the road. He was knocked over. 4. He fell off a ladder. He was changing a light bulb. 5. Dick burnt himself. He was cooking his dinner. 6. He broke a cup. He was doing the washing-up. 7. He ran out of petrol. He was driving to work. 8. She lost her keys. She was getting out of her car.

III. This time make sentences beginning Having...

eg We finished our work. We went home. Having finished our work, we went home.

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1. We bought our tickets. Then we went into the theatre. 2. They had dinner. Then they continued on their journey. 3. She did all her shopping. Then she went for a cup of coffee. 4. I finished the washing up, then I sat down and watched TV. 5. He typed the letters, then he put them all in envelopes. 6. I did all the housework, then I went out for a walk. 7. He got out of bed, then he had a shower. 8. She locked all the doors, then she went to bed.

IV. Rephrase the sentences using an -ing clause, as in the examples.

eg Because she didn't want to miss the train, she ran all the way to the station.

Not wanting to miss the train, she ran all the way to the station, eg Because I had just eaten, I wasn't hungry. Having just eaten, I wasn't hungry.

1. Because she is a little deaf, she wears hearing-aid. 2. Because I don't like classical music, I didn't go to the concert. 3. Because she is rich, she can afford expensive holidays. 4. Because I had finished the book, I decided to take it back to the library. 5. Because they had gone to bed so late the night before, they felt quite tired the next day. 6. Because he had failed the exam the first time, he decided to take it again. 7. Because I didn't know his address, I couldn't contact him.

V. A reporter has made some notes about afire on a passenger aircraft. Combine eachpair of sentences. Use the -ed form, -ing form or perfect-ing form.

eg The plane was delayed by technical problems. It took off one

hour late.

Delayed by technical problems, the plane took off one

hour late, eg The passengers saw smoke. They became alarmed.

Seeing smoke, the passengers became alarmed, eg The pilot had travelled only a short distance from Heath­row. He decided to turn back.

Having travelled only a short distance from Heathrow, the

pilot decided to turn back.

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1. The airport fire service was warned by air traffic control. It prepared to fight a fire. 2. The passengers believed the aircraft was going to crash. Some of them shouted in panic. 3. The pilot brought the plane down safely. Then he felt very relieved. 4. Eve­ryone was worried by the risk of fire. They hurried to get out. 5. The firemen used chemicals. They soon put out the fire. 6. Most of the passengers had had enough excitement for one day. They put off their journey.

VI. Complete the story in the Mudford Gazette about a girl who paints pictures. Put each verb in brackets into the -ing form or -ed form.

13-year-old Annabel Waites of Mudford has won first prize in a national art competition. Her (win) picture is a painting of Mudford Hill.

I talked to Annabel at her home in Embury Road. At the moment she has a (break) arm, which she got (play) netball. Fortunately it's her left arm, so she can still paint. Annabel usually listens to music while (paint). And she always paints (stand) up because she feels more comfortable that way. "I often feel very tired after (finish) a picture," she told me. "It takes a lot out of me."

Annabel was working on a half-(fmish) picture of horses in a field. And on the wall was a beautifully (draw) portrait of her dog Beezer. (Be) an animal lover, Annabel often paints pictures of animals. On another wall I noticed a picture of a lawn (cover) with (fall) leaves. (Encourage) by her success, Annabel hopes to make painting her career, although she knows it will not be easy. But (help) by her art teacher, Mrs Emma Goodenough of Portway School, she has developed an individual style.

Annabel has many other hobbies, and she often goes (skate) with her friends.

VII. Join each of the following pairs of sentences, using either a present participle eg knowing, a past participle eg known, or a perfect participle eg having known.

— He got off his horse. He began searching for something on the ground.

Getting off his horse, he began searching...

— I had seen photographs of the place. I had no desire to go there.

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Having seen photographs of the place, I had no desire... — The speaker refused to continue. He was infuriated by the interruptions. Infuriated by the interruptions, the speaker refused...

1. I knew that he was poor. I offered to pay his fare. 2. We barricaded the windows. We assembled in the hall. 3. She became tired of my complaints about the programme. She turned it off. 4. He found no one at home. He left the house in a bad temper. 5. She hoped to find the will. She searched everywhere. 6. He realized that he had missed the last train. He began to walk. 7. He was exhausted by his work. He threw himself on his bed. 8. He had spent all his money. He decided to go home and ask his father for a job. 9. He escaped from prison. He looked for a place where he could get food. 10. She didn't want to hear the story again. She had heard it all before. 11. She entered the room. She found them smoking. 12.1 turned on the light. I was astonished at what I saw.

13. We visited the museum. We decided to have lunch in the park.

14. He offered to show us the way home. He thought we were lost.

15. She asked me to help her. She realized that she couldn't move it alone. 16. He fed the dog. He sat down to his own dinner. 17.1 have looked through the fashion magazines. I realize that my clothes are hopelessly out of date. 18. We were soaked to the skin. We eventually reached the station. 19. One day you will be sitting by the fire. You will remember this day. 20. I didn't like to sit down. I knew there were ants in the grass. 21. She believed that she could trust him absolutely. She gave him a blank cheque. 22.1 had heard that the caves were dangerous. I didn't like to go any further without a light.

I. Respond to the following using spend + time + -ing.

eg A: Do you ever work in the garden?

B: Yes. I spent all yesterday afternoon working in thegar-den.

Do you ever...

1. tidy up?

2. wash the coffee cups?

3. remove the empty bottles?

4. sweep up the broken glass?

5. empty the ashtrays?

6. clean your flat?

7. beat the carpets?

8. make the beds?

9. replace the broken bulbs?

10. apologize to the landlord?

11. tune the piano?

12. shake the mats?

13. take the dog for a walk?

14. pay your bills?

15. type?

16. write letters?

II. Complete the following.

eg We had a lot of fun... games at the picnic. We had a lot of fun playing games at the picnic.

1.1 have trouble ... Mrs Maxwell when she speaks. She talks too fast. 2.1 spent five hours... my homework last night. 3. Martha is standing at the corner ... for the bus. 4. Michael is sitting in class ... notes. 5. Mrs Anderson is a commuter. Every work day, she spends almost two hours ... to and from work. 6. It was a beautiful spring day. Dorothy was lying under a tree ... to the birds sing. 7. We wasted our money ... to that movie. It was very boring. 8. Joe spent all day ... ready to leave on vacation. 9. Ted is an indecisive person. He has a hard time ... up his mind about anything. 10. I wondered what the children were doing while I was gone. When I got home, I found them ... TV. 11. When Mr Brown walked into the kitchen, he caught the children ... some

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candy even though he'd told them not to spoil their dinners. 12. A: My friend is going to Germany next month, but he doesn't speak German. What do you suppose he will have difficulty...? B: Well, he might have trouble... 13. A: Did you enjoy your trip to New York City? B: Very much. We had a good time... 14. A: This is your first semester at this school. Have you had any problems? B: Not really, but sometimes I have a hard time... 15. A: What did you do yesterday? B: I spent almost all day...

III. Make sentences from the given combinations.

eg have a difficult time + understand

I have a difficult time understanding the teacher's explana­tions in calculus.

1. have trouble + remember 2. stand (place) + wait 3. have a hard time + learn 4. sit (place) + think 5. have a good time + play 6. lie (place) + dream 7. have difficulty + find 8. have fun + sing and dance 9. find (someone) + study 10. spend (time) + chat 11. waste (money) + try 12. catch (someone) + take

Present participle (after verbs of perception)

I. In each of these situations you and a friend saw, heard or smelt something. This is what you said at the time:

1. Look! There's Ann! She's waiting for a bus. 2. Look! There's Sue! She's playing tennis. 3. Look! There's Tom! He's having a meal in that restaurant. 4. Listen! That's Bill. He's playing the guitar. 5.1 can smell something! The dinner's burning! 6. Look! There's Dave! He's talking to Charles. 7. Listen! Jack is snoring. 8. Listen! The dog is barking. 9. Look! Kate is dancing.

Later you tell someone what you saw, heard or smelt. eg We saw Ann waiting for d bus.

II. Answer these questions beginning in the way shown.

eg "Does Tom ever dance?" "I've never seen him dance (or dan­cing)!" eg "How do you know I came late?" "I heard you come in late."

1. "Does Ann ever smoke?" "I've never seen..." 2. "How do

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you know the man took the money?" "I saw..." 3. "Did Jack lock the door?" "Yes, I heard..." 4. "Did the bell ring?" "I'm not sure. I didn't hear..." 5. "Does Tom ever swear (= use bad language)?" "I've never heard..." 6. "How do you know Ann can play the piano?" "I've heard..." 7. "Did Bill kick the dog?" "Yes, I saw..." 8. "Did the boy fall into the water?" "I didn't see..."

III. Complete these sentences. Use one of the following verbs in the correct form.

ran explode burn slam sit open tell crawl

cry happen climb

1. Can you smell something...? 2. I saw the accident... 3. We listened to the old man... his story from beginning to end. 4. Listen! Can you hear a child...? 5. We watched the two men ... across the garden,... a window and... through it into the house. 6. Everybody heard the bomb... It was a tremendous noise. 7. Oh! I can feel something... up my leg! It must be an insect. 8.1 heard someone... the door in the middle of the night. It woke me up. 9. We couldn't find Tom at first. In the end we found him ... in the garden.

Have something done

I. In this exercise you have to answer the questions in the way shown.

eg "Did Ann make that dress herself?" "No, she had it made."

1. "Did you cut your hair yourself?" "No, I..." 2. "Did they paint the house themselves?" "No, they..." 3. "Did Jim cut down that tree himself?" "No,..." 4. "Did Sue repair the car herself?" ! "No,..." 5. "Did you tune the piano yourself?" "No,..."

III. This time you have to complete the sentences. Use the words Jfn brackets.

eg We (the house/paint) at the moment.

We are having the house painted at the moment, eg (you/your hair/cut) last week?

Did you have your hair cut last week?

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1. Your hair is too long. I think you should (it/cut). 2. How often (you/your car/service)? 3. The engine in Tom's car couldn't be repaired, so he had to (a new engine/fit) 4. (you/your news­paper (deliver) or do you go to the shop to buy it? 5. A: What are those workmen doing in your garden? B: Oh, I (a swimming pool/ build.). 6. Is it true that many years ago he (his portrait/paint) by a famous artist? 7. Are you going to (these shoes/repair) or shall I throw them away? 8. I must (my glasses/ mend). They keep falling off. 9. Where do you (your hair/do)?

III. Something unpleasant happened to each of these people last week. Make sentences using "have something done ".

eg Kate (her wallet/steal) from her bag while she was out shop­ping.

Kate had her wallet stolen from her bag while she was out shopping.

1. Peter (his flat/burgle) while he was out at work. 2. Mr and Mrs Woods (the roof of their house/damage) in a storm. 3. Lynne (the radio/ steal) from her car. 4. My brother (his nose/break) in a football match. 5. Fred (his hat/blow off) in the wind.

Self check

I. Supply an appropriate form for each verb in brackets.

1. Edward stood on the beach (look) out over the ocean. 2. Why don't you let him (make) up his mind? 3. Jean sat on a park bench (watch) the ducks (swim) in the pond. 4. Sara is going to spend next year (study) at a university in Japan. 5. The sad expression on his face made me (feel) sorry for him. 6.1 didn't know how to get to Harry's house, so I had him (draw) a map for me. 7. The little boy had a lot of trouble (convince) anyone that he had seen a mermaid. 8. The teacher had the class (open) their books to page 185. 9. It was a hot day and the work was hard. I could feel sweat (trickle) down my back. 10.1 had the brakes of my car (repair) at Morgan's Garage. 11.1 got my roommate (help) me (prepare) for my final exam in physics. 12. The soldier spent an hour (polish) his boots. 13. To please my daughter, I had her old bicycle (paint) bright red. 14. Many people think Mr Peel will win the election.

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He has a good chance of (elect). 15. Mr Flynn is good at (tell) the difference between diamonds and cut glass. 16. I found a penny (lie) on the sidewalk. 17.1 was tired, so I just watched them (play) volleyball instead of (join) them. 18. You can lead a horse to water, but you can't make him (drink). 19.1 finally told him (be) quiet for a minute and (listen) to what I had to say. 20. You shouldn't let children (play) with matches. 21. Mary Beth suggested (go) on a picnic. 22.1 was terribly disappointed (discover) that he had lied to me. 23. I admit (be) a little nervous about the job interview. I don't know what (expect). 24. We sat in his kitchen (sip) very hot, strong tea and (eat) cheese. 25. When Shelley needed a passport photo, she had her picture (take) by a professional photographer. 26. If you hear any news, I want (tell) immediately. 27. He's at an awkward age. He's old enough (have) adult problems but too young (know) how (handle) them. 28. There's a great difference between (be) a freshman and (be) a senior. 29. My English is very good, but sometimes I have trouble (understand) lectures at school. 3() Let's (have) Ron and Maureen (join) us for dinner tonight, okay? 31.1 have finally collected enough information (begin) writing my thesis.

32. I don't see how she can possibly avoid (fail) the course.

33. Emily stopped her car (let) a black cat (ran) across the street.

34. He's a terrific soccer player! Did you see him (make) that last goal? 35. We spent the entire class period (talk) about the revolution. 36. The number of apartment houses (build) for the population of our city is rapidly growing. 37. What is the number of apartment houses (build) in the past few years? 38. She smiled (remember) the joke. 39. Isabel expected (admit) to the university, but she wasn't. 40. When Franko went to the barber shop (get) his hair (cut), he had his beard (trim), too. 41. (Enter) the hall you will see a staircase (lead) to the basement. 42. I hope you will write soon, (explain) your intention. 43. My children enjoy (allow) to stay up late when there's something special on TV. 44. We are looking forward to (take) on a tour of Athens by our Greek friends. 45. (See) so little of the country, I'm afraid I cannot give exhaustive answers to all your questions. 46. (Know) how fond he is of good music, I brought him a few records. 47. (Know) him from school, I have never heard anyone (speak) badly of him. 48. John admitted (surprise) by the unexpected birthday party last night. We had a lot of fun (plan) it. 49. Now I remember your (ask) me to bring sandwiches to the picnic. Your complaints about my (forget) things seem justified.

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I'm sorry. 50 I wasn't tired enough (sleep) last night. For a long time, I just lay in bed (think) about my career and my future. 51. Art smelled something (burn). When he ran into the kitchen, he saw fire (come) out of the oven and panicked. 52. After I decided (have) a garage (build) next to the house, I hired a carpenter (do) the work. 53. Jeff applied to medical school many months ago. Now he's so concerned about (accept) into medical school that he's having a difficult time (concentrate) on the courses he's taking this term. 54. My son is playing in his first piano concert this evening. I'm looking forwardto (hear) him (play), but I know he's worried about (forget) the right notes and (make) a fool of himself. I told him (relax) and (enjoy) himself. 55. There's not much point щ (waste) a lot of time and energy on that project. It's likely (fail) no matter what we do. Spend your time (do) something more worthwhile. 56. (Ask) what he thought of the innovation, the engineer said he approved of it. 57. (Arrive) at the gallery, he paid his entrance fee, picked up a catalogue and entered. 58. Our house needs (clean). The floors need (sweep). The dishes need (wash). The furniture needs (dust). However, I think I'll read a book. (Read) is a lot more interesting than (do) housework. 59. He accepted the cut in salary without complaint because he was afraid (complain). He was afraid of (lose) his job. 60. Next time we go (house-hunt), remember (ask) the agent for clear directions. I wasted hours (look) for the last house. 61. Tom: Let's (go) for a swim. Ann: I'm not particularly keen on (swim). What about (go) for a drive instead? 62. After (spend) two days (argue) about where to go for their holidays, they decided (not go) anywhere. 63. He is talking about (give) up his job and (go) (live) in the country. 64. I was just about (leave) the office when the phone rang. It was my wife; she wanted me (call) at the butcher's on my way home. 65. He said, "I'm terribly sorry to (keep) you (wait) " I said, "It doesn't matter at all," but he went on (apologize) for nearly five minutes! 66. (Promise) assistance they felt more assured. 67. My father thinks I'm not capable of (earn) my own living, but I mean (show) him that he is wrong. 68. Tom: I can't get my car (start) on cold mornings. Jack: Have you tried (fill) the radiator with hot water? That sometimes helps. 69. We stopped once (buy) petrol and then we stopped again (ask) someone the way. 70. When I caught them (cheat) me, I stopped (buy) petrol there and started (deal) with your garage instead. 71. The people

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(wait) for the doctor have been sitting here for a long time. 72. Do you feel like (dine) out or would you rather (have) dinner at ho­me? — I'd like (go) out. I always enjoy (have) dinner in a restaurant. 73. Your hair needs (cut). You'd better (have) it done tomorrow. 74.1 tried (convince) him that I was perfectly capable of (manage) on my own, but he insisted on (help) me. 75.1 always try (come) in quietly but they always hear me (go) upstairs. It's impossible (climb) an old wooden staircase without (make) a noise. 76. (Go) down the steps she suddenly stopped as she remembered that she had left the gas (burn) 77. He knows the language better than a foreigner usually does, (live) in France for a long time. 78. If you want the milkman (leave) you milk in the morning, remember (put) a milk bottle outside your door. 79. Mr Shaw is very busy (write) his memoirs. He is far too busy (receive) callers, so you'd better just (go) away. 80. Would you like me (turn) down the radio a bit? — No, it's all right. I'm used to (work) with the radio on. 81. Would your children mind (keep) quiet fora moment? I'm trying (fill) in a form. — It's no use (ask) children (keep) quiet. They can't help (make) a noise. 82. Let's (go) (fish) today. There's a nice wind. What about (come) with us, Ann? — No, thanks. I'm very willing (cut) sandwiches for you but I've no intention of (waste) the afternoon (sit) in a boat (watch) you two (fish). 83. After (spend) a week in the cottage, he decided that he didn't really enjoy (live) in the country and began (think) of an excuse for (sell) the cottage and (return) to London. 84. Vegetables (grow) in hot-houses are not so rich in colour and taste as vegetables (grow) in natural surroundings. 85. She stayed (lock) in her room, (refuse) to come downstairs. 86. He had a good practical knowledge of the language, (work) as an interpreter for many years. 87. She never did a thing without (ask) somebody's advice.

II. Translate from Russian into English.

Participles as adjectives and adjectival phrases

1. Окна, которые выходили на мост, были открыты. 2. Секре­тарь отправил подписанные директором письма. 3. Я очень благодарна врачам, спасшим жизнь моего ребенка. 4. Его неожиданный ответ удивил нас. 5. Дорога, которая сейчас

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ремонтируется, будет значительно шире после ремонта. 6. В этой комнате есть несколько сломанных стульев. 7. Он принес мне несколько иллюстрированных журналов. 8. Мы внима­тельно прочли присланную профессором Ивановым статью.

9. Рассказы, напечатанные в этом журнале, очень интересны.

10. Рабочие, разгружающие пароход, будут свободны через час.

11. Словари, взятые студентами из библиотеки, должны быть возвращены не позднее 6 часов. 12. Человек, сидевший у открытого окна, смотрел на детей, играющих в саду. 13. Я надеюсь, что вы не повторите ошибок, сделанных в прошлом диктанте. 14. Он показал мне список товаров, экспортируе­мых этой фирмой. 15. В его статье есть много цифр, иллю­стрирующих развитие нашей промышленности. 16. Я еще не просмотрел всех журналов, присланных нам из Лондона. 17 Я уже проверил сочинения, написанные студентами моей группы. 18. Вот список слушателей, изучающих английский язык. 19. Все студенты, принимающие участие в этой работе, должны придти в институт сегодня в 6 часов вечера. 20. Я прочел статью, переведенную моей сестрой с английского языка на русский. 21. Он положил спящего ребенка на диван. 22. Мы подошли к человеку, стоявшему на углу, и спросили его, как пройти к вокзалу. 23. Люди, ожидающие доктора, давно здесь сидят. 24. Люди, ожидавшие вас, только что ушли. 25. Конференция, проходящая сейчас в университете, посвя­щена проблемам ядерной физики. 26. Ученый, написавший эту статью, сделает доклад в нашем университете. 27. Я спросил у молодого человека, читавшего газету, который час.

28. Картина, висевшая в вестибюле, привлекла мое внимание.

29. Картина, висевшая здесь в прошлом году, сейчас находится в художественном музее. 30. Книги, которые лежат на столе, принадлежат моему брату. 31. Эта телеграмма пришла вместе с почтой, доставленной утром. 32. Студенты, окончившие перевод статьи, могут выйти из аудитории. 33. Я никогда не слышал об актрисе, сыгравшей главную роль в этом фильме

34. Машина, которая следовала за нами, была серого цвета.

35. Договор, заключенный между этими странами, очень важен для них. 36. Деревья, растущие перед нашим домом, были посажены моим отцом. 37. Вопросы, обсуждавшиеся на прошлом собрании, очень интересные.

Participles introducing adverbial phrases

1 Вы должны быть очень внимательны, играя в шахматы.

2 Они быстро шли, разговаривая о чем-то с большим инте­ресом. 3. Капитан стоял на палубе, давая распоряжения матросам. 4. Оставив вещи в камере хранения, мы пошли осматривать город. 5. Оставшись один, он начал распаковывать веши. 6. Так как он прожил в Лондоне много лет, он знал город хорошо. 7. Он не согласился пойти с нами на концерт, сказав, что он занят. 8. Она стояла и думала, что ответить. 9. Я не позвонил ему, думая, что он занят. 10. Путешествуя по стране, мы познакомились со многими достопримечательностями. 11. По­няв, что не сможет выполнить всю работу одна, она попросила меня о помощи. 12. Зная, что у меня достаточно времени, чтобы дойти до кинотеатра, я не спешил. 13. Услышав, что ее сестра не может приехать к ней, Анна расстроилась. 14. Он смотрел на нее, улыбаясь. 15. Она провела все утро за уборкой квартиры. 16. Прибыв в город, мы отправились в гостиницу. 17. Прорабо­тав в больнице более десяти лет, он стал опытным врачом. 18. Просматривая старые журналы, я нашла интересную статью о Великобритании. 19. Ожидая трамвая, я увидел старика, который пристально смотрел на меня. 20. Прочитав письмо, он положил его в ящик стола. 21. Будучи очень усталым, я решил остаться дома. 22. Не зная грамматики, он делал очень много ошибок. 23. Он взял словарь, не спросив разрешения. 24. Не получая от нее писем, он послал ей телеграмму. 25. Не зная, как пройти к вокзалу, я обратился к полицейскому. 26. Она вышла, не взглянув на нас. 27. Будьте осторожны, переходя улицу. 28. Будучи очень рассеянным, он сделал несколько ошибок, переписывая текст. 29. Проработав над докладом весь день, он чувствовал себя очень усталым. 30. Он понял свою ошибку и перестал спорить. 31. Получив телеграмму, я немедленно выехал домой. 32. Мы хорошо провели время, купаясь и загорая на солнце.

Participle after verbs of perception

1- Я видел, как она работала в саду. 2. Я наблюдал за тем, как Механик чинил мою машину. 3. Я слышал, как она поет в соседней комнате. 4. Я чувствую, что на кухне что-то горит.

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5. Мы наблюдали, как дети играют в футбол. 6. Я видел, как он прогуливается в парке. 7. Я слышал, что она играет на пианино и не хотел прерывать ее. 8. Я наблюдал за тем, как мой сын выполняет домашнее задание. 9. Я слышал, как они разго­варивают в соседней комнате. 10. Увидев, что такси подъехало к дому, он взял вещи и быстро спустился вниз. 11. Я заметил, что кто-то стоит у калитки.

•Have something done

1. Как часто вы подстригаетесь? 2. Мне необходимо срочно отремонтировать часы. 3. Нам отремонтировали дом до того, как мы уехали на юг. 4. Я хочу, чтобы этот документ напечатали как можно скорее. 5. Мне только что вырвали зуб. 6. Когда вы оклеили комнату? — Неделю назад. — Сколько вам это стои­ло? — 100 долларов. 7. Я не починил вчера часы, так как мастерские были закрыты. 8. Вам уже побелили потолок? 9. Где вы сшили себе это платье? 10. Когда вы, наконец, настроите свой рояль? 11. Когда вам построили гараж? 12. У него вчера украли бумажник. 13. Я хочу, чтобы мне погладили костюм. 14. Вам необходимо подстричься.

Fluency Listen, read and practise.

ghosts

It was Friday 13 January 1985. The Samsons had just moved into an old house in Borley in Essex.

The house, built about two hundred years earlier, had once belonged to a man called Boyson. Some people in the village said the house was haunted. They said that Boyson's daughter Mary had fallen in love with Harold, a blacksmith from the village. Knowing that her father would not allow them to marry, Mary had planned to run away with Harold. But her father, having overheard their plans, locked Mary in her room and shot Harold. When Mary found out, she hanged herself. Her father, realizing that he had done something terrible, died of a broken heart.

One night, John Samson was lying in bed reading. Suddenly he heard a strange moaning noise, like a man crying. Seconds

later, the cigarette he was smoking went out and the room turned cold. Again he thought he heard someone crying and moving about. Having searched all the rooms, he decided it must have been the wind. Being very tired, he fell asleep, with a lighted cigarette in his hand... He dreamt that he could hear someone knocking loudly and that he could smell something burning. But it wasn't a dream. The bedroom curtains were on fire! Samson ran out of the house.

Fifty people from the village gathered outside, watching the burning house. A policeman thought he saw a young woman trapped in an upstairs room, knocking at the window, but there was nobody in the house. Several people saw two figures wearing dark clothes walking through the flames. An old man with a beard stood crying at the door...

No bodies were found in the ruins. No one was surprised.

A. Ask and answer questions on the text.

B. Retell the text. Use the participial constructions.

C. Say the sentences using a participle instead of a relative clause.

eg The story which has been told in Borley for over a hundred years is true. The story told in Borley for over a hundred years is true.

1. The old house which had been built two hundred years earlier had once belonged to Boyson. 2. John Samson heard the noise of a man who was crying. 3. The woman who was seen at the window was the ghost of Mary Boyson. 4. The strange moaning noise which had been heard by John Samson on the night of the fire was Boyson's ghost crying. 5. The two figures who were wearing dark clothes were the ghosts of Mary Boyson and Harold. 6. The old man who was standing at the door crying was the ghost of Mary's father.

E. Make one sentence using a participle, without changing the meaning.

eg The ghosts appeared and disappeared. They left no trace. The ghosts appeared and disappeared, leaving no trace.

1. The Samsons arrived in Borley. They knew nothing about I the ghosts. 2. Mr Samson ran out of the burning house. He shouted

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loudly. 3. Some neighbours came. They were carrying buckets. 4. The villagers gathered. They watched the fire. 5. Three firemen arrived. They brought fire equipment. 6. A young woman was standing at the window. She was knocking at the window. 7. An old man was standing in the door. He was crying. 8. The Samsons moved to London. They left behind the ruined house.

Not a Cold Mine

Dreams of finding lost treasure came true recently. A new machine called "The Revealer" has been invented and has been used to detect gold which has been buried in the ground. The machine was used in a cave near the sea-shore where — it is said — pirates used to hide gold. The pirates would often bury gold in the cave and then fail to collect it. Armed with the new machine, a search party went into the cave hoping to find buried treasure. The leader of the party was examining the soil near the entrance to the cave when the machine showed that there was gold under the ground. Very excited, the party dug a hole two feet deep. They finally found a small gold coin which was almost worthless. The party then searched the whole cave thoroughly but did not find anything except an empty tin trunk. In spite of this many people are confident that "The Revealer" may reveal something of value fairly soon.

A. Questions

1. Is "The Revealer" a new machine or an old machine? 2. What is it used for? 3. Where was this machine used recently? 4. Did the search party find any gold? 5. Do many people believe that the machine may reveal something of value soon or not?

B. Complete the sentences from the text

1. Dreams of finding... treasure almost came true recently. 2. A new machine... "The Revealer" has been invented. 3.... with the new machine, a search party went into the cave ... to find ... treasure. 4. ... , the party dug a hole two feet deep.

C. Study and practise the text.

D. Complete using "used to" or "would" where possible.

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When I was young I ... have a lot more free time than I do now. I... live near my work and ... always get home early. I... do a bit of gardening or go for a long walk. Now I never have time for anything like that.

A. Dangerous Place

Paula had always wanted to go to New York and now she had the chance at last. She was a journalist, and her newspaper was sending her there to do a series of articles on the city. But before she left her home in London, several friends warned her to be careful and not to go out alone at night in New York. "It's a dangerous place. People get robbed or even killed in broad daylight!" they told her.

But when she got there, the only thing she was afraid of was exhaustion. It was such an exciting city that she never got any sleep. It took her two weeks to do the articles and she had to interview a lot of people but she enjoyed every minute of it. She completely forgot all her friends' warnings until the day she went back to London. It all began in a bar.

She was having lunch there when she suddenly felt someone watching her. She looked up and noticed a man sitting at a table opposite her. He was staring at her, but looked away. She noticed that he had a scar on his cheek. He was about 30 and had short, curly hair. Paula was not worried at all. She had to go to an airline office to re-book her flight home. She wanted an afternoon flight instead of a morning one, as originally planned. On her way there, she stopped to look at something in a shop-window. To her surprise she saw the man follow her. She could see his reflection in the glass. He had stopped just behind her. Suddenly she felt afraid. She walked on. Then she stopped and looked behind her again. But this time she could not see him. Just then she noticed she had come to the airline office. She went in and after she had finished her business, decided to phone a friend from a telephone booth there. She was carrying a small, portable but very expensive tape-recorder. It was in a black case in which she kept her money and passport as well. But the booth was so small that she had to leave the case outside. When she came out, it had disappeared. Then she saw the red-haired man hurrying out of the office. He had the case in his hand. She shouted but it was too late.

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A Questions

1. Why did Paula go to New York? 2. What did her friends warn her about before she left London? 3. What made Paula forget her friends' warnings? 4. What did Paula notice while she was having lunch? 5. What surprised Paula? 6. Why did she have to go to the airline office? 7. What happened while Paula was phoning her friend?

B. Complete the sentences from the text.

1. She was having lunch there when she suddenly felt some­one... 3. She looked up and noticed a man... 3. To her surprise, she saw the man... 4. Then she saw the red-haired man...

C. Study and practise the text.

D. Complete the sentences with the words in the list. Use both possible forms.

walk

burn

sing

laugh

call

play

ring

shake

snore

win

1. It was a thrill to see my brother... the chess tournament last year. 2. Uncle Jake is in his bedroom right now. I can hear him... 3. When I glanced out of the window I saw Jack ... toward my house. 4. When I heard the principal of the school... my name at the graduation ceremony, I walked to the front of the auditorium to receive my diploma. 5. Last night while I was trying to fall asleep, I could hear the people in the next apartment... and...

6. When I walked past the park, I saw some children... baseball.

7. Polly was working in the garden, so she didn't hear the phone...

8. There was an earthquake in my hometown last year. It was just a small one, but I could feel the ground... 9. Do you smell something...?

E. Complete the sentences by using an appropriate form of get and the past participles of the verbs in the list.

break hire hurt lose pack worry tear

1.1 had a terrible day. First the heel of my shoe broke off, then my dress got torn in the elevator door. I'm glad the day is over!

2. Oh! Look at that beautiful vase on the floor. How did it...?

3. A: You're late. What happened?

B: We... We took the wrong exit from the highway, and it took a long time to figure out where we were.

4. A: I really need a job.

B: Why don't you apply for a job at the fast-food restau­rant? They're looking for help. I'm sure you'll...

5. A: Did Susan ... when she fell down the stairs?

В: Not badly. Just a few bumps and bruises. She'll be fine.

6. A: You're here! I... about you. What happened that made

you so late. B: I couldn't start my car. The battery was dead.

Lucky Уои!

Keiko: Hey, you look different. Did you get your hair cut? Sandra: Yeah. It's a little short, isn't it? Keiko: No, I think it looks great! Where did you get it cut? Sandra: At Short Cuts on Third Street. They usually do a nice

job and they're reasonable. Keiko: That's good to know. Speaking of reasonable, do you

know where there's a good shoe repair shop? I have

to get some shoes repaired.

Sandra: There's a little shoe repair shop on Fourth Street. Keiko: You mean the place next to the bookstore? Sandra: Yeah, that's the one. I know they're good and they're

fast, but they might be a little expensive. Keiko: Well, if they are good, I guess they're worth it. Any­way, time to get back to work. Doing anything for

lunch? Sandra: Yeah. I've got a dentist's appointment. I've got to have

a tooth filled. Keiko: Lucky you! Sandra: Yeah, really! And my car isn't working today either.

Something's wrong with the brakes so I have to get

them fixed, too.

. Complete the sentences from the text. 1. Did you ... your hair...? 2. Where did you ... it...? 3.1 have

to ... some shoes ... 4. I've got to ... a tooth ... 5. ... so I have to ... them ... too.

B. Study and practise the conversation.

I'll help you.

(Mrs W=Mrs Williams; Mr W=Mr Williams)

Mrs W: Can you take me into town on Saturday morning, dar-

ling? I want to have my hair done. Mr W: Yes, I can. I've got to go there anyway. I'm going to

have my car serviced. Mrs W: Good. If we leave early, I can have my hair dyed. And

you can pick me up at the hairdresser's when the car

is ready. Mr W: All right. I'll have the car washed by the time. And

when we return home I'll paint the garage doors —

maybe you could help me. Mrs W: We only had the garage repainted a few months ago;

surely it isn't necessary yet.

Mr W: I'm afraid so. The paint is peeling off already. Mrs W: All right. I'll help you.

A. Complete the sentences from the text

1 . 1 want... 2. I'm going... 3. 1 can... 4. I'll ... by the time. 5. We only ... a few months ago.

B. Study and practise the conversation.

C. What kinds of things can you have done at these places?

1 . shoe repair shop 2. barbershop (beauty saloon) 3. tailor's workshop 4. dry cleaner's 5. garage 6. camera shop 7. optometrist 8. watch repair shop

Prompts

shoes/repaired hair/cut clothes/made trousers/pressed

pictures/developed brakes/fixed eyes/checked watch/repaired

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On Christmas Eve

One afternoon just before Christmas an old gentleman was walking through the city centre. The gaily illuminated shops were packed with good things and crowded with cheerful shop­pers. Suddenly in the middle of the crowd he noticed a dirty little boy sitting on the pavement, weeping bitterly. When the kind old man asked him why he was crying, the little boy told him that he had lost a ten penny coin that his uncle had given him. Thrusting his hand into his pocket, the old man pulled out a handful of coins. He picked out a shiny, new ten penny coin and handed it to the child. "Thank you very much," said the little boy, and, drying his eyes, he cheered up at once. An hour or so later the old man was making his way back home by the same route. To his astonishment he saw the same dirty little boy in precisely the same spot, crying just as bitterly as before. He went up to the boy and asked him if he had lost the ten pence he had given him as well. The little boy told him that actually he had not lost the second coin, but he still could not find his first ten pence. "If I could find my own ten pence," he said tearfully, "I'd have twenty pence now."

A. Study and practise the text.

A Meeting in the Park.

Cliff and Celia met by chance one sunny morning. They were sitting side by side on a bench in the park. She was reading, and he was just sitting in the sunshine, enjoying doing nothing. There was a rather cross-looking elderly lady sitting on the other side of her. Cliff liked the look of Celia right from the start. He tried hard to get into conversation with her, but she was not very encouraging.

"Isn't it a lovely day?" he said.

"It is, yes."

"Hardly a cloud in the sky."

"No."

"It's nice to have some decent weather for a change, isn't it?" Celia did not reply to this at all. She turned over a page of her book, and went on reading.

"What are you reading?" Cliff was determined to keep the conversation going.

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"Madame Bovary."

"What's it like?"

"They say it is rather good," Celia said, without looking up from her book.

"I don't know much about French literature," Cliff said.

Celia closed her book and stood up. "I don't either," she said. "That's why I'm trying to read some. Well, good bye."

Cliff was sorry to see her go, but he could not think of a way of preventing her. He watched her walking away across the grass. Suddenly he noticed a white cardigan lying on the bench beside him. It must be hers. He picked it up and ran after her.

"You forgot this," he said, holding out the cardigan.

"You left it on the seat."

She looked at it in surprise. "It isn't mine," she said,

"What are you doing with my cardigan?" a furious voice behind them said.

Cliff turned. It was the cross-looking elderly lady. She looked even crosser now.

"I'm terribly sorry," he said. "I thought..."

"You'll end up in prison if you're not careful," the lady snap­ped.

"Running off with clothes that don't belong to you."

She snatched the cardigan and walked away, muttering to her­self. Celia was smiling. "You looked terribly guilty," she said.

"Have you got time for a cup of coffee?" Cliff said.

"I think so."

A. Questions

1. Where did Cliff and Celia meet? 2. Where were they sitting? 3. What was the weather like? 4. Where was the elderly lady? 5. What did Cliff try hard to do? 6. Did he succeed? 7. How did Cliff feel when he saw Celia go? 8. What did he do to stop her? 9. Why was Celia surprised? 10. Who did the cardigan belong to? 11. Where did the elderly lady say Cliff might find himself? 12. How did the story end?

B. Study and practise the text. Observe the use of the verbals.

C. Make up sentences using these models:

There is a man waiting outside.

There were fifteen people living in that house.

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She was sitting in the park enjoying the fine weather.

They watched her crossing the road.

I heard him singing in the bath.

I saw him leave.

He stood smiling.

She sat reading.

He went away singing to himself.

Cliff saw a pretty girl sitting on a bench.

Smoking in bed is risky.

There was no way of avoiding the accident.

He stopped for a moment and then went on reading.

He left without saying good-bye.

He was determined to win.

We were surprised to find the door locked.

D. Note: We never use adverbial phrases of place after forget. We often use them after leave: She forgot her book. She left it at home. He often forgets things. Yesterday he left his umbrella on the bus.

UNIT 12 TOPIC: SPORTS

Listen, read and practise.

Sports and Pastimes

Athletic sports include running, boxing, rowing, jumping, diving, swimming, weightlifting, putting-the-shot, skating, wrestling, etc. To become proficient in these sports one must practise constantly. They are encouraged in schools, universities and clubs all over the world.

Other popular outdoor sports (field sports) are hunting, shooting, fishing, horse-racing, motor racing and mountain climbing (moun­taineering).

The most popular outdoor games are football, cricket, hockey and tennis. Indoor games include billiards, card games, chess, draughts.

England is the home of sport. Many of the games now played all over the world originated in Britain. We have a proverb, "All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy." We do not think that play is more important than work; we think that Jack will do his work better if he plays as well, so he is encouraged to do both. Most people in England are engaged in sedentary occupations; they would feel that life was hardly worth living if they were unable in the evenings, or at the weekends, to pursue their favourite sport.

What is a sportsman? He is one who is interested in sport. But that is only one meaning of the word. Even if a person is not interested in any sport, and has no opportunity or inclination to play any game, he may be called a sportsman if he has something called the "sporting spirit." This "sporting spirit" is something that the playing of games develops in people, though a person may have it who plays no games. It is the ability to endure hard knocks without getting angry or seeking revenge; the ability to smile in times of danger and hardship, the ability to win without boasting afterwards, and to lose without complaining. A sportsman forgets himself in his loyalty to his own side; he refuses to be disheartened when the game is going against him; he goes on fighting when the battle seems already lost.

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Some people hate playing if there is no crowd to applaud them, some play only to win prizes, others are unwilling to play against stronger opponents for fear of defeat. Such people are not sports­men in the best sense of the word, but if they go on playing they may become sportsmen in time. We should all try to become "good losers," to accept our disappointments cheerfully. Everyone has disappointments at some time or other; sportsmen smile when they occur and refuse to be disheartened by them.

Fishing is practised by thousands of people of moderate means. Some of the fishing streams and rivers are reserved, others are open to the public. It requires great skill and much practice to "land" a heavy fish with a light rod. Fishing is a very quiet and peaceful occupation and is an excellent pastime for those who dislike noise and crowds. Horse racing is practised in many countries of the world. The horses are specially trained and are ridden by professional "jockeys."

The sport of mountain climbing appeals to many adventurous people. As there are few high mountains in Britain, many people go to Switzerland, which is the centre of European mountai­neering. Every year there are fatal accidents, but every year finds bold young men and women arriving in Switzerland ready to risk their lives among the high mountain peaks. An expedition was organized some years ago to India to climb Mount Everest, one of the highest mountains in the world. After many weeks of travel a small party came within sight of the summit, and two young men left the camp in a supreme effort to conquer the mountain. They were last seen fairly near the top, going slowly, cutting holes in the ice for their feet. A storm came on and hid them from the view of their friends, who because of intense cold and lack of food had to retire. The two men were never seen again and nobody knows what happened to them. Everest was finally conquered in 1953 by a British expedition, no trace of their bodies was found.

The most popular game in the world is certainly football. A team is composed of a goalkeeper, two backs, three half-backs and five forwards. This is the game that is played in nearly all countries. There is another game called rugby football, so called because it originated at Rugby, a well-known English school. In this game the players may carry the ball. There is also an American kind of football, different again from the other two. Hockey is fairly popular

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in England and some other countries. Tennis, played with stringec¹ rackets on a marked-out court, is an international game.

A. Questions

1. What do athletic sports include? 2. What are popular outdoor sports? 3. What are popular outdoor and indoor games? 4. Are English people fond of sports? 5. What does one of the English proverbs say? 6. What is the "sporting spirit"? 7. Who can be called a sportsman in the best sense of the word? 8. Are fishing and horse-racing popular pastimes? 9. What sport appeals to many adventurous people? 10. How was Everest conquered? 11. What is the most popular game in the world?

B. Study and practise the text.

C. Special Difficulties

I. Use one instead of you.

Note: We can use "one" instead of "you" to mean people in general, including you and me.

eg You can easily lose your way in Rome. = One can easily lose one's way in Rome.

"You" is informal, "one" is more formal.

The moment you get into the mountains, you are on your own. You have to rely on yourself for everything. This means you have to carry all your own food, though, of course, you can get pure drinking water from mountain streams. You won't see any local people for days at a time, so you can't get help if you are lost. You have to do your best to find sheltered places to spend the night.

II. Complete according to the model.

eg To be fit...

To be fit one (you) must go in for sports.

1. To win the first prize... 2. To become a student... 3. To be healthy... 4. To master a foreign language... 5. To achieve this result... 6. To break the world record...

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III. Put the verbs in brackets into the present simple passive, the past simple passive, the present perfect passive or the future passive.

Do you know how often the Olympic Games (hold)? They (hold) every four years. The first Olympic Games (hold) at Olympia, in ancient Greece, nearly 3,000 years ago. The tradition (continue) from 776 BC to AD 393. Even wars (postpone), so that everyone could travel safely to the Games. The Games (ban) in 394.

In 1890 the modern Games (found) by a Frenchman called Baron de Coubertin in Athens.

Originally, the Games (set up) for amateurs. Amateurs are people who (not pay) to play the sport whereas professionals (pay). Since 1984 some professional athletes, such as football players, (allow) to take part.

Before the Games begin, the Olympic torch (light) at Olympus by a mirror reflecting the sun. Then it (carry) by runners to the city where the Games (hold). Sometimes by the time the last runner enters the stadium, the torch (carry) half-way round the world. Do you know where the next Olympic Games (hold)?

Note: AD anno Domini лат. нашей эры BC Before Christ до нашей эры

IV. Complete the sentences with by or with.

1. These photos were taken ... a very cheap camera. 2. These photos were taken... my sister. 3. My desk was covered... paper. 4. The garage was painted... a friend of mine. 5. The garage was painted... anew kind of paint. 6. The cake was made... dried fruit. 7. The cake was made ... my aunt.

V. Now you have to make sentences with hardly. Use the words in brackets.

eg George and I have only met once, (know/each other) We hardly know each other.

1. I'm very tired this morning, (slept/last night)I... night. 2. You're speaking very quietly, (can/hear) I can ... you. 3. I met Keith a few days ago. I hadn't seen him for a long time. He looks very different now. (recognized) I... 4. They were really shocked when they heard the news, (could/speak). They...

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VI. Choose the right word in each sentence.

1. Farm workers have to work very... during the harvest, (hard/ hardly)

2. Farm workers earn... enough money to pay their bills, (hard/ hardly)

3.1 tried... to remember his name but I couldn't, (hard/hardly) 4.1 enjoyed driving this morning. There was ... any traffic.

(hard/hardly) 5.1 hate this town. There's... anything to do and... anywhere

to go. (hard/hardly) 6. ... anyone passed, (hard/hardly)

VII. Change the adjective clauses to adjective phrases.

1. Only a few of the movies that are shown at the Gray Theatre are suitable for children. Only a few of the movies shown at the Gray Theatre are suitable for children.

2. Jasmine, which is a viny plant with white flowers, grows only in warm places. Jasmine, a viny plant with white flowers, grows only in warm places.

3. The couple who live in the house next door are both college professors.The couple living in the house next door are both col­lege professors.

4. A throne is the chair which is occupied by a queen, king, or other rules. 5. We visited Belgrade, which is the capital of "Yugoslavia 6. Antarctica is covered by a huge cap that contains 70 percent of the earth's fresh water. 7. Astronomy, which is the study of planets and stars, is one of the world's oldest sciences. 8. Two out of three people who are struck by lightning survive. 9. Simon Bolivar, who was a great South American general, led the fight for independence in the early 19th century. 10. hi hot weather, many people enjoy lemonade, which is a drink that is made of lemon juice, water, and sugar. 11.1 was awakened by the sound of laughter which came from the room which was next door to mine at the motel. 12. Two-thirds of those who are arrested for car theft are under twenty years of age. 13. When we walked past the theatre, there were a lot of people who were waiting in a long line outside the box office. 14. The opinions that were (are) expressed by the critics greatly differ. 15. At the national park, there is a path that leads to a spectacular waterfall. 16. My favourite place in the world is a small city that is located on the southern coast of

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Brazil. 17. The sunlight which is coming through the window wakes me up early every morning.

VIII. Make sentences with either in spite of or because of, like this.

eg They went out. The weather was bad.

In spite of the bad weather, they went out. eg They didn't go out. The weather was bad.

They didn't go out because of the bad weather.

1. His work was good. He didn't get a promotion. 2. His work was good. He got a promotion. 3. Everybody admires hum. He has talent. 4. Nobody admires him. He has talent. 5. The \veather was wonderful. She stayed inside. 6. The price w^_s l_ow. Everybody bought it. 7. The price was low. Nobody bought it.

IX. You like your job. You are telling someone this. You say things like: "I like my job because of... " or "I like my job in spit_{e o}f "

1. The hours are long. 2. The people are pleasant. 3. "J_ne pay is low. 4. The work is interesting.

Think of more things you might say!

X. Transform using gerunds.

eg She left. She did not pay. She left without paying.

1. She came in. She did not knock. 2. He walked fiv_e miles. He did not stop. 3. He spoke for ten minutes. He did not p^_use. 4.1 lay for five hours. I did not go to sleep. 5. He left. FJe didn't answer my questions.

Sport in Britain

The British are a sporting nation. Like everyone else they love foot­ball — in fact, they invented it. Most British towns and cities have a-football team. Every year, each team plays in the Football Association competition. The two best teams play in the Cup final at \Vembley Stadium in London. Some fans pay up to £ 250 for a ticket for the Cup Final. It is one of the biggest sporting events of the y^ar.

Tennis is another popular game in Britain. Every su^n_mer щ June, the biggest international tennis tournament takes place at

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Wimbledon, a suburb of London. There are strawberries and cream for sale, and everyone hopes the rain will stay away.

The British play many sports that are unknown in most other countries, for example: cricket, squash and netball.

Cricket is a typically British sport which foreigners have difficulty in understanding. The game looks slow, but it can be exciting if you understand what's going on. There are two teams of eleven players: one man (the "bowler") throws the ball, and the "batsman" hits it with his bat.

Cricket is a very long game. Matches last from one to five days. Squash is another British invention. It is a form of tennis. There are two players and they use rackets similar to tennis rackets and a small, black rubber ball. They play indoors. It is a very fast and tiring sport!

Netball is similar to basketball. There are seven players (usually girls or women) in each team and the object of the game is the same as in basketball: to throw the ball through a net at the top of a three-metre post.

Swimming is very popular in Britain and there are many public swimming baths.

Many British people who live near the sea, a lake or a river enjoy sailing. If you are really enthusiastic, and rich enough to buy your own boat, you can take part in one of the annual sailing races or "regattas" at Cowes, near Portsmouth, for example, or at Henley on the river Thames.

Golf is becoming increasingly popular. Athletics is growing all the time.

Winter sports such as skiing are generally impossible in Britain (except in Scotland) owing to the unsuitable climate, but more and more people spend winter holidays on the Continent in order to take part in them.

Sport in British schools is compulsory and schoolchildren spend at least one afternoon a week playing sport. These are some of the sports played in most British secondary schools. In winter boys play football (or "soccer" as it is colloquially called) or rugby* and go cross-country running, while girls play netball or hockey. Some boys' schools also teach rowing. In summer boys play cricket, • do athletics or go swimming, while girls play rounders (a British version of baseball), do athletics or go swimming. Tennis is also played in summer in some schools by boys and girls.

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* Note:

football (coll. soccer) — a game in which there are eleven players on each side, using a round ball which must not be touched with the hands.

rugby (coll. rugger) — a form of football in which the players use their hands for carrying the ball The game is played with fifteen men on each side, and an oval-shaped ball is used.

A. Questions

1. What are the most popular sports in Britain? 2. Why is skiing not popular? 3. What are some of the sports played in most British secondary schools?

Sport in the USA

Baseball is the most popular summer sport in America. The first American baseball match was in 1839 in New York, but some people think that baseball comes from a much older game called rounders, played in Europe for many years.

To play baseball, you need two teams of nine players. The "pitcher" throws the ball, and the "batter" hits it with a bat.

Americans start playing baseball young. There are "leagues" which children of eight can join. The top players become big stars and earn a lot of money every year.

Americans play tennis, hockey and most other international sports, but they do not play football in the same way as the rest of the world. American football is a very different game. The players can run with the ball, touch and push each other. The field looks different, and even the ball is a different shape. Players wear special clothes for American football, with helmets on their heads, because the game can be dangerous. Like international football teams, American teams have eleven players.

Basketball is another popular game in America. Only five people play in each team. One American basketball team, the Harlem Globetrotters, are famous all over the world. These extraordinary sportsmen, all very tall, have shown the world that sport can be funny as well as exciting.

Americans love winter sports, and ice hockey is a great favourite. This game, the national sport of Canada, is very fast,

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and can be dangerous. So if you play ice hockey, remember to wear your helmet!

A. Ask and answer questions on the text. Speak about sport in the USA.

B. What sports are popular in your country? Is sport compulsory in schools? What sports do children play?

C. Describe the sport activities at your school (university).

Sport Facilities and Athletics

There is a big sports centre near my home. There are football pitches, tennis and basketball courts, swimming pools, a sports hall with two boxing rings and even a skating rink. There is also a separate athletics stadium, where 20.000 spectators can watch the track events on the track and the field events, such as jumping and throwing, in the grass centre. The athletes get ready in modern changing rooms and the officials time and measure the events with modern equipment. A huge electronic Scoreboard shows the results.

A. Study and practise the text.

B. Describe any sports centre you visited.

C. Speak about sport in your life.

My Favourite Sport

I love many sports, but best of all — skiing. I first skied when I was six years old, and lived in Canada, and then for many years, in fact decades, I wasn't able to ski again because I was living in hot places. But since I've been living in England, I've resumed skiing and it's even better than it was. For me now the place to ski is the Alps, and particularly France. I live in England and the winters are gloomy, and there's not much sun, so one of the wonderful things about skiing for me is the light and the brilliant sunshine that you find high, high up in the mountains. A lot of other people like it, too, and it can be rather crowded, especially around the lifts because you now have mechanical lifts that take you zooming up, flying up the mountains like a god, whereas in Canada I had to walk up if I wanted to ski down.

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The equipment you need... skis, and boots, and poles. Many people own their own equipment but I hire mine in the resort. I do have my own clothes though, and clothes are very important because skiing is quite a fashion-conscious sport. Also, it's necessary to have clothes that will protect you because the weather can be very severe. You need a ski-suit, a hat, goggles to protect your eyes, socks, mittens, and a rucksack is useful to carry around your bits and pieces. Now at this point, I have to confess that I am not the world's greatest skier. I would say I am a respectable skier, I'm a safe skier, but that doesn't stop you having a wonderful time. Also, there is the social life that is such an important part of skiing. You can eat and drink as much as you want because you know you're burning it all off. And then at the end of the day there's the evening, food and wine with friends and everybody talking about their excitements during the day. I love it!

A. Study and practise the text.

B. Speak about your favourite sport.

Sports at the Olympics

The first modern Olympic games were held in Athens in 1896. There were nine sports: cycling, tennis, gymnastics, swimming, track and field, weightlifting, rowing, wrestling and shooting. Sailing was also to have taken place, but had to be cancelled because of bad weather at sea. At that time, as today, most people were interested in the track and field events in the main stadium.

In the first Olympics there were no real team sports. Then, slowly, a few team sports joined the program. Soccer and field hockey were the first team sports introduced into the Olympics in London in 1908. Then in 1936, at the Berlin Olympics, the Germans brought in handball and the Americans had basketball accepted as an Olympic sport.

It often happens that the country that introduces a new sport into the Olympics then goes on to win the gold medals. In 1904, at the Olympics in St. Louis, the Americans introduced boxing and won all seven events. Five horseback-riding events were introduced into the 1912 Stockholm Olympics, and Swedish riders won four of them. And in 1964, at the Tokyo Olympics, two sports which are very popular in Japan were introduced: judo and

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volleyball. The Japanese won all three gold medals in judo, and also won the first women's volleyball competition.

Some new sports have recently been added to the Olympics. In Los Angeles, in 1984, baseball was introduced and windsurfing became an Olympic sport. In Seoul, Korea, in 1968, there was table tennis for the first time, and tennis returned as an Olympic sport. Unlike tennis, some sports, such as golf and rugby, have been tried in the Olympics but have never returned.

The Olympic games continue to get bigger and bigger. They also get more and more expensive. Now many people are asking the questions: Are the Olympics too big? Will the Olympics continue? Should the Olympics continue?

A Ask and answer questions on the text. Speak about sports at the Olympics.

B. 1. Which sports are you best at? How good are you? How long have you been playing? How often do you play?

2. Do you support a particular team? Which one? How often do you go to a sports event?, or do you prefer to watch sports on television?

3. Think of your favourite sport.

4. Which sports do you think are the most dangerous?

5. Do you think the Olympics should continue?

6. Did you watch the last Olympics on TV? Who showed the best results at the Olympic games? Do you know where the next Olympic games will be held?

Football

I play football for my local team against other sides in the area. Of course the players aren't paid, we're just amateurs. But anyway we train very hard in the evenings and we're lucky because we can use the gymnasium of a local school. On the day of the match we arrive early, change and put on track suits to keep warm. Then the referee, dressed in black, calls the two captains to the centre to toss a coin to decide who will play in which direction. Not many people come to watch the game. We usually have a crowd of only one or two hundred. But we enjoy it, whether we win, lose or draw.

A. Study and practise the text.

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Match

Last Saturday afternoon David Brown and his father went to a football match at the Bishopton Football Ground. The Browns and many other Bishopton people think that theirs is the best team in the South of England. There were fifteen thousand people there. They came from far and near because it was the most important match of the year at Bishopton.

At three o'clock the two teams came on to the field. The Bishopton team (the home team) were playing in blue and white shirts, the Easthampton City players (the visiting team) were in red and white shirts.

The referee blew his whistle and the match began. For the first twenty minutes the Bishopton team were stronger and kept the ball in the Easthampton side of the field. Then, suddenly, an Easthampton player took the ball up the field and scored the first goal. The crowd shouted loudly. Soon after this, the referee blew the whistle because it was "half-time".

In the second half of the match the Bishopton team were again the better players. They tried hard, and after ten minutes they scored their first goal. They scored again after a quarter of an hour; then, before the last whistle blew, they scored a third goal and so won the match. All the Bishopton people in the crowd were very pleased, and went home happily to tea.

A. Ask and answer questions on the text. Speak about the football match at the Bishopton Football Ground.

B. Are you a football fan? Which team do you support? Are they in good shape this season? What are their chances of winning the cup this year? What was the last football match you saw like?

Conversation Practice Listen, read and practise.

A Champion's Memories

Jane is visiting the home of her new friend, Barbara. She sees something interesting in the living room.

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Jane: Oh, what a beautiful statue!

Barbara: Thank you. It's a trophy I won years ago for running.

Jane: You must have been a good runner.

Barbara: Yes, I was, if I do say so myself. I was champion in the half-mile at the Oregon State Track Meet for two years.

Jane: Did you ever lose a race?

Barbara: I lost once or twice. But I usually beat my opponents.

Jane: It must have felt great to win.

Barbara: You're right about that. Victory is always a good fee­ling.

Jane: Do you still run?

Barbara: No, I haven't since I hurt my knee five years ago, but I still keep my old uniform hanging in the closet. Maybe you'd like to see it.

A. Study and practise the conversation.

B. Did you ever take part in any competitions? Did you ever win?

My favourite game

(I = Interviewer; M = Martin)

I: So Martin, what sports do you play?

M: I play football, volleyball, tennis, and table tennis but vol­leyball is my favourite game as it's a team game and you can play it with your friends, and enjoy it as a team.

I: Is it quite a fast game as well?

M: Yeah. It is a fast game and that's another reason why I en­joy it.

I: How exciting...

M: Yes.

I: Where do you play, then?

M: I play at local sports centres more during the winter and sort of play in tournaments around England. I also, in the summer, play beach volleyball.

I: Is beach volleyball different from the volleyball you play in the centres?

M: Yes, it's a very different game. Instead of six players on a

team, it's only two players.

I: You mentioned you played in tournaments — now do you do quite well in the tournaments?

M: Yes, I've played for South West England and we've got through to the semifinals of different England tournaments, and for Wessex, my other volleyball team, we've actually won a few tournaments. So yes, I have done quite well.

I: Oh well done! What sort of equipment do you need?

M: Well, first of all you need the ball and the net, and ob­viously the court... but you may also need knee pads and your volleyball kit.

I: OK... knee pads because you fall on your knees a lot?

M: Yes... when diving and things like that.

I: Diving?

M: Diving... yeah.

I: It sounds like swimming, that means jumping to catch the ball?

M: Yeah, jumping to get a ball up in the air.

I: Yes, all right. So how often do you play volleyball then Martin?

M: Well during the season, which is about September to June, I play twice a week. One of those is training, and one of those is a match. And during the summer I play beach vol­leyball, but that's only once a week.

A. Ask and answer questions on the text.

B. Speak about Martin's favourite sport.

C. Situation- You and your friend are speaking about your favourite sports and pastimes.

I exercise every day (I = Interviewer; H = Henry)

I: Henry, you do a lot of sports?

H: Yes, I exercise every day.

I: How many sports do you do?

H: Five.

I: And what are they?

H: Swimming, tennis, cycling, yoga and jogging.

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I: Why do you like swimming?

H: Because it's good for the back and it's fun.

I: And cycling? What's cycling good for?

H: The legs. I like it because it's not expensive and I think it's relaxing.

I: You also do yoga.

H: Yes, that's right. Yoga's good for many things, but very good for breathing. It's very good for the heart, too.

I: And tennis?

H: Yes, I like tennis very much. Tennis is fun, and sometimes it's very exciting. It's very good for the arms and legs. I li­ke it a lot.

I: When do you go to work?

H: Oh, I work as well, but I have time in the evenings and...

A. Study and practise the conversation.

B. Talk about the sports you like.

C. Talk about the most important sports event at your university or town during the last winter (summer).

A report from the Olympic Village

Karen Finch in the programme "Sportsworld" with her report from the Olympic village.

Karen: Well, I have two athletes with me in the studio. First

Bo Lundquist. Bo: Hey! Karen: Bo is a cyclist and he's here with the Swedish team.

This is your first Olympics, isn't it, Bo? Bo: Yes, it is.

Karen: And how do you feel about it? Bo: Happy, very happy. Karen: Let's talk about your training schedule, Bo. I imagine

it's pretty hard.

Bo: Yes, it is. I get up at five... Karen: Five! And do you start training then? Bo: Well, I have a cup of coffee first. I start training at

about five thirty. You know, it's quite cold then. Karen: Right! I'm sure it is. When do you finish training, Bo?

Bo: Well, I practise cycling on the track for about two ho­urs. Then I have a short break for breakfast. After that, I do exercises for another few hours. I suppose I finish at about midday.

Karen: So you're free after twelve. What do you do then?

Bo: You mean, what do I do in my spare time?

Karen: Right.

Bo: Well, we usually go swimming down at the beach in Malibi for the afternoon. That's all. I go to bed early. I want to win a gold for Sweden.

Karen: Well, I hope you do. Thank you, Bo Lundquist. Next with me in the studio is a British girl. She's a member of the swimming team. European champion in free sty­le — Anne Cole. Hello, Anne.

Anne: Hello.

Karen: Anne, you heard Bo Lundquist talking about his trai­ning programme. Tell me about yours. For example, do you get up so early?

Anne: Well, not quite so early. I get up about six forty-five.

Karen: Do you start your training straightaway, Anne?

Anne: No, not exactly. I have a very light breakfast at seven and try to get to the pool by half past.

Karen: I see. How long do you train for?

Anne: All day.

Karen: You mean you swim all day?

Anne: (laughs) Oh, no! I swim for about four hours — have lunch and then do track work and body strengthening-exercises in the afternoon. I suppose I train until four o'clock in the afternoon.

Karen: That's a long day.

Anne: It's all right.

Karen: What about your free time? What do you do?

Anne: Well, I like to relax when I'm training, so I read a lot and watch a lot of television — I like American TV. I sometimes go dancing at the Olympic Club.

Karen: Dancing?

Anne: Yes, but I go to bed on most nights.

Karen: Thank you, Anne, and good luck to you.

This is Karen Finch at the Olympic Village in Los An­geles.

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A. Ask and answer questions about Bo's and Anne's training schedules.

B. Speak about

i) Bo Lundquist and his training schedule, ii) Anne Cole and her training schedule.

C. Situation: You are interviewing a famous sportsman.

D. Who is your favourite sportsman? What do your know about him/her?

Football

Parti

This afternoon I'm taking my cousin and my uncle to a football match. Simon's never seen a professional game. Uncle Guy hasn't seen one for years. Today's match is between Arsenal and Liverpool. Both of these teams are very good this season. They are often one of the best in the first division. I often go to football matches. I usually go to Highbury to see Arsenal. Their games are always good. I sometimes go to see Chelsea. Some of their games are good, others are bad. Rugby's another exciting sport, but I don't usually go to rugby games. The best sport's football.

Part II. The teams

Tim: Look, Simon. The teams are coming onto the field. Have

you ever seen Arsenal? Simon: No, I haven't.

Tim: What about Jane? Has she ever seen a football match? Simon: No, she has never seen one. She doesn't like football.

Have your parents ever seen a professional game? Tim: No, they haven't seen any professional games. Simon: Which ones are Arsenal? Tim: They are in red and white. Simon: Who's kicking off? Tim: Liverpool.

Simon: Are both teams good this season? Tim. Yes.

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Simon: Which one's better?

Tim: Liverpool are usually better than Arsenal but this year

Arsenal are the best in the division. Simon: Do they ever lose? Tim: Oh, yes. They sometimes lose but they usually win.

They don't often have a bad day. Simon: Which team do you support? Tim: I've always supported Arsenal. Simon: Me too. Dad's never liked Arsenal.

A goal

Tim: Liverpool haven't scored yet... what's wrong?

Mr Hunt: I'm not worried yet. They've only been on the field for half an hour. This is only the first half.

Tim: Look, there's Moore. He's running up the wing. He's good.

Mr Hunt: No, he isn't; he's bad. He's worse than the other winger.

Tim: He's already scored one goal for Arsenal. Oh look! He's near the penalty area. And there's Blaire. He's Liverpool's worst defender. He's tackling Moore.

Mr Hunt: That's not Blaire; that's Blake. He's Liverpool's best player.

Tim: Collin's better than Blake. Look! Moore is in the pe­nalty area now. He usually scores... Yes, look at that... a goal!

Mr Hunt: What's the score now?

Tim: Arsenal two: Liverpool nil. What a game!

The end of the game

Simon: Who is winning now?

Tim: ^ч Arsenal are, three: nil. They've scored another goal.

Simon: Is this the last fifteen minutes?

Tim: Yes, it is.

Simon: Good. Liverpool can't score four goals in a quarter of

an hour. Mr Hunt: Yes, they can. Look! There's a man running up the

left wing. Now he's got the ball. Simon: Yes, that's Hedge. He plays for Liverpool. He al-

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ways scores. Mr Hunt: Yes, you are right. Pass it, Hedge. No, he's trying

for a goal.

Shoot! Shoot! A goal! Simon: No, it isn't. Mr Hunt: Yes it is. What a goal! Simon: And that's the end of the game. Arsenal have won

again — three: nil.

Lоуа1 Fans

Ted: What did you think of the game, Bill?

Bill: Dreadful! It was neither exciting nor skilful.

Ted: I agree with you. Of course the weather didn't help. They'd hardly kicked off when it started to pelt with rain. Our team are useless in the mud, and they were off form anyway.

Bill: Some of our team can't play football in either wet or dry conditions, and I've never seen them in form. I can't help laughing when I watch old Ford. Every time he gets the ball he either falls over or passes it to the opposition. I can't make out why they pick him.

Ted: He's too old really. He'd already been playing in the team for about ten years when I became a supporter — and that was eight years ago.

Bill: Evans isn't much better. He's not only too slow, he's sca­red to tackle as well.

Ted: Yes, he's always afraid of getting injured. Neither Ford nor Evans is up to it. We need two new defenders and a new forward too.

Bill: But the management is too mean to spend money either

on new players or on improving the ground. Ted: Yes, that's true. The pitch is a disgrace. It isn't flat and the drains don't work. Every time it rains the pitch is co­vered with great puddles of water.

Bill: What we need, Ted, is not only new players but a new manager and a new pitch as well. Then perhaps we could win promotion to the Third division.

A. Ask and answer questions on the text.

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B. Give a brief account of the text.

C. Situation: You and your friend have just been at the stadium. At the moment you are discussing the game and the chances of your favourite team.

D. Join these sentences using the words in brackets.

eg Fred doesn't like lemonade. Bill doesn't like lemonade, (neither... nor) Neither Fred nor Bill likes lemonade.

1. It's very expensive. It's very poor quality, (not only... but as well) 2. He doesn't drink a lot. He doesn't eat a lot. (neither nor) 3. They would like fruit. They would like ice-cream, (both ... and) 4. John will give you the book. John will lend you the book, (either... or) 5. She doesn't eat bread. She doesn't eat potatoes, (neither ... nor) 6. John will help you. Mary will help you. (either ... or) 7. They understand Chinese. They speak Chinese, (both... and) 8.1 don't know Peter. I don't know John, (either... or)

C. Speak on your favourite football team.

Listening At last they've won

It was the football match of the year. Bill's team had to win to become the champions. Some people had queued all night to see the game, much to the surprise of the stadium staff when they arrived in the morning. Bill was a bit late because of the traffic and arrived about five minutes after the match had begun. He found his reserved seat, sat down and looked at the electronic Scoreboard. His team had scored and were leading 1:0. Then, as Bill made himself comfortable, the other team scored. Bill groaned. Nothing much happened for the next 25 minutes. Bill took out his pipe. Suddenly his team scored again. Bill jumped up and cheered. He sat down and lit a match but the front of his pipe had vanished. He had bitten it in half in his excitement. The score remained 2:1 until the end of the game. As soon as the final whistle blew, thousands of supporters ran onto the pitch. "At last

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they've won," Bill said to the man next to him. "And they've been playing good football for years without winning anything."

A. Questions

I. Why was the match so important for Bill's team? 2. Were there many football fans at the stadium? 3. Why was Bill late? 4. What was the score when Bill arrived? 5. What happened when Bill arrived? 6. What did Bill do in his excitement? 7. What was the final score?

B. Write about a football match that impressed you greatly.

We May Get Wet

The telephone rang down in the hall. Ann thought it might be Jack.

She ran down and answered the phone. Jack told her they were going to a football match. She said nothing and suddenly put down the receiver. She got angry. She wanted to go somewhere nice: what girl would want to watch football? Jack ought to know better. But then she felt sorry for Jack — he was trying to be kind.

At that moment the bell rang and she ran back to the telephone. "I think we were cut off," said Jack and she felt very grateful to him. "But do put on proper clothes, because it will very likely rain." She agreed. But when she dressed she decided not to put on her heavy shoes and thick clothes. She wanted to look especially nice to please Jack.

When he saw her he didn't seem to notice how nice she was looking. All he said was, "Do you call that proper clothes?"

They were going to the match by boat. Soon it began to rain. "I'm getting wet," Ann said. "Here you are. You must wear this," Jack said putting his raincoat round Ann's shoulders. "Certainly not!" she said and gave the coat back to him.

By the time they got to the football ground Ann was wet through. She was so unhappy that she hardly saw the match at all. She didn't even know who was playing. At half-time Jack saw she was not enjoying it, so he took her home. "I've learnt my lesson. You ought never to take a girl to a football match," Jack thought on his way back.

A. Questions

1. Why did Ann get angry with Jack? 2. Why was she grateful to Jack? 3. What did Jack warn her about? 4. Did Ann follow his advice? 5. What happened some time later? 6. Why was Arm unhappy? 7. What dicj Jack have to do? 8. What lesson had Jack leamt?

Reading

English Games: Squash

Squash is another of those peculiarly English ball games. It was once confined to Britain and her colonies and played almost exclusively by members of the upper classes, but it must now be one of the world's fastest-growing sports, for the number of participants has increased three or fourfold in the last few years, and new courts are Springing up in almost every comer of the world.

The court consists of a square room in which two players, equipped with rackets similar in shape to tennis rackets, have to strike a small rubber ball. When a player strikes the ball, it may rebound from any of the four walls, but it must strike the front wall of the room before it touches the ground. His opponent then has to hit the ball in his turn. The ball must not bounce on the floor more than once before each player hits it; if a player fails to return the ball to the front wall or to hit the ball before it bounces twice, he loses the point.

One advantage of the game is that, since the court is covered, you don't have to rely _On the weather. Moreover you needn't be a great athlete and it isn't necessary to possess exceptional coordination to play the game competently. At top levels players have to be extremely fit and talented, but the average person can get good exercise and enjoy himself thoroughly even at his first attempt.

A. Speak about sports and games in your country.

B. Speak about sports in Great Britain.

C. Sum up the specific vocabulary on the topic "Sports and Pastimes. " Name a) the nouns b) the verbs c) the expressions.

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249

Tke Perfect Pair Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean, Champions of ice dancing

The place: The Olympic ice rink in Helsinki

The event: World Ice Dance

Championship: (free dance section)

The people: Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean

The crowd stands and shouts with excitement. Flowers fall like showers of rain onto the ice. The young couple hug and kiss each other as they wait for the judges' marks. And suddenly, there

they are!

What an incredible result—nine marks of 6.0! The maximum

score!

"Unbelievably brilliant!" writes one journalist. "Who can beat them now? They are not just the best, they are the best ever!"

Where did it all start? Once upon a time Jayne Torvill was a clerk in an insurance office in Nottingham. Christopher Dean was a trainee policeman. Jayne started skating when she was nine. At twelve she was the British Junior Pairs champion.

Ice skaters who take their sport seriously must give up their whole lives to their training. They start practising early, sometimes before 6 o'clock in the morning, and often do not stop until the early hours of the following morning.

When Jayne and Christopher were young, they didn't do any of the things that ordinary teenagers do. They didn't go to parties or discos. They didn't even have friends or hobbies outside the world of skating. "You have to practise all the time," says Jayne

simply.

The families of the young skaters didn't have enough money for the expenses of ice dancing competitions. Travel, hotel bills, training costumes and skates all amount to a lot of money.

As amateur skaters, Jayne and Christopher could not earn the large sponsorship fees from big companies, but they desperately wanted to take part in major championships.

To their surprise, Jayne and Christopher received a grant of £14,000 from Nottingham City Council. With that money they were able to stop work and give their lives to skating. They began to win medal after medal.

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Everyone agrees that Jayne and Christopher are two nice people. They are quiet, shy, polite and not at all spoilt by their success. "Our aim in life is not to own a house and a car and to bring up children. It is to do something different, to achieve something special."

The crowd of 4,000 who stood and cheered at Helsinki, and the millions of people who watched on TV think that this is what Jayne and Christopher have already done.

A. Are you fond of figure skating? Who are your favourite figure-skaters? What do you know about them?

Self check

I. Fill in the blanks with articles if necessary.

In 1988, at (1) age of nineteen, Steffi Graf could finally say, "I am (2) best woman tennis player in (3) world." In that year she won all (4) Grand tournaments : (5) French Open, Wimbledon, (6) US Open and Australian Open.

Steffi started young. When she was only four years old her father, Peter, gave her (7) small tennis racket. They played together in (8) living room, and they used (9) sofa as (10) net. If Steffi could hit (11) ball back ten times, she got (12) bread stick. If she hit it back twenty-five times, she got (13) strawberries and (14) ice-cream!

Steffi started winning (15) competitions when she was six. At (16) age often she could play very well, and her father gave up his job and became her tennis teacher.

Today Steffi is (17) brilliant and confident player — (18) true champion, but she still enjoys being at home with her family, with her mother, Heidi, her brother, Michael (who is two years younger than she is) and of course, her father, Peter. She also has two dogs, Max and Ben.

When she isn't playing (19) tennis, Steffi likes (20) shopping, (21) playing (22) cards and listening to (23) music. She can't drive yet but she's already got three cars. She won them as (24) prizes in (25) competitions. Steffi travels a lot and she speaks very good English.

II. Translate from Russian into English.

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1. Когда я был студентом, я занимался спортом. Я хорошо бегал и прыгал. Но когда я стал старше, я забросил спорт и очень жалею об этом. Этой зимой я собираюсь ходить на лыжах и кататься на коньках, а когда придет лето, буду плавать и заниматься греблей. 2. Я очень люблю фигурное катание и всегда смотрю по телевизору международные со­ревнования по фигурному катанию. 3. Я учусь в лингвис­тическом университете. У нас прекрасный спортзал и все воз­можности для хорошей физической подготовки. 4. Мой брат мечтает поставить рекорд по плаванию. Он много трени­руется. 5. Я предпочитаю легкую атлетику боксу и борьбе. 6. Альпинизм — опасный вид спорта. 7. Моя дочь увлекается спортом. Ей хорошо дается фигурное катание, она хорошо плавает и бегает. 8. Вы собираетесь участвовать в лодочных гонках? — Нет, я сейчас не в форме. 9. Я, кажется, знаю этого человека. Он был когда-то отличным бегуном, а теперь он тренирует молодых спортсменов. 10. Кем был установлен последний мировой рекорд по прыжкам в высоту? — Не знаю. Я не увлекаюсь легкой атлетикой. Я предпочитаю фут­бол. 11. В прошлую субботу я и мой друг ходили на стадион. Играли московский "Спартак" и минское "Динамо". Мой друг — москвич, и он болеет за московский "Спартак", а я болельщик минского "Динамо". Игра была захватывающей. Обе команды были в хорошей спортивной форме. Первым забил гол нападающий минского "Динамо". Несколько минут спустя спартаковский полузащитник сравнял счет. Первая половина матча закончилась вничью. Во второй половине матча динамовцы были сильнее своих соперников и забили еще один гол. Они победили со счетом 2:1. Я был доволен, а мой друг расстроен.

UNIT 13

GRAMMAR: OBJECT CLAUSES. REPORTED SPEECH (REVIEW)

Object clauses

Some verbs are followed by object clauses. An object clause answers the question: What?

I know that he speaks French, (know what?): that he speaks

French is an object clause.

He told me that he had succeeded, (told me about what?):

that he had succeeded is an object clause.

I don't know where he lives, (don't know what?): where he

lives is an object clause.

Object clauses can begin:

a) with a question word

I know where he lives.

b) with if or whether

I don't know whether (if) he is married.

c) with that

I know that the world is round.

Object clauses which begin with a question word

Question

Where does she live? What did he say? When do they arrive?

Object clause

(a) I don't know where she lives.

(b) I couldn't hear what he said.

(c) Do you know when they arrive?

In (a): where she lives is the object of the verb know. Do not use question order in an object clause. In an object clause, the subject precedes the verb.

Notice: does, did anddo are used in questions but not in object clauses.

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Question S V

Who lives there? What happened? Who is at the door?

Object clause

S V

(d) I don't know who lives there.

(e) Please tell me what happened.

(f) I wonder who is at the door.

In (d) the word order is the same in both the question and the object clause because who is the subject in both.

Question Object clause

Who is she? (g) I don't know who she is.

Who are those men? (h) I don't know who those men are.

Whose house is that? (i) I wonder whose house that is.

In (g):she is the subject of the question, so it is placed in front of the verb be in the object clause.

Object clauses which begin with a question word often come after

a) I'd like to know... I don't know... I'm not sure... I don't understand... I've no idea... I don't remember... I wonder... He said/asked... etc.

I've no idea where she lives. I wonder why she is absent.

b) Do you know...? Do you understand...? Do you remem­ber...? Could you tell me...? Will you ask him...? Has he told you...? Did she ask you...? etc.

Do you know what this word means? Could you tell me what time it is?

c) (Please) tell me... (please) ask her...

Please tell me where she lives. Ask her why she doesn't come.

I. Complete the sentences by changing the questions to object clauses.

eg Where did Paul go? I don't know where Paul went.

1. (How old is he?) I don't know... 2. (What was he talking about?) I wonder... 3. (Where do you live?) Please tell me... 4. (What

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did he say?) I'd like to know... 5. (When are they coming?) Do you know...? 6. (How much does it cost?) I can't remember... 7. (Which one does he want?) Let's ask him... 8. (Who is coming to the party?) I don't know... 9. (Whose pen is this?) Do you know...? 10. (Who is the mayor ofNew York City?) I don't know... 11. (How old does a person have to be to get a driver's licence.) I need to find out... 12. (Why didn't Tom come to the party?) I don't know... 13. (How much does it cost to park here?) Do you know...? 14. (What qualifications do I need?) I want to know... 15. (Where can I change some money?) Could you tell me...? 16. (What time did he leave?) Do you know...? 17.(Where does Jack live?) Have you any idea...? 18. (Where is the post office?) Could you tell me...? 19. (Why did Tom leave?) I don't know... 20. (Where is he?) I don't know... 21. (Where did he go?) I don't know... 22. (Where does he live?) I don't remember... 23. (What did he say?) I didn't hear... 24. (How much does this book cost?) Could you please tell me...? 25. (What country is Anna from?) Do you know...? 26. (Why was Kate, absent yesterday?) Do you know...? 27. (How far is it to Chicago?) I wonder... 28. (When does the semester end?) Can you tell me...? 29. (What is Sue talking about?) I don't understand... 30. (When is he going to leave?) I wonder... 31. (Where can I buy a good radio?) Do you know...? 32. (Who is she?) I don't know... 33. (What time is flight 677 supposed to arrive?) Can you tell me...? 34. (Whose books are those?) Do you know...? 35. (Who did Sue invite?) I don't know... 36. (Who is that woman?) I wonder... 37. (How long has Ted been living here?) Do you know...? 38. (What is a clause?) Don't you know...? 39. (Who broke the window?) Do you know...? 40. (Who is in that room?) I don't know... 41. (Where can I catch the bus?) Could you please tell me...? 42. (Which team has won?) Bill asks... 43. (When are you coming back?) Bill wants to know... 44. (What platform does the train leave from?) He doesn't know... 45. (Why did you say that?) I don't understand.... 46. (Who am I?) He doesn't know... 47. (Whose car is that?) I've no idea... 48. (How old are their children?) I can't ever remember... 49. (Whose house is that?) I wonder.. 50. (What happened?) Tell me... 51. (Who(m) did you see at the party?) Tell me... 52. (Who(m) did Helen talk to?) Do you know...? 53. (Who lives in that apartment?) Do you know...? 54. (When are they leaving?) Ask her...

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V.Make a question from the given sentence. The words in brackets should be the answer to the question you make. Use a question word (who, what, how, etc.) Then change the question to an object clause.

1. That man is (Mr Robertson). Question: Who is that man?

Object clause: I want to know who that man is.

2. George lives (in Los Angeles). Question:

Object clause: I want to know...

3. Tom will be here (next week). Question:

Object clause: Please tell me...

4. He is coming (because he wants to visit his friends). Question:

Object clause: Please tell me...

5. He'll be on flight (645, not flight 742). Question:

Object clause: Please tell me...

6. (Jim Hunter) is going to meet him at the airport. Question:

Object clause: I wonder...

7. Jim Hunter is (his roommate). Question:

Object clause: Please tell me...

8. It is (350 miles) to Denver from here. Question:

Object clause: I need to know...

9. Ann bought (a new dictionary). Question:

Object clause: Do you know...?

10. Jack was late to class (because he missed the bus). Question:

Object clause: The teacher wants to know...

11. That is (Ann's) pen. Question:

Object clause: Tom wants to know...

12. Alex saw (Mr Frost) at the meeting. Question:

Object clause: I don't know...

13. (Jack) saw Mrs Frost at the meeting. Question:

Object clause: I don't know...

14. Alice likes (this) book best, (not that one). Question:

Object clause: I want to know...

15. The plane is supposed to land (at 7:14 p.m.). Question:

Object clause: Could you tell me...?

II. Make questions and object clauses.

Student A: Make a question from the given sentence. The words in brackets should be the answer to your question.

Student B: Keep your book closed. Change Student A's ques­tion into an object clause. Begin your sentence with "(Name of Student A) wants to know..."

1. Fred lives (in an apartment.)

Student A: Where does Fred live?

Student B: (Yoko) wants to know where Fred lives.

2. It's (ten o'clock).

Student A: What time is it?

Student B: (Roberto) wants to know what time it is.

3. Tom wants (a watch) for his birthday.

4. Jane gets to school (by bus).

5. Vacation starts (on June 3rd).

6. Sue left class early (because she didn't feel well).

7. The movie is going to last (two hours and ten minutes).

8. Mary called (Jim).

9. (Mary) called Jim.

10. Alice talked to the teacher about (the test).

11. Alice talked to (the teacher) about the test.

12. (Alice) talked to the teacher about the test.

13. Sue's plane will arrive (at 8:05).

14. (Two) students will be absent from class tomorrow.

15. There are (over 10,000) lakes in Minnesota.

16. It's (twenty-five miles) to Springfield from here.

17. Jane (studied) last night.

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18. We're supposed to buy (this) book, (not that book.)

19. Ann likes (chocolate) ice cream the best.

20. That woman is (Mrs Anderson).

21. (Mrs Anderson) is talking on the telephone.

22. That is (Sam's) notebook.

24. (Jessica's ) car was stolen.

25. Jack's new car is (red).

26. The concert begins (at 7.00).

27. Dick is leaving (on Friday.)

28. Tom likes (swimming).

Object clauses which begin with whether or if

Yes/No Question Will she come?

Does he need help?

Object clause

(a)I don't know whether she will come.

I don't know if she will come. (b)I wonder whether he needs help.

I wonder if he needs help.

(c) I wonder whether or not she will come.

(d) I wonder whether she will come or not.

(e)I wonder if she will come or not.

When ayes/no question is changed to an object clause, whether or if is used to introduce the clause.

(Note: whether is more acceptable in formal English, but if is quite commonly used, especially in speaking.)

In (c), (d), and (e): notice the patterns when or not is used.

I. Change the questions to object clauses.

1. (Did Steve go to the bank?) I don't know if (whether) Steve went to the bank. 2. (Where did Steve go?) I don't know where Steve went. 3. (Is Karen at home?) Do you know...? 4. (Where is Karen?) Do you know...? 5. (How is Pat feeling today?) I wonder... 6. (Is Pat feeling better?) I wonder... 7. (Does the bus stop here?) Do you know...? 8. (Where does the bus stop?) I wonder... 9. (Why is Elena absent today?) The teacher wants to know... 10. (Is Elena going to be absent again tomorrow?) I wonder... 11. (Where did Janet go last night?) Do you know...? 12. (Should I buy that book?)

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I wonder... 13. (Which book should I buy?) I wonder... 14. (Can Jerry speak French?) I don't know... 15. (How much does that book cost?) Do you know...? 16. (Is there life on other planets?) jsfo one knows... 17. (Are we going to have a test tomorrow?) Let's ask the teacher... 18. (Is there a Santa Claus?) The little boy wants to know... 19. (Does sound travel faster than light?) Do you know...? 20. (What's on TV tonight?) I wonder... 21. (Will it rain tomorrow?) I wonder... 22. (Why is the sky blue?) Annie wants to know... 23. (Does the store accept credit cards?) Do you know...? 24. (Do insects have ears?) The little girl wants to know... 25. (When will the next earthquake occur in California?) No one knows... 26. (Do animals have the same emotions as human beings?) The little boy wants to know... 27. (How do dolphins communicate with each other?) Do scientists know...? 28. (Can people communicate with dolphins?) I want to find out... 29. (Have beings from outer space ever visited the earth?) I wonder...? 30. (Is there a pay phone in this building?) Do you know...? 31. (Does your sister speak French?) I wonder... 32. (Is this information correct?) Do you know...? 33. (Does this bus go downtown?) Could you please tell me...? 34. (How long does a butterfly live?) I wonder... 35. (Where is the library?) Could you tell me...? 36. (How far is it to Florida?) I wonder... 37. (Does she need any help?) I wonder... 38. (When is Flight 62 expected to arrive?) Could you please tell me...? 39. (What is he doing?) I wonder ... 40. (Who took my dictionary?) Do you know...? 41. (Will people live on the moon someday?) I wonder... 42. (Has she been waiting long?) I'd like to know...

II. Imagine you overheard these conversations in a restaurant. In your curiosity, what other information would you like to know?

"He earns over one hundred thousand pounds a year."

I wonder what his job is.

I wonder what he spends it on.

I'd love to know where he lives.

a. "She's had so many husbands, she forgets their names."

b. "I've never worked a single day in my life."

c. "And then a complete stranger kissed me on both cheeks."

d. "I find it takes me about six weeks to learn a language."

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III. Write some indirect questions about the following newspape, headlines.

Man wins record amount on football pools.

I wonder what he's going to do with it. We don't know how much he won.

a. Round-the-world yachtsman returns home. I wonder... I'd like to know...

b. President resigns!

I wonder... I can't imagine...

c. Oldest man in the world celebrates birthday. We don Ч know... I wonder....

d. Bank robber escapes from prison. Nobody knows... I wonder...

e. Teachers promised pay rise by government. I wonder... I'd like to know...

Object clauses which begin with that Object Clause

Statement

(Expression of an

idea or fact)

He is a good actor.

The world is round.

(a) I think that he is a good actor. (b)l think he is a good actor, (c) We know (that) the world is round.

In (a): that he is a good actor is an object clause. It is used ^ the object of the verb think.

The word that, when it introduces an object clause, has no meaning in itself. It simply marks the beginning of the clause Frequently it is omitted, as in (b), especially in speaking. (If used in speaking, it is unstressed.)

"That clauses" are frequently used as the objects of ver^ < which express mental activity. (See the list below.)

1. Common verbs followed by "that clauses".

agree, assume, believe, conclude, decide, discover, doul dream, fear, feel, find out, forget, guess, hear, hope, imagii, know, learn, notice, predict, pretend, prove, read, realize, reca

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say, tell, regret, remember, say, show, suppose, suspect, tell, think and others.

I hope that you can come to the game. I know that Jack has won the game. Mary realizes that she should study harder. I dreamed that I was on the top of a mountain. I think that Mr Jones is a good teacher.

2. Common expressions followed by "that clauses".

be amazed, be afraid, be angry, be ashamed, be aware, be astonished, be certain, be convinced, be disappointed, be delighted, be furious, be glad, be happy, be impressed, be lucky, be pleased, be proud, be sad, be sorry, be sure, be surprised, be worried and others.

I was sorry that I hadn't seen the performance. I'm afraid she will miss the tram.

3. "77га/ clauses" may come after nouns.

It's a pity that he is going to be late. It's a fact that children like sweets.

I. Complete these sentences with object clauses.

1. He feels angry. It's not surprising (that) he feels angry.

2. She has resigned from her job. It's a shame...

3. You don't tmst me. It's annoying...

4. You are feeling better. I'm glad... 3. She's upset. I'm sorry...

6. He didn't get the contract. He told me...

7. It's a fair price. He believes...

8. You're leaving. He has guessed...

9. She's been a fool. She agrees...

10. She passed the test. She is pleased... 11.1 haven't seen that film. I regret... 12. It's true. I feel...

П. Complete the following with your own ideas by using "that clauses."

A. 1. There are several reasons why I'm studying English.

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One reason is that... Another reason is... A third reason is... 2. I have had three problems since I came here. One problem is that... Another problem is that... The third problem I have had is that... 3. One advantage of owning your car is... Another advantage is... 4. One disadvantage, however, of owning your own car is... 5. There are two reasons why I do not want to go out tonight. The first reason is... The second reason is...

B. 1. I'm sorry (that)... 2. I'm glad (that)... 3. I'm disappointed (that)... 4. I'm pleased (that)... 5. I'm surprised (that)... 6. I'm sure (that)... 6. I'm amazed (that)... 7. I'm happy (that)... 8. Yesterday I was annoyed (that)... 9. I'm afraid (that).. 10. It is surprising (that)... 11. It is true (that)... 12. It is obvious (that)...

C. I.I doubt that... 2.1 believe that... 3. I've discovered that... 4. Do you realize that...? 5. Do you think that...? 6. Have you ever noticed that...? 8. I hope that... 9. Last night I dreamed that... 10. Did you know that...? 11. I suspect that... 12. I guess that... 13. I've heard that... 14. I can prove that...

Fluency Listen, read and practise.

'What's the Time?

A tramp was sleeping on a park bench late at night. A man and a woman were walking past. One of them tapped him on tht shoulder and asked, "Excuse me! What's the time?" The tramp was very annoyed at being woken up. "I don't know!" he saic angrily. "I haven't got a watch." And he went back to sleep.

Some time later another man was passing. He woke the tramp up and said, "I'm sorry to bother you, but I wonder if you couK* tell me what time it is."

Again the tramp said that he didn't know. By now he was ver fed up, so he got a pen and a piece of paper and wrote I DON'" KNOW WHAT THE TIME IS on it, and went back to sleep.

Half an hour later, a policeman was passing. He read the sigr woke the tramp up and said, "It's 2.30, sir."

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I'd like to get some information

Rosie has just arrived at the railway station of a strange town. She goes to the tourist office to get some information.

A = Clerk in the tourist office R = Rosie

A: Good afternoon.

R: Hello. I wonder if you could help me. I've just arrived he­re, and I'm looking for somewhere to stay.

A: Uh huh.

R: Can you tell me where I can find a cheap hotel?

A: Certainly. There are a few around here, but the nearest and one of the nicest is just around the corner. It's called the Euro Hotel. Would you like me to phone to see if they ha­ve a room?

R: No, that's OK. I'll just wander round there myself. Ah! Ano­ther thing. I need to change some travellers' cheques, but I don't know what time the banks close.

A: They close at 7 o'clock in the evening.

R: Right, thanks. This is a very pretty town, isn't it? It looks ter­ribly old. Have you any idea how old this town is?

A: Yes, it was founded in the thirteenth century.

R: Really? As old as that? Wow! Well, I'd better get going. Oh, I'm not sure if we're near the centre of town, because I've only just arrived.

A: Yes, this square out here is just about the centre.

R: Thanks very much. Thanks for your help. I'll go to... oh, sor­ry I can't remember which hotel you suggest.

A: The Euro Hotel.

R: The Euro. Thanks a lot. Bye.

A. Here is some more information that Rosie wants. Use the prompts to ask indirect questions.

1. When was the town founded? (Could you tell me...?) 2. What's the population of the town? (Do you know...?) 3. Where can I change some money? (I'd like to know...) 4. What's the exchange rate today? (Do you happen to know...?) ?. Is there a dry cleaner's near here? (I wonder...) 6. Where is there a cheap place to eat? (Have you any idea...?) 7. How long does if take to get to the

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centre of town from here? (Can you tell me...?) 8. Did it rain here yesterday? (Do you remember...?)

B. In pairs, ask and answer similar indirect questions about the town where you are now.

Poor Rosemary!

Rosemary Smith was robbed about an hour ago while she was walking home from work. She's at the police station now, and she's having a lot of trouble giving the police information. She knows that a man robbed her an hour ago, but she simply can't remember any of the details.

She has forgotten how tall the man was. She isn't sure how heavy he was. She can't remember what colour hair he had. She has no idea what colour eyes he had. She doesn't remember what he was wearing. She doesn't know what kind of car he was driving. She can't remember what colour the car was. She has no idea what the license number was. And she doesn't even know how much money was taken!

Poor Rosemary! The police want to help her, but she can't remember any of the details.

Note: license амер. = licence

A. You 're a police officer. You 're trying to get information from Rosemary Smith about the robbery. Using this model, make questions and answers based on the story.

A: Can you tell me* how tall the man was? B: I'm sorry. I've forgotten how tall he was.

* Or. Do you know...?

Could you tell me...? Could you please tell me...? Could you possibly tell me...? Do you have any idea...? Do you by chance know...?

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Reported speech

When we want to report what someone said, we can use "direct speech" or "reported speech":

Original statement: Ann: I'm hungry. Direct speech: Ann said, "I'm hungry."

Reported speech: Ann said (that) she was hungry. or Ann says (that) she is hungry.

There are three areas of reported speech:

1. Reported statements

He said he would see me tomorrow.

2. Reported commands

He told them to go back to work.

3. Reported questions

He asked me where I lived.

Reported statements

1. If the reporting verb is in the past tense (eg said, told), it is usual for the verb in the reported clause to move "one tense back".

present

present perfect past

past

past perfect

past (perfect)

eg "I'm going." He said he was going.

"She's passed her exams!" He told me she had passed her

exams.

"My father died when I was six." She said her father had

died when she was six. or She said her father died when

she was six.

The past simple (/ did) can usually stay the same in reported speech, or you can change it to the past perfect (/ had done}:

did

did or had done

Tom: "I woke up feeling ill and so I stayed in bed."

Tom said (that) he woke (or had woken) up feeling ill so he stayed (or had stayed) in bed.

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2. If the reporting verb is in the present tense (eg says, asfo), there is no tense change.

"The train will be late." He says the train will be late. "I come from Spain." She says she comes from Spain.

3. The "one tense back" rule is not absolute. It is not always necessary to change the verb when you use reported speech. If you are reporting something and you feel that it is still true, you do not need to change the tense of the verb:

"I hate football." I told him I hate (or hated) football. "Horses are my favourite animals." Sarah said horses are (or were) her favourite animals.

Notice that even if the words are still true, it is also correct to change the verb into the past.

But you must use a past tense when there is a difference between what was said and what is really true. Study this example situation:

You met Ann. She said: "Jim is ill." Later that day you see Jim playing tennis and looking well. You say: "I'm surprised to see you playing tennis, Jim. Ann said that you were ill." (not "that you are ill," because he isn't ill)

Absolute tense forms (referring to the present moment) are usually used in spoken English, especially if the speaker is reporting something immediately or soon after it was said.

Immediate reporting:

A: What did the teacher just say? I didn't hear him. B: He said he wants us to read Chapter Six.

Later reporting:

A: I didn't go to class yesterday. Did Mr Jones make any

assignments? B: Yes. He said he wanted us to read Chapter Six.

4. The "one tense back" rule also applies to reported thoughts and feelings.

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I thought she was married, but she isn't.

I didn't know he was a teacher. I thought he worked in a

bank.

I forgot you were coming. Never mind. Come in.

I hoped you would ring.

5. Some modal verbs change.

can will may

could

would

might

"She can type well." He told me she could/can type well. "I'll help you." She said she'd help me. "I may come." She said she might come.

Other modal verbs don't change.

"You should go to bed." He told me I should go to bed. " It might rain." She said it might rain.

Must can stay as must, or it can change to had to. "I must go'" He said he must/had to go.

6. In more formal situations, we can use that after the reporting verb.

He told her (that) he would be home late. She said (that) she didn't know him.

7. There are many reporting verbs.

The commonest reporting verbs both in direct and in indirect (reported) speech are: say, tell, ask.

After tell we normally use a personal object (eg Sarah, me, us) to say who is told. We normally use say without a personal object.

Compare:

say + something

I said I was going home.

He says he can speak

French.

tell + someone + something I told Sarah I was going home. He tells me he can speak French.

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If we want to put a personal object with soy, we use to.

I said to Sarah that I was going home, (rarely used) In a few expressions we can use tell without a personal object:

eg tell a lie, tell a story, tell the time, tell the truth.

Many verbs are more descriptive than say and tell, they indicate the underlying intention of the speaker.

eg Original statement Speech intention Reported speech "I'm sorry I'm late" an apology He apologized for

being late. "I won't go." a refusal She refused to go.

Here are some reporting verbs often used to report statements: say, tell (conveying information); promise (promise); explain (explanation); agree (agreement); disagree (disagreement); refuse (refusal); remark (casual remark); add (additional remark); warn (warning); remind (reminder); answer, reply (answer); assure (assurance); announce (announcement), deny (denial), recom­mend (recommendation), complain (complaint), admit (admis­sion), insist (insistence), offer (offer), boast (boast), threaten (threat) and others.

Reporting verbs can take various different constructions. They can be followed by:

— a clause introduced by that:

say, tell (+pronoun), explain, agree, remind (+ noun/ pronoun), complain, reply, admit, boast, etc. He said/told me/explained that they had left.

— the infinitive with to:

agree, offer, promise, refuse, threaten The child refused to eat any food. He offered to lend me some money.

— a verb in the -ing form:

apologize (+ for), admit, insist (+ ои) , accuse (+

somebody + of)

She apologized for telling a lie.

He admitted using my car.

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— a noun or pronoun:

accept, explain, greet, introduce, refuse, thank:

She explained the problem to him.

He introduced her to the other students.

— two objects:

offer, refuse, promise

He offered me a lift.

He promised me a pay rise.

8. Pronouns (eg /, me) and possessive adjectives (eg my, your) often change in reported speech. Compare:

Sue: "I'm on holiday with my friend."

Reported speech: Sue said (that) she was on holiday with

her friend.

9. People use the words like here, now, today to talk about the place where they are speaking and the time they are speaking. If we report these words in a different place or at a different time, they often change. For example:

Speaker's words

here

this

now

today

tonight

tomorrow

yesterday

next Monday

last Monday

Reported speech

there

that/the

then

that day

that night

the next day/the following day

the day before/the previous day

the following Monday

the previous Monday

The way these words change depends on the situation. For example, if someone was speaking a week ago and said "I'll see you tomorrow.", we shall report "He said he would see me the next/the following day. "But if someone was speaking yesterday, we shall say "He said he would see me today." If someone was speaking a week ago and said "I'll see you tonight", we shall report "He said he would see me that night." But if someone said it today, we shall say "He said he would see me tonight."

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Reported questions

1. We report yes/no questions with if or whether.

"Is your husband in?" He asked if you were in.

"Has he gone to London'⁷" He wanted to know whether

you'd gone to London.

2. Reporting w/z-questions we use question words (which, why, where, etc.)

"Which train did he take?" He asked me which train you'd

taken.

"When does he usually get home?" He asked when you

usually got home.

3. The word order in a reported question is the same as in statements (eg you were in, you 'd gone to London, you 'd taken, you usually got home) and we do not use a question mark (?).

4. Reported questions can be introduced by the following verbs: ask, know, want to know, wonder, not know

Не

asked me wanted to know wondered didn't know

where the key was.

Sometimes questions are reported by a simple sentence: "What's the time?" He asked me the time.

5. Tenses, adjectives, pronouns, etc. in reported questions change in the same way as in reported statements.

Reported commands

1. We often report orders, requests, warnings, advice and invi­tations using the structure verb + object + to-infinitive.

Speakerswords "Get out of my room."

Reported speech She told the man to get out of her room.

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"Could you carry some

bags, Mike?

"Stay away from me."

"You should phone the

police."

"Would you like to have

dinner with us?"

I asked Mike to carry some bags.

He warned them to stay away

from him.

She advised him to phone the

police.

They invited me to have dinner

with them.

2. Notice the negative command. Use not before to.

He told me not to tell anyone.

The police warned people not to go out.

3. We can also report orders with a form of must or be to.

Doctor: Take the pills before meals.

The doctor told me to take the pills before meals. or The doctor said I must/had to take/was to take the

pills before meals.

Doctor: You mustn't smoke.

The doctor said I mustn't/was not to smoke.

or The doctor told me not to smoke. The doctor forba­de me to smoke.

3. We can also report orders with gerunds.

"Let's go out." Tony suggested going out.

"We simply must take a taxi." Mrs Lee insisted on taking

a taxi.

4. The reporting verb can be in the passive.

I was told to take the pills before meals. You were asked not to leave the car there.

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Practice Reported statements

I. Report these words and thoughts using the verb suggested. Use formal sequence of tenses.

1. "I'm going to Paris soon." She said... 2. "It's time to start revising for the exam." The teacher told the students... 3. "The film will be interesting." I thought... 4. "I can't help you because I have too much to do." She said... 5. "Ann has bought the tickets." I was told... 6. "It took me three hours to get here because the roads are flooded." He told me... 7. "I think it's a crazy idea. It won't work." She said... 8. "Breakfast is served between 7.00 and 9.00." The receptionist explained... 9. " I need to go to the market before it closes." Janet suddenly remembered... 10. "I'm going to postpone the examination." Professor Williams an­nounced... 11. "I will come to the party." Jane promised... 12. "I'm going to move to Ohio." Dick informed me... 13. " You're right." He admitted... 14. "You'll get into trouble if you are not careful." She warned me... 15. "The film is exciting, I agree." He agreed... 16. "I'm sure you'll win a scholarship." He assured me...

II. Report the following statements. Use the pattern: said that... and that or said that... but that.

1. "My father is a businessman. My mother is an engineer." He said that his father was a businessman and that his mother was an engineer.

2. "I'm excited about my new job. I've found a nice apartment." I got a letter from my sister yesterday. She said...

3. "Your Uncle Harry is in hospital. Your Aunt Sally is very worried about him."

The last time my mother wrote to me, she said...

4. "I expect you to be in class every day. Unexcused ab­sences may affect your grades." Our sociology professor said...

5. "Highway 66 will be closed for two months. Commuters should seek alternate routes." The newspaper said...

6. "I'm getting good grades, but I have difficulty understan­ding lectures."

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My brother is a junior at the state university. In his letter he wrote...

7. "I'll come to the meeting, but I can't stay for more than an hour." Julia told me...

8. "Every obstacle is a stepping stone to success. You should view problems in your life as opportunities to prove your­self."

My father often told me...

9. "I'm going out now, but I'll be in by niae." He said...

10. "I'm working in a restaurant, and I don't much care for it". She said...

11. "I can't live on my basic salary. I'll have to offer to do over-

time." Peter said...

12. "We're waiting for the school bus. It's late again." The children said...

13. "I'm living with my parents at present, but I hope to ha­ve a flat of my own soon." She said...

14. "There's been an accident. The road is blocked." The policeman said...

Ш. Yesterday you met a friend of yours, Charlie. Charlie told you a lot of things. Here are some of the things he said to you:

1. I'm thinking of going to live in Canada. 2. My father is in hospital. 3. Nora and Jim are getting married next month. 4. I haven't seen Bill for a while. 5. I've been playing tennis a lot recently. 6. Margaret has had a baby. 7.1 don't know what Fred is doing. 8.1 hardly ever go out these days. 9.1 work 14 hours a day. 10. I'll tell Jim I saw you. 11. You can come and stay with me if you are ever in London. 12. Tom had an accident last week but he wasn't injured. 13.1 saw Jack at a party a few months ago and he seemed fine.

Later that day you tell another friend what Charlie said. Use reported speech.

1. Charles said that he was thinking of going to live in Canada.

IV. Report the following utterances.

1. Peter: I've left some books on your table. I think you'll find them useful. You can keep them as long as you

273

need but I'd like them back when you've finished with them. Mike: Thank you very much. I'll take great care of them.

2. Mr Jones: I booked a double room on the first floor. Receptionist: I'm afraid we didn't get your letter, and all the first and second floor rooms have been taken. But we could give you two single rooms on the third floor.

З.Мг Jones: This letter is full of mistakes. Typist: I did it in rather a hurry. I suppose I'd better type it again.

4. Mr Brown: I don't know why you waste so much time po-

lishing the car.

Mrs Brown: The neighbours all polish their cars, and I don't want our Mini to look like a poor relation.

5. Nick: You can leave your motorcycle in my garage if you

like. I'll keep an eye on it while you're away. Bob: That's very nice of you to offer me that.

6. Peter: You must leave a note for your mother, otherwise

she'll be terribly worried when you're not in at your usual time. Mike: I'll certainly do that.

7. Dick: I was thinking of going alone.

Mary: You'd better take someone with you. It's safer with two. One can keep watch while the other sleeps.

8. Jane: I must hurry. My father is always furious if any of

us are late for meals. Helen: My father is not so strict as yours.

9. Paul: I've got a job on an oil-rig. Dan: That'll be very hard work.

V. This is what some people said to Sally today:

The manager of the bank where Sally works: "You'll get a pay rise later in the year."

An optician: "There is nothing wrong with your eyes. You

don't need to wear glasses."

Sally's boyfriend, Peter: "I'd like a big family. I want at

least five children."

Sally's father: "I've done the shopping. I'll be home at

about seven."

Sally's driving instructor: "You drove very well. You're

making good progress."

A man who works in a dry-cleaner's: "Your skirt will be

ready on Saturday."

It is evening now and Sally is telling her mother about her day. Complete what Sally says using reported speech.

Sally: I went to the dry-cleaner's at lunchtime. The man

there said...

Mother: And what about the optician? What did she say? Sally: Oh, she told me... eyes and that I... glasses. Mother: Oh, that's good. And what about your driving lesson?

How did that go? Sally: Oh, fine. My instructor told me that... and that I...

progress. Mother: That's very good. And what about Peter? Did you see

him today? Sally: No, but he phoned me at work. He made me laugh.

He said he... and that he... children. Mother: Five! Well, I hope you can afford them. Sally: Oh, yes. That reminds me. I was speaking to the mana­ger at work and she said that I... Mother: Oh, that's good. Sally: Yes. Oh, and before I forget. Dad phoned. He said

he... and that he ... seven.

VI. Put one of the following verbs in its correct form into each Sap.

say tell explain speak talk reply

I met Mr Brown in the street the other day, and we stopped ^a4d... for a while. He... me that his wife had been taken into hospital.

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275

When I asked him how she was, he... that she was getting better. He wondered why I hadn't been to the tennis club for a few months, so I... that I'd been very busy lately and just hadn't time. "There's something you must... me," he said. "How many languages can your son...?" " Four," I... "Why?" "I know your son has some very funny stories to ... about learning languages and living abroad. We're having a meeting of the Travellers Club next week, and I'd like him to... at it."

I... I would... to my son about it, and promised to get back in touch. Then we ... goodbye and went our separate ways.

Reported questions

I. Report these words and thoughts, using the verbs suggested Use the formal sequence offenses.

1. "Where are you going?" He asked me... 2. "Do you want to go out for a meal?" She asked him... 3. "Why are you late?" they asked their guest. They wondered... 4. "Can I use your phone to make a local call?" She asked me... 5. "Which countries have you been to?" The customs officer asked me... 6. "Do you know where Angela is living?" He asked me... 7. "What colour are you going to paint the living room?" She asked them... 8. "Why doesn't she talk to me any more?" I thought to myself. I won­dered why... 9. "Are you planning to enter law school?" I asked Martha... 10. "Can we still get tickets for the concert?" Fred asked... 11. "How can I help?" Thomas wanted to know... 12. "Where have you been all afternoon?" Frank asked Elizabeth.. 13.1 asked myself, "Am I doing the right thing?" I wondered.. 14. "We'll be leaving around 7:00 o'clock in the morning." Our tour guide told us... 15. "Why didn't you call me?" Nancy wanted to know...

II. Practise using asked if.

Student A: Say the words in the book to Student B. Student B: Don't look at your book. Report Student As ques­tions. Use asked.

eg Are you married? Student A: Are you married?

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Student В: (АН) asked me if I am married, or. (Ali) asked me if I was married.*

* Immediate reporting, informal: (Ali) asked me if I'm married. Formal sequence of tenses: (Ali) asked me if I was married.

1. Do you know my cousin? 2. Are you hungry? 3. Can you speak (French)? 4. Did you enjoy your vacation? 5. Are you going to take another English course? 6. Will you be at home tonight? 7. Have you ever been in (Mexico)? 8. Can you hear me? 9. Are you listening to me? 10. Do you need any help? 11. Did you finish your homework? 12. Do you think it's going to rain? 13. Are you going to go downtown tomorrow? 14. Do you know how to cook? 15. Do you know whether or not (...) is married? 16. Can you come to my party? 17. Do you have a car? 18. Have you ever been in (Russia)? 19. Did you move into a new apart­ment? 20. Are you going to call me tonight?

III. Practise using object clauses after asked.

Student A: Say the words in the book to Student B. Student В: Don't look at your book. Report Student A s ques­tion. Use asked.

eg Where do you live?

Student A: Where do you live?

Student В: (Maria) asked me where I live, or (Maria) asked me where I lived.

1. Where is your apartment? 2. Is your apartment far from here? 3. What do you need? 4. Do you need a pen? 5. When does the semester end? Does the semester end in (December)? 6. Why is (...) absent? 7. Is (...) absent? 8. How often do you go downtown? 9. Do you go downtown every week?

IV. Begin your response with "He (She) asked me..."

(To the teacher. Suggest to the students that they practise using the formal sequence of tenses.)

Example: Where is your friend?

Response: He (She) asked me where my friend was.

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1. What time is it? 2. What is your name? 3. Can you speak Arabic? 4. Have you met my brother? 5. Where are you living? 6. Will you be here tomorrow? 7. What kind of camera do you have? 8. How tall are you? 9. What courses are you taking? 10. Do you feel okay? 11. Have you read any good books lately? 12. How do you like living here? 13. Did you finish your assignment? 14. What are you doing? 15. W^rhose briefcase is that? 16. May 1 borrow your dictionary? 17. Where will you be tomorrow around three o'clock? 18. Did you go to class yesterday? 19. What are you going to do during vacation? 20. What is the capital city of your country? 21. Did you go to a party last night? 22. How many people have you met in the last couple of months? 23. Can I use your pen? 24. Where should I meet you after class? 25. Do you understand what I am saying? 26. What country are you from? 27. Is what you said really true? 28. How do you know that it is true? 29. Who do you think will win the game? 30. Is what you want to talk to me about important? 31. Will you be absent from class tomorrow? 32. Where will you go? 33. Are you going to take another English course? 34. Did you walk to school this morning? 35. Can you afford to buy this dictionary? 36. Are you planning to take a trip? 37. Have you finished your test papei^ 38. Do you want to go to the library? 39. Are you going to talk u Professor Reed? 40. Will you come to the meeting?

V. A new student, Paul, has come to the college and the studer,, are asking him questions. Imagine that he reports these questio > later to an English friend.

Bill asked me what country I came from. 1. Bill: "What country do you come from?" 2. Ann: "Ho\v long have you been here?" 3. Peter: "Are you working as well as studying?" 4. Bill: "Have you got a work permit?" 5. Ann: "What are you going to study?" 6. Peter: "Have you enrolled for more than one class?" 7. Bill: "Do you want to buy any second-hand books?" 8. Ann: "Have you seen the library?" 9. Peter: "Do you play rugby?" 10. Peter: "Will you have time to play regularly'⁷" 11. Bill: "Did you play for your school team?" 12. Ann: "Are you interested in acting?" 13. Ann: "Would you like to join our Drama Group?" 14. Peter: "What do you think of the canteen coffee?"

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VI. Mary and Tom, with their son, John, aged 11, have recently come to this area. Mary wants to find a school for John and asks her neighbour Mrs Smith about the local school.

(a) Later, Mrs Smith reports these questions to her husband: "Is it a mixed school?"

She asked if it was a mixed school.

(b) Alternatively, supply suitable answers to Mary's questions and then imagine that Mary reports the conversation (her questions and Mrs Smith s answers) to her husband Tom: "Were your boys happy there?"

" Yes, they were."

I asked if her boys had been happy there and she said that

they had.

1. "How long has it been a mixed school?" 2."Do you like the headmaster?" 3."Is he a scientist or an arts graduate?" 4. "How many children are there in the school?" 5. "How big are the classes?" 6. "Are the classes streamed?" 7. "What is the academic standard like?" 8. "Can parents visit the school at any time?" 9. "Is there a good art department?" 10. "Do they teach music?" 11. "What instruments can the children learn?" 12. "Is there a school orchestra?" 13. "Do they act plays?" 14."What sort of plays have they done?" 15. "What games do they play?" 16. "Are there playing fields near the school?" 17. "Are they taught to swim?" 18. "Can the children get dinner at school?" 19. "Is the food good?" 20. "Is there a Parent Teacher Association?" 21. "How often does it meet?" 22. "Were your own boys happy at the school?"

VII. Report the dialogues. Use the formal sequence offenses.

1. Fred: Can we still get tickets to the game? Bob: I've already bought them.

2. Mrs White: Janice, you have to clean up your room and emp-

ty the dishwasher before you leave for the game. Janice: Okay, Mom. I will.

3. Mary: Why do you still smoke?

Nick: I've tried to quit many times, but I just don't seem to be able to.

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4. Teacher: Bobby, what is the capital of Australia? Bobby: I'm not sure, but I think it's Sydney.

5. Mike: Where will the next chess match take place? Boris: It hasn't been decided yet.

6. Jane: Will we be able to visit the Air and Space Museum

and the Natural History Museum, too? Father: We will ifwe leave the hotel before 10 o'clocktomor-row morning.

7. Kate: I'm very discouraged. I don't think I'll ever speak

English well.

Alan: Your English is getting better every day. In another year, you'll be speaking English with the greatest ot ease.

8. Mother: It's pouring outside. You'd better take an umbrella Jenny: It'll stop soon. I don't need one.

9. Alex: What are you doing? Jane: I'm drawing a picture.

10. Jack: I can't go to the game. Tom: Oh? Why not?

Jack: I don't have enough money for a ticket.

11. Jane: Where are you going, Ann?

Ann: I'm on my way to the market. Do you want to come

with me? Jane: I'd like to, but I have to stay at home. I have a lot

of work to do. Ann: Okay. Is there anything you would like me to pick

up for you at the market? Jane: How about a few bananas? And some apples if

they're fresh? Ann: Sure. Г d be happy to.

12. Kate: Is there anything you especially want to watch on

TV tonight?

Mary: Yes. There's a show at eight that I've been waitinc

to see for a long time. Kate: What is it?

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Mary: It's a documentary on green sea turtles.

Kate: Why do you want to see that?

Mary: I'm doing a research paper on sea turtles. I think I might be able to get some good information from the documentary. Why don't you watch it with me?

Kate: No, thanks. I'd rather do my math homework than watch a show on green sea turtles.

VIII. Mrs Ford is talking to Mr Todd, who works for a finance company. She wants a loan. Write in the questions he asks her.

Mr Todd: Come and sit down, Mrs Ford.

Mrs Ford: Thank you.

Mr Todd: ...

Mrs Ford: Two thousand five hundred pounds.

mr Todd: ...

Mrs Ford: I want to buy а саr

Mr Todd: I see. Could you give me some personal details?...

Mrs Ford: I'm a computer operator.

Mr Todd: ...?

Mrs Ford: Twelve thousand pounds a year.

Mr Todd: ...?

Mrs Ford: Yes, I am. I've been married for six years.

Mr Todd: ...?

Mrs Ford: Yes, we have two children.

Mr Todd: I see you live in a flat. Is it yours, or...?

Mrs Ford: No, it's ours.

Mr Todd: ...?

Mrs Ford: We've lived there for three years.

Mr Todd: Well, that seems fine. I don't think there'll be any

problems...?

Mrs Ford: I'd like it immediately, if that's possible. Mr Todd: All right. Let's see what we can do. Mrs Ford: Thank you very much.

I A. Report Mr Todd's questions.

a) First he asked her b) Then he wanted to know c) He needed to know d) She had to tell him e) Then he asked f) For some reason, he wanted to know g) He asked her h) He needed to know i) Finally he wondered

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В. Report the conversation. Don't look at the text while reporting.

DC. Using the information in the conversation, complete the sentences in the reported conversation.

Conversation:

"Where are you from?" asked the passenger sitting next to

me on the plane.

"Chicago," I said.

" That's nice. I'm from Mapleton. It's a small town in

northern Michigan."

"Oh yes. I've heard of it," I said. "Michigan is a beautiful

state. I've been there on vacation many times."

"Were you in Michigan on vacation this year?"

"No. I went far away from home this year. I went to India,"

I replied.

"Oh, that's nice. Is it a long drive from Chicago to India?"

she asked me. My mouth fell open. I didn't know how to

respond. Some people certainly need to study geography.

Reported conversation:

The passenger sitting next to me on the plane... me where I... from. I... her I... from Chicago. She... that she... from Mapleton, a small town in northern Michigan. She wondered if I ... of it, and I told her... I went on to say that I thought Michigan ... a beautiful state and explained that I ... there on vacations many times. She... me if I... in Michigan on vacation this year. I replied that I... and... her that I... far away, to India. Then she asked me if it... a long drive from Chicago to India. My mouth fell open. I didn't know how to respond. Some people certainly need to study geography.

X. Student A: Ask a question on the given topic — whatever comes into your mind. Use a question word (when, where, hem, why, etc.).

Student B: Answer the question in a complete sentence.

Student C: Report what Student A and Student В said.

Eg: tonight Rosa: What are you going to do

tonight?

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Ali: I'm going to study.

Yung: Rosa asked Ali what he was go­ing to do tonight, and Ali rep­lied that he was going to study.

1. tonight 2. music 3. courses 4. tomorrow 5. book 6. this city 7. population 8. last year 9. television 10. dinner 11. next year 12. vacation

Reported commands

I. Report the following using the verbs suggested + to-infinitive.

1. "Hurry up." Hetoldme... 2. "Don't leave the door unlocked." She warned them... 3. "Would you like to come to my party?" He invited her... 4. "Don't be stupid." She told me... 5. "You should stop smoking." The doctor advised my brother... 6. "Could you change the light bulb for me?" She asked me... 7. "Can I do the washing-up?" I offered... 8. " Don't touch the wire." He warned me... 9. "Could you speak more slowly?" He asked her... 10. "Shut the door." She told me... 11. "Don't touch my camera." He told me... 12. "I think you should take another English course." My teacher advised me... 13. "You may use the phone." Mrs Jacobson permitted me... 14. "Take a deep breath." The doctor told the patient... 15. "Make an appointment with the dentist." My mother reminded me... 16. "I think you should take a long vacation." My friend encouraged me... 17. "Would you like to come to our house for dinner?" The Smiths invited us... 18. "You should see a doctor about the pain in your knee." My friend advised me... 19. "You must pay a fine of fifty dollars." The judge ordered Mr Jackson... 20. "Don't touch that hot pot." Bill warned me... 21. "Don't buy a used car." Sue advised me... 22. "Don't play in the street." Mrs Gray warned the children... 23. "Don't forget to thank Mrs Jones when you are saying goodbye to her." His mother reminded him... 24. "Do make the coffee a bit stronger. It was terribly weak last night." I begged her... 25. "Shall I carry your suitcase?" He offered...

26. "Take these letters to the post, will you?" The boss asked me...

27. "You'd better apologize for being late." My mother advised...

28. "Don't shelter under a tree in a thunderstorm." He warned us...

29. "Remember to switch off when you've finished." He reminded his son... 30. "You must see the exhibition." My friends advised

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me... 31. "Shall I buy you some cigarettes?" He offered... 32. "Ans­wer this letter for me, will you? And remember to keep a copy." He asked me... and reminded me...

II. Report the dialogues Use the proper reporting verbs •

1. Joe: Would you like to come to a movie with me? Mary: Yes.

2. Dr Miller: You should get more exercise. Steve: I'll try.

3. Mr Ho It: Could, you please open the door for me? Tom: I'd be happy to.

4. Nancy: Call me around nine. Tom: Okay.

5. Mr Ward: You may have a cookie and a glass of milk. The children:Thanks, Dad.

6. Prof. Larson: You should take a physics course. Me: Oh?

7. Jack: Don't worry about me. His mother: I won't.

8. Sue: Don't forget to call me. Me: I won't.

9. The police officer: Put your hands on top of your head! The thief: Who? Me? I didn't do anything.

10. Mrs Peterson: Please, don't slam the door. Her daughter: Okay, Mum.

11. Mike: Be careful; the steps are very slippery. Me: Okay.

III. Report the following suggestions.

1. Ann: What about having a party on Saturday?

2. Mary: Yes, let's. Who shall we invite?

Ann suggested having a party on the next Saturday. Mary agreed and asked who they should invite.

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3. Ann: Let's not make a list. Let's just invite everybody.

4. Mary: We don't want to do much cooking, so what about

making it a wine and cheese party?

5. Ann: Suppose we ask everybody to bring a bottle?

6. Mary: Shall we hire glasses from our local wine shop?

We haven't many left.

7. Ann: If it's warm, how about having the party in the gar-

den?

8. Mary: Why not have a barbecue?

9. Ann: Why not? We could ask Paul to do the cooking.

10. Mary: Last time we had a barbecue the neighbours comp-

lained about the noise. Shall we ask everyone to speak in whispers?

11. Ann: Suppose we go round to the neighbours and apolo-

gize in advance this time?

12. Mary: Why not invite the neighbours? Then the noise won't

matter.

13. Ann: What a clever idea! Shall we start ringing everyone

up tonight?

14. Mary: What about working out how much it will cost first?

IV. Report the following dialogues. Use reporting verbs best suited to the sense of the utterances.

1. Peter: Shall we have dinner somewhere after the theatre? Ann: Let's. What about going to that place Jack is al­ways talking about?

2. Ann: Jack's parents have asked me to supper tomorrow

night. What shall I wear?

Mother: You should wear something warm, dear. It's a terribly cold house.

3. Jack: I'm broke.

Peter: Shall I lend you some money?

4. Mary: What shall I do with this cracked cup? Mother: You'd better throw it away.

5. Driver: Would you mind getting out of the car? I have to

change a wheel. Me: Shall I help you?

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6. Peter: Shall we go for a walk?

Ann: I like walking, but at the moment my only comfor­table walking shoes are being mended. What about going for a drive instead?

7. Peter: What shall I do with all this foreign money? Mary: Why don't you take it to the bank and get it chan­ged?

8. Peter: Would you like a cigarette? Me: No, thanks. I don't smoke.

9. Mrs Fox: Would you like to come with us? There's plenty

of room in the car. Ann: I'd love to.

10. Ann (on phone): Could you do without me today, Mr Jones?

I've got an awful cold and I think it might be better if I stayed at home.

Mr Jones: You should certainly stay at home, Ann. And you'd better take tomorrow off too if you aren't better.

11. Peter: I'm not quite ready. Could you wait a few minu-

tes? Jack: I can't wait long. The train goes at ten.

12. Ann: Remember to book a table. Bob: Don't worry. I won't forget.

13. Me: Do go to a dentist, Tom, before your toothache

gets any worse. Tom: I'll go to the dentist's tomorrow.

14. Nick: Go on — apply for the job. I'm sure you'll be hi-

red. Tom: I'm not so sure of that.

15. Ann: Don't lend Harry any money. He never pays his

debts. Dick: I didn't know that.

16. Policeman: Avoid Marble Arch. There's going to be a big

demonstration there. Me: Okay.

17. Tom: Could I speak to Albert, please? Albert's mother: He's still asleep.

Tom: Then please wake him up. I have news for him.

18. Tom's father: Remember to insure your luggage. Tom: I'll do that.

19. Dick: Could you ring up the taxi rank and order a taxi for

me? Ann: Why don't you go by tube? It's much cheaper.

V. For the following verbs that introduce reported commands, write an appropriate sentence in direct speech, then report it.

eg warn

"Be careful of strangers and don't go out at night." He warned me to be careful of strangers and not to go out at night.

a) advise b) remind c) invite d) ask e) tell f) persuade g) urge h) warn

Mixed types

I. Report the following dialogues.

1. Peter: Don't worry about a few mistakes. I make mistakes all

the time

Me: Do you learn from mistakes? Or do youkeep making the same ones?

2. Man: Could I have a look at your paper for a moment? I

just want to see the football results.

Me: I haven't quite finished with it. Could you wait a mi­nute?

Man: I can't wait long. I'm getting off at the next stop.

3. Mike: Hurrah! I've passed the first exam.

Me: Congratulations! And good luck with the second.

4. Us: Many happy returns of the day! Tom: Thanks.

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5. Mother: You woke everyone up Is at night. You must

try to be quieter tonight. Dick: I will.

6. Mr Jones: The soup is cold again. Why do I never have

hot soup?

Mrs Jones: Because the kitchen is so far from the dining room.

7. Policeman: Your licence is out of date.

Me: It is, but I've applied for a new one.

Policeman: Next time apply for a new one before your cur­rent one has expired.

8. Me: I'll have the money for you next week. Shall

I post it for you?

Bob: Could you keep it in your safe till I can come

and collect it?

9. Peter: Could I borrow your map again?

Me: You're always borrowing it. Why don't you

get one of your own?

10. Ann: Can you hear that noise? What do you think

it is?

Me: I think it's only rats running up and down insi-

de the wall.

Ann: I think it's someone trying to get in. You' d bet-

ter go and see.

11. They: It's your turn to baby-sit tonight. Ann(indignantly): It can't be! I baby-sat last night! And the

night before! And I'm only supposed to do two nights a week!

They: Could you possibly do it just this once? And we

promise not to ask you to do any next week

12. Taxi-driver: This is the best restaurant in town. The only

problem is that they expect guests to wear ties Tourists (indignantly): Then why have you brought us here'' Taxi-driver: Don't get excited. I keep ties in my car. What

colour would you like? They're all the same

price.

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13. Me: Why don't you go and see the film? It may help

you to understand the book. Ann: But the film's quite different from the book.

14. Me: Why are you looking so depressed, Jack? Jack (sadly): I've just asked Ann to marry me and she's re­fused.

Me: I think she prefers clean-shaven men. Why

don't you cut your hair and shave off your beard and try again?

15. Father: Are you ill? Tom: No.

Father: Did you sleep well last night?

Tom: Yes.

Father: Then why are you sitting when all the others

are working? Go out at once and give them a

hand.

16. Nick: Let's drive on to the next village and try the

hotel there.

Mary: But what shall we do if that's full too?

Nick: We'll just have to sleep in the car. It will be

too late to try anywhere else.

I. Put the following into direct speech, using dialogue form:

Tom: Would you like to come for a drive tomorrow, Ann? Ann: I'd love to etc.

Trip to Stratford

1. Tom invited Ann to come for a drive the following day.

2. Ann accepted with pleasure and asked where he was thin­king of going.

3. He said he'd leave it to her.

4. She suggested Stratford...

5. adding that she hadn't been there for ages.

6. Tom agreed and said that they might go on the river if it was a fine day.

7. Ann wondered what was on at the Royal Shakespeare The­atre.

8. Tom said they'd find out when they got there...

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9. adding that it was usually possible to get seats on the day of the play.

10. He asked Ann if she could be ready by ten.

11. Ann said with regret that she couldn't as she had to type a report first.

12. Tom expressed horror at the idea of working on Satur­day...

13. and advised her to change her job.

14. She told him not to be ridiculous and explained that...

15. she had volunteered to type the report in return for a free afternoon the following week.

16. She pointed out that she hadn't known that he was going to ask her out.

17. Tom said he supposed it was all right hut...

18. warned her not to make a habit of volunteering for week­end work.

19. Ann promised not to.

20. Tom said gloomily that he supposed s,he'd be busy all

morning.

21. Ann assured him that she' d be finished by 11.00 and..

22. offered to meet him at the bus stop at Hyde Park Comer

23. Tom said that it wasn't a very good meeting place and that he'd call for her.

24. Ann said that that was very kind of him and that she'd be waiting in the hall.

Hill climb

25. Tom suggested climbing to the top, adding that the view from there was marvellous...

26. but Ann said that they'd been climbing for three hours and that she was too tired to go any further.

27. She suggested that Tom should go on up while she went down and waited there.

28. Tom agreed and handed her the car keys, advising her to wait in the car.

29. He promised to be as quick as he could.

30. Ann said that if he was too long there'd be no lunch left, for she'd have eaten it all.

Fluency

Listen, read and report.

Where do you come from?

Patrick: You said you were American, didn't you? Where do

you come from exactly? Diane : I was born in Boston, but I studied in New York. And

you? Patrick: I was born in Bristol, but I came to London when my

parents bought a small flat here a few years ago. Diane: And do you work in London? Patrick: Yes, I'm a journalist. Diane: Then you must have lots of free time! Patrick: That's what you think! Diane: Do you do any sport? Patrick: Yes, I do. In winter I go skiing. In summer I play ten-

nis and go sailing ... we can go together some time, if you like. Diane: Great! I'd love to!

A. This is a reported version of the conversation. Notice that there is no tense change when the reporting is done in the present.

Patrick asks Diane if she is American and where exactly she comes from. She tells him that she was born in Boston but studied in New York. Patrick tells her he was born in Bristol, and came to London when his parents bought a small flat there a few years ago. Diane asks Patrick if he works in London. He tells her he is a journalist. She assumes he must have lots of free time. When she asks if he does any sport he says he goes skiing in winter, and in summer he plays tennis and goes sailing. He suggests they can go sailing together one day, if Diane would like to. She accepts with great enthusiasm.

B. Study and practise both the conversation and its reported version.

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What's it like?

Karen: Hello, Scott. How did you get on today?

Scott: Oh, not too bad. Hey, Karen, there's a friend of yours in my class.

Karen: Who? Not Steven?

Scott: Yes, that's right! He's a really nice guy.

Karen: Mmm... yes he is. Er... do you want to go to the Tower of London tomorrow?

Scott: Well... I went there last Sunday with Mom and Dad.

Karen: Have you been to Westminster Abbey?

Scott: Yes, I have. I thought it was a bit boring. I'm not really interested in old buildings but my parents thought it was great!

Karen: Have you been to the Science Museum?

Scott: No, I haven't. What's it like?

Karen: Oh, it's really interesting. There's a fantastic collec­tion of old airplanes.

Scott: OK. Let's go there then.

Karen: Fine. Well, I'll meet you outside Kilburn Underground Station at 10 o'clock.

Scott: Outside the underground at 10 o'clock. See you.

Karen: Bye!

A. Report the conversation, both in the present and in the past.

A Job Interview

Charles had a job interview a few days ago at the United Insurance Company. The interview lasted almost an hour and Charles had to answer a lot of questions.

First, the interviewer asked Charles where he had gone tc school. Then, she asked if he had had any special training. She asked where he had worked. She also asked him whether he was willing to move to another city. She wanted to know if he could work overtime and weekends. She asked him how his health was She asked him whether he had ever been fired. She wanted to know why he had had four different jobs in the past year.

And finally, the interviewer asked the most difficult question. She wanted to know why Charles thought he was more qualified

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for the position than the other sixty-two people who had applied. Charles had never been asked so many questions at a job interview before. He doesn't know how well he did, but he tried his best.

A. Questions

1. Where did Charles have an interview? 2. How long did the interview last? 3. What was the first question? 4. What else did the interviewer want to know? 5. What was the most difficult question?

B. Study and practise the text.

С Situation: Charles is applying for a job and he is being interviewed at the United Insurance Company.

D. Situation: You're applying for a job. Rolepiay a job interview with another student, using the questions in the illustration as a guide.

1. Where was the interview? 2. How long did it last? 3. What questions did the interviewer ask? 4. What were your answers'? 5. What was the most difficult question and how did you answer it? 6. Did you get the job?

E. Report the conversation you 've just heard.

I Won't lie to yоu again This is a scene from Jenny's favourite opera "Jericho Street."

Rod: How did you find out about my letter to Caroline?

Liz: Don't mention the letter again.

Rod: Are you still angry with me?

Liz: Yes, and I don't want to discuss it.

Rod: Liz, give me a chance to explain please.

Liz. No, I won't listen to any more of your excuses.

Rod: Please don't be cross. Please...

Liz: If I were you, I'd tell the truth in future.

Rod: I won't lie to you again, I promise.

A. What did they say?

1 . Rod asked Liz... 2. She told him... 3. He wanted to know... 4. She said... and that... 5. He asked her... 6. She refused... 7. He begged her... 8. She advised him... 9. He promised...

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B. Roleplay the conversation and then report it.

C. Interview with a star

TV presenter Emma Hall interviewed Don Majors, who plays Rod in "Jericho Street". Here is part of the interview. What did she ask him?

Take turns to report the questions round the class.

1. Don, when did you play your first TV role? 2. When did you join "Jericho Street?" 3. Do you enjoy playing the part of Rod Spencer? 4. Is it a difficult part to play? 5. How many fan letters do you get every week? 6. Has anyone ever written to you to ask you to marry them? 7. Do you think you will ever marry? 8. Are you similar to Rod in any way? 9. How many episodes of "Jericho Street" have you made? 10. Are you planning to leave the show? 11. What do you do when fans recognize you in the street?

D. You answered some questions for a man doing a street survey about soap operas on television. What were his questions? Write the questions in the survey.

eg He wanted to know if you liked soap operas. Do you like soap operas?

1. He asked whether you watched an American soap opera called "Manhattan". 2. He wanted to know how long you had been watching it. 3. He asked how many of your friends or family watched it. 4. He asked why it was your favourite soap opera. 5. He wanted to know if you would continue to watch it regularly. 6. He asked you who your favourite character was. 7. He asked you if you thought soap operas should be shown at the weekend. 8. He asked you if you could name four other soap operas.

E. In the TV studio

Jim Walker, a TV director, is rehearsing a scene from a detective series, called "Inspector Thaw." Unfortunately, he isn't satisfied with the actors and actresses. What does he tell them to do and not to do? Say your answers.

eg He told Mavis not to laugh when she hit John, and to hit him harder.

"No, no, no, Mavis. Don't laugh when you hit John. And hit him harder!"

1. "John, don't fall into the camera next time." 2. "Don't point the gun so high, Sally, and make your hand shake more." 3. "Read the script again, Jake. Your second line was wrong." 4. "Tony, look more surprised when Jill enters." 5. "Jill, remember that you are supposed to be angry. Don't smile at Tony!" 6. "And all of you, get it right this time!"

An interview

Barbara is interviewing the Wilsons who have won a lot of money on the football pools.

Barbara: Congratulations on your big win, Mr Wilson.

Frank W: Thank you. It really was a big surprise.

Barbara: How has the money changed your lives?

Frank W. : Oh, completely I'd say.

Mary W: Yes, it really has. We bought so many things. A new car, for example. A pink Chevrolet.

Frank W: And we've employed a chauffeur to drive it for us. I've given up my job — I was a taxi driver for thirty years, so I've had enough of driving.

Barbara: And what else are you going to do with the money?

Frank W: Well, we love the sea and the sun, but we don't see much sun in England. And when it is hot, we don't see much of the sea, either. Crowded bea­ches! We hate them! So I'm going to buy a little island in the Pacific.

Mary W. : Yes, just imagine it! But we shall pay all our unpaid bills first!

1 Imagine you are Barbara. Report what the Wilsons have told you. Don 't look at the text while reporting. This makes the process of reporting very mechanical.

We sent yои the "wrong Person 'Heartsearch", a dating agency, arranged a date for Ruth and sent her a description of the man. After meeting him, Ruth telephoned the agency the next day.

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Ruth: This is Ruth Talbot here. I'm telephoning about rny date last night.

Woman: Oh yes, did you have a pleasant evening?

Ruth: No, it was a disaster. In fact, I'm rather confused!

Woman: Oh?

Ruth: There are four things, firstly, you said he was twenty-six but he's at least thirty-five.

Woman: Oh?

Ruth: I definitely said in my application form that I wanted to meet someone in their twenties.

Woman: Yes, I remember.

Ruth: Secondly, and this is rather strange, you said he had dark hair and brown eyes but in fact he has red hair and blue eyes.

Woman: Oh?

Ruth: And thirdly, you said he lived in Oxford but he doesn't. He lives in Bristol! That's too far away for me.

Woman: I'm sure that can't be right.

Ruth: And fourthly, you said he was interested in music and the theatre but he isn't. He's only interested in sport! In fact, he was really boring.

Woman: Just a moment. Was his name John Manning?

Ruth: No, it was Neil Carter.

Woman: Ah, that explains it. We sent you the wrong person. I'm so sorry, Miss Talbot!

A. Choose the right answer.

1. Ruth telephoned the agency because

a) the man did not arrive for her date.

b) the man was too young for her.

c) the man did not match the description.

2. The agency

a) had not read Ruth's application carefully.

b) had sent the wrong person by mistake.

c) had forgotten to tell John Menning that he had a date.

B. Report what Ruth said about herself to the agency. She said (that) she was twenty-four.

1. "I'm twenty-four."

2. "I live in a flat in Oxford."

3. "I'm looking for a man in his twenties."

4. "I want to meet someone interesting."

5. "I'm keen on classical music."

6. "I haven't got a car."

C. Roleplay the conversation.

What's the Matter? The police have just stopped Clare just outside Oxford.

Clare: What's the matter? I wasn't driving too fast, was I?

Officer: No, it's all right. Just a few questions, madam, if you don't mind. Where are you going?

Clare: Home. To Oxford.

Officer: And are you the owner of this car?

Clare: Of course I am!

Officer: And where have you come from?

Clare: London.

Officer: Do you work in London, madam?

Clare: Yes, I do.

Officer: When did you last buy petrol?

Clare: This morning on my way to work.

Officer: I see. And how long have you had this car?

Clare: Oh, about a year. What's the problem?

Officer: There's been some trouble on the motorway. A hold­up at a service station, actually. A car just like this one was stolen.

A. Choose the right answer.

\. The police stopped Clare because

a) she was driving too fast.

b) they wanted to check her car.

c) she was driving a stolen car.

2. The police officer wanted to know

a) if she owned the car.

b) how long she had had her driving licence.

c) where she worked in London.

3. The police officer said there had been

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a) an accident on the motorway.

b) a traffic jam.

c) a robbery.

B. Report the questions which the police officer asked Clare.

C. Roleplay the conversation.

I got a Phone call

Josh: I got a phone call from Clare Taylor today, from Work

International.

Eva: What did she want? Josh: Apparently there's a vacancy for a tour-guide in Vene-

zuela. She wants me to go and see her about it. Eva: Venezuela! How long for? Josh: Six months.

Eva: That's a long time. When does the job start? Josh: Well, I haven't decided to take it yet but the travel com-

pany would like me to go at the end of September. Eva: Oh. Josh: Anyway, I asked Clare to get a few more details.

A. Questions

1 . What did Clare phone Josh about? 2. Is he going to take it? 3. Does Eva sound excited or upset?

B. Look at these lines from the conversation. What do you think were the original requests?

1 . She wants me to go and see her about it. 2. They'd like me to go at the end of September. 3. 1 asked Clare to get a few more details.

I'd like a Room.

John arrived at the hotel and asked for a quiet single room with a bathroom. The receptionist said she was terribly sorry, but they didn't have any single rooms left that night. All they had was a rather noisy double room which looked out onto the main road. John asked how much it cost and she said that because it was so

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late, he could have it for the same price as a single. John said he would take it for that night but as he was staying for three days, he wanted to have a quieter room the next day as he was a very light sleeper. The receptionist checked and said there would in fact be a single room at the back free and that they would move him into it the next morning.

A. Retell the text, then write a conversation with the words John and the receptionist probably used. You may want to add words to make the conversation more natural and polite.

Kidnap!

Mr and Mrs Barker were having a quiet day at home. Their 17-year-old daughter was away in Scotland staying with a friend. At 12 noon, Mr and Mrs Barker got a phone call from the friend where their daughter was supposed to be staying, saying that she had disappeared. They were just about to call the police when the phone rang again. A hoarse voice told Mr Barker that his daughter had been kidnapped and that unless he paid a ransom of £1000, he would never see his daughter alive again. When Mr Barker asked who the caller was, the voice answered that it was someone he knew well. The voice then gave him instructions about where and when to hand over the money. He was warned not to tell the police or to try to have the phone traced. Mr Barker went to the bank and immediately took the money out of his bank account and left on the next train to Brighton. When he arrived, he went into the Grand Hotel at five to six and carefully put the brief-case beside a sofa as arranged. At 6 o'clock precisely, a woman in a scarf and raincoat came up, took the briefcase and walked quickly away.

At 10 p.m. the same evening, to his great relief, his daughter came back home. She could hardly stop herself from laughing. Imagine his surprise when she handed him his briefcase containing the £1000. It turned out that she and her friend had decided to play a practical joke. It was she who had put on a hoarse voice to phone her father and it was she who had collected the briefcase in Brighton. The joke had worked out, strangely enough, Mr and Mrs Barker did not enjoy it as much as their daughter did!

A. Questions

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1. Where was Mr and Mrs Barker's daughter supposed to be? 2. What did the daughter's friend phone to say? 3. What did the second person phone to say? 4. How much did the person want in ransom money? 5. Where did Mr Barker have to go with the money? 6. Where did he put the money? 7. At what time was the briefcase collected? 8. What happened at 10 p.m. the same evening? 9. What did she give her father? 10. What was her explanation?

B. Study and practise the text.

C. Act-out a telephone conversation between Mr Barker and the kidnapper.

D. Work in groups of three. It is Student С s birthday and Student A and В have both been invited to С's party.

Student A

It is getting late. Telephone to say that unfortunately you are still at home (say why). Ask if everyone has arrived Say what time you expect to arrive. Ask what music you should bring.

Student В

You have arrived early to help get the party ready. С is busy when the phone rings so you answer it.

Student С

You were busy when the phone rang. Find out from В who phoned and what the call was about.

The wedding reception

Adam: Are you on your own?

Beatrice: No, I'm not. I'm with my husband.

Adam: How do you know John and Moira, then?

Beatrice: I was at university with Moira.

Adam: Do you like big weddings?

Beatrice: I prefer smaller ones.

Adam: Where did you meet your husband, then?

Beatrice: Actually, I met him at a wedding.

Adam: Why aren't you drinking?

Beatrice: Because I'm driving.

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Adam: Er... Have you travelled far to get here?

Beatrice: Yes, we have. We flew in from New York yesterday.

Adam: Hey, why aren't you wearing a hat?

Beatrice: I never wear hats.

Adam: Where are you staying tonight?

Beatrice: We're at the "Red Lion."

Adam: Oh. Can you give me a lift there?

Beatrice: Yes, we can. Are you staying at the "Red Lion" too?

Adam: Yes, I am. Will there be enough room in your car?

Beatrice: Oh, yes, lots. There won't be a problem.

Some time later Beatrice is talking to her husband.

I've just met this really friendly young man. Do you know what he said to me? First he asked me if I was on my own and of course I said that I wasn't, I was with you. Then he asked me how I knew John and Moira and I told him I had been at university with Moira. He asked me if I liked big weddings, and I said no, I preferred smaller ones. Then he asked me where I'd met you, which was a bit of a funny question, so I told him we'd met at a wedding. He asked me why I wasn't drinking, and I said that it was because I was driving. He asked me if we'd travelled far to get here, so I explained that we'd flown in from New York yesterday.

Then he asked something strange. He asked me why I wasn't wearing a hat, so I said I never wore hats. He then went on to ask me where we were staying tonight, and I told him we were at the "Red Lion". He asked me if we could give him a lift there, and I said yes. I asked him if he was staying at the "Red Lion", too, and he said he was. He asked if there would be enough room in our car, and I told him that there wouldn't be a problem.

A. Study and practise both the conversation and its reported version.

Connie

Connie had an American father and an English mother. She was eighteen and she was over in England from the USA with a friend. She was visiting her English grandmother who was ninety-one years old and rather deaf. Fortunately Connie's cousin Julie was there to help.

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Grandmother: Well, my dear, what have you been doing with yourself?

Connie: Oh, we've been in London this week. We've seen

a lot of interesting things.

Grandmother: What did you say? Interesting? What's interes­ting?

Julie: She said they'd seen a lot of interesting things.

Grandmother: They? Who's they?

Connie: I have a girl friend with me.

Julie: She has a girl friend with her.

Grandmother: Have you been to Windsor Castle?

Connie: Yes, we went to Windsor yesterday.

Grandmother: Speak up. My hearing's not too good.

Julie: She said they went to Windsor yesterday.

Connie: And we've been to the British Museum. We saw the Egyptian Mummies.

Grandmother: Which museum?

Julie: The British museum. They saw the Egyptian Mum-

mies.

Connie: Next week we're planning to go to the north of England. We want to visit York and see the Cathed­ral. We'll send you a postcard.

Grandmother: A postcard? Where?

Julie: No, she said they would send you a postcard

from York.

A. Study and practise the conversation.

B. Report these questions.

1. "Where have you been today?" 2. "What do you find specially interesting in London?" 3. "What have you been doing?" 4. "Where do you intend to go tomorrow?" 5. "What do you like about York?" 6. "What have you seen today?" 7. "What do you dislike about England?" 8. "What souvenirs have you bought'⁷" 9. "What do you want to buy for your mother?" 10. "What have you bought for your father?"

Claude and Anna

Claude and Anna had been to the pictures. Now they were sitting in the bus on their way home.

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Suddenly Anna said: "Oh, dear."

"What's the matter?" asked Claude. "I've forgotten my key," replied Anna.

Claude looked at his watch. "Never mind. It isn't late. It's only eleven o'clock."

"But my family always go to bed about 10.30." Anna looked terribly worried.

"I know," said Claude. "You can sleep on the sofa in the sit­ting-room in my home."

They arrived at Claude's home ten minutes later.

Claude's landlady, Mrs Briggs, was still up. She was watching television.

"This is Anna," said Claude, "she's forgotten her key, so she's going to sleep on the sofa if that's OK."

"Very well," said Mrs Briggs. "Has she telephoned her landlady?"

"No, she will be in bed by this time," said Claude.

"All right," Mrs Briggs smiled. "I'll telephone Anna's landlady first thing in the morning."

A. Questions

1 . Where had Claude and Anna been? 2. How did they travel home? 3. What did Anna forget to take with her? 4. What time did Anna's family usually go to bed? 5. Where did Claude suggest she could sleep? 6. What was Mrs Briggs doing, when they arrived?

7. Did Mrs Briggs offer to telephone Anna's landlady at once?

8. Why didn't she do this? 9. Did Mrs Briggs allow Anna to spend the night on the sofa? 1 0. When did she telephone Anna's landlady?

B. Retell the text first in direct and then in indirect speech.

George

George's mother was worried about him. One evening, when her husband came home, she spoke to him about it.

"Look dear," she said, "You must talk to George. He left school three months ago. He still hasn't got a job, and he isn't trying to find one. All he does is smoke, eat and play records."

George's father sighed. It had been a very tiring day at the office.

"All right," he said, "I'll talk to him."

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"George," said George's mother, knocking at George's door, "your father wants to speak to you."

"Oh!"

"Come into the sitting-room, dear."

"Hullo old man," said George's father, when George and his mother joined him in the sitting-room.

"Your father's very worried about you," said George's mother.

"It's time you found a job."

"Yes," replied George without enthusiasm.

George's mother looked at her husband.

"Any ideas?" he asked hopefully.

"Not really," said George.

"What about a job in a bank?" suggested George's mother, "or an insurance company perhaps?"

"I don't want an office job," said George.

George's father nodded sympathetically.

"Well, what do you want to do?" asked George's mother.

"I'd like to travel," said George.

"Do you want a job with a travel firm then?"

"The trouble is," said George, "I don't really want a job at the moment. I'd just like to travel and see a bit of the world."

George's mother raised her eyes to the ceiling. "I give up," she said.

A. Questions

1. Why was George's mother worried about him? 2. What did she tell her husband to do? 3. Why did he sigh? 4. What jobs did George's mother suggest he might get? 5. What did George really want to do?

B. Retell the text first in direct and then in indirect speech.

'Whilee the Auto "Waits (after O. Henry)

The girl in grey came to that quiet corner of the small park. She sat down on a bench and began to read a book.

Her dress was grey and simple. Her face was very beautiful. She always came there at the same hour and there was a young man who knew it.

The young man came near. At that moment her book fell on the ground. The young man picked up the book, returned it to the girl, said a few words about the weather and stood waiting. The girl looked at his simple coat, common face and said, "Sit down, if you like, the light is too bad for reading. Let's talk."

"Do you know," he said, "that you are very beautiful. I see you here sometimes." "Oh, let's change the subject. Don't forget that I'm a lady. You'd better tell me about the people passing by. Where are they going? Are they happy? I come here to sit because only here I am near the masses of people. I speak to you because I want to talk to a man not spoiled by money. Oh! You don't know how tired I am of money, money, money! And of the men who surround me! I'm tired of pleasure, of jewels, of travels!"

The young man looked at her with interest. "I've always thought that money is a good thing! I like to read about the life of rich people."

"Sometimes I think," the girl continued, "that I could love only a simple man. What is your profession?"

"I'm a cashier in the restaurant that you see on the opposite side of the street."

The girl looked at her watch and rose. "Why aren't you at work?" she asked. "I'm on the night shift. When shall I see you again?"

"I don't know. Now I must be going. Oh, there is a dinner and a concert tonight. Did you notice the white automobile at the comer of the park? The driver is waiting for me. Good night."

"But the park is full of rude men. May I accompany you to the car?"

"Oh, no. Stay on this bench for ten minutes after I have left."

And she went away. The young man looked at her elegant figure while she was going to the gate of the park. Then he stood up and followed her. When the girl reached the park gate she turned her head to look at the white car, then passed it, crossed the street and entered the restaurant. A red-haired girl left the cashier 's desk and the girl in grey took her place.

The young man walked slowly down the street, then stepped into the white automobile and said to the driver, "Club, Henry!"

- Ask and answer questions on the text. Retell the text both in direct and in indirect speech.

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This is an extract from "The Gadfly" by Voinich.

"Gemma, there is a man downstairs who wants to see you," Martini said.

"A man, Martini? What does he want?"

"I don't know, dear. He did not tell me. He said he wanted to speak to you alone."

"Very well. I must go to him, I think, but probably it's only a spy."

"In any case, I shall be in the next room," Martini said. "When he goes away, you must lie down and have a rest. You have been working too much today."

"Oh, no. I will go on with my work."

She went slowly down the stairs, and Martini followed her in silence. In the little study she found one of the guards, dressed as a mountaineer.

"Can you speak German?" he asked.

"A little. I hear you want to see me."

"Are you Signora Bolla? I have brought you a letter."

"A letter?" She was beginning to tremble.

"I'm one of the guards of the fortress. It is from the man who was shot last week. I promised him to give it into your own hands myself."

She bent her head down. So he had written after all. He took a letter out of the breast of his blouse and gave it to her.

"You won't say anything," he began again looking at her. "I've risked my life to come here."

"Of course I will not say anything," said Gemma. She stood still for a minute with the paper in her hand, then sat down by the open window to read.

A. Retell the text both in direct and in indirect speech. Situations

A. Give a one-minute impromptu speech. Your classmates will take notes, and then in a short paragraph, or orally, they will report what you said. Choose any topic that comes to mind (relatives, sports, books, etc.)

B. Work in pairs. Each pair should create a short dialogue (five to ten sentences) based on one of the given situations. Each

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pair will then present their dialogue to the class. After the dialogue, ' the class will report what was said.

Sample situation: Have a conversation about going somewhere in this city.

Sample dialogue:

Ann: Would you like to go to the zoo tomorrow?

Bob: I can't. I have to study.

Ann: That's too bad. Are you sure you can't go? It will take

only a few hours. Bob: Well, maybe I can study in the morning and then go to

the zoo in the afternoon. Ann: Great! What time do you want to go? Bob: Let's go around two o'clock.

Sample report:

Ann asked Bob if he wanted to go to the zoo tomorrow. Bob said that he could not go because he had to study. Ann finally persuaded him to go. She said it would take only a few hours. Bob decided that he could study in the morning and go to the zoo in the afternoon. Ann asked Bob what time he wanted to go. He suggested going around two o'clock.

1. Have a conversation in which one of you invites the other one to a party.

2. One of you is a teenager and the other one is a parent. The teenager is having problems at school and is seeking advice and encouragement.

3. Have a conversation in which one of you persuades the other one to begin a health program by taking up a new kind of exercise (jogging, walking, tennis, etc.)

4. The two of you are a married couple. One of you is remin­ding the other one about the things he should or has to do today.

B. Money is the most important thing in life. Do you agree with the given statement? Have a discussion. At the end of your discussion, make a formal written report of the main points made by each speaker in your group. (Do not attempt to report every

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word that was spoken, give an accurate idea of the speaker's words, you don't necessarily have to use the speaker's exact words.)

hi your report, use the words such as think, believe, say, remark, and state to introduce object clauses. When you use think or believe, you will probably use present tenses (eg John thinks that money is the most important thing in life.) When you use say, remark, or state, you will probably use past tenses (eg Ann said that many other things were more important than money.)

Self check

I. Translate from Russian into English.

A. Пит напомнил Нику, что у них нет домашнего задания на следующий день и предложил сходить в кино, сказав, что давно не видел ни одного фильма. Оказалось, что у Ника нет денег, тогда Пит сказал, что у него достаточно денег для них обоих. Ник поблагодарил его и пообещал вернуть деньги в понедельник. В этот момент появился их приятель Джон. Он спросил, куда они идут, и Пит ответил, что они идут в кино. Джон поинтересовался, какой фильм они собираются посмотреть. Пит сказал, что они собираются посмотреть "Войну и мир". Джон заметил, что его родители уже видели этот фильм, и он им очень понравился. Ник спросил, почему Джон не посмотрел фильм вместе со своими роди­телями. Джон объяснил, что он был очень занят в тот день. Когда Ник спросил Джона, хочет ли он пойти вместе с ними в кино, Джон ответил, что да, но только он обещал отцу помочь ему починить автомобиль. Ник пригласил Джона сходить с ними в кино и пообещал, что после фильма они все пойдут к нему и помогут им с автомобилем. Джон побла­годарил своих друзей и спросил, когда начинается фильм. Пит ответил, что он начинается в 12.30, и мальчики поторопились в кинотеатр.

B. Разговаривая о погоде на днях, Пит оживленно заме­тил, что день великолепен. Джейн согласилась, сказав,

что это первый поистине теплый день этой весной, так как погода была неважной последнее время. Пит возразил, сказав что каждый день было немного солнца. Джейн заметила иронично, что каждый день также был и дождь. Пит назвал ее пессимисткой. Потом он предложил ей устроить пикник. Джейн воскликнула с сожалением, что она не может, так как ей нужно готовиться к экзаменам. Пит просил ее поехать за город в выходные, но она отказалась. Ее друг был разочарован.

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UNIT 14 TOPIC: MEDICAL MATTERS

Listen, read and practise.

At the Doctor's Surgery

There were several patients waiting at the surgery, one of them was Joseph. There was nothing wrong with him, but the National Health Service was free, so he was always inventing pains and being given enormous supplies of pills, ointments and medicines that were worth a small fortune.

This meant that he was getting regular check-ups, because he was constantly having to register with a new doctor. But what harm was there in that?

His name was called over the loudspeaker and he rose promp­tly. He didn't want his overcoat, which he wore winter and sum­mer alike, but as he was taking it off, a woman said, "You've dropped something."

He looked down. It was a receipt. He picked it up, and continued to struggle out of his coat. His name was repeated over the intercom. Hurriedly he stuffed the crumpled receipt into a pocket and left the waiting room.

"Third door on the right," the receptionist told him.

Joseph knocked and entered.

"Morning, doctor."

"Good morning."

The doctor got up behind his desk and they shook hands.

"Well, what's the trouble?"

The doctor flicked through the cards in the index cabinet and pulled one out.

"I've got a pain." Sometimes he would complain of backache, sometimes of headaches, at other times of pains in the chest. Today he chose a pain in the stomach, just above the navel.

"Right, take your shirt off and let's have a look at you."

Joseph stripped and lay stretched out on the couch.

"How's your appetite?"

"I never refuse a good meal."

"Any discomfort afterwards? Nausea, indigestion, dizziness?"

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"No."

"Are you ever troubled by constipation?"

"I'm as regular as clockwork."

"I see," the doctor said.

"Perhaps I'd better give you a general check-up."

He got out his stethoscope and sounded Joseph's chest.

"Do you sleep well?"

"Like a dog."

The doctor pressed his hands over Joseph's fat stomach.

"Are you a worrier?"

"What's the use of worrying, doctor? It may never happen."

They were silent for a minute while Joseph had his pulse taken.

"How many cigarettes do you smoke a day?" the doctor asked, as he prepared to take his blood pressure.

"A packet of twenty."

"Are you a heavy drinker?"

"Wish I could afford to be. Do you know the price of a bottle of whisky these days?"

The doctor nodded.

"Do you ever get pains in the chest after exercise?"

"Never take exercise."

"You should, you're overweight. You ought to go on a diet, keep off fried food and cut out sugar altogether."

"Which reminds me, doctor. I reckon I need a good tonic."

Next Joseph was tapped below the knee to test his reflexes.

"The best tonic for you is to go for a walk after supper and do some exercises when you get up in the morning. A prescription isn't needed for that. Let's have a look at your throat. Say "Ah." He nodded. "There is nothing wrong with you. All the same, I'll take a blood sample and I'd better have a specimen of your urine."

The thought that he was giving things rather than receiving them upset Joseph. He hastily began inventing other symptoms of illness.

"But, doctor, I get this tired feeling..."

"No wonder." The doctor patted Joseph's belly. "You're carrying about with you the equivalent of a sack of potatoes."

"Well, that's enough exercise, isn't it?"

"The wrong sort. Now you take my advice, and you'll be in excellent condition in no time."

"Thank you, doctor."

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The waiting-room was empty. His overcoat pocket was empty too. Joseph peered suspiciously round. On the chair opposite was the green coat belonging to that sharp-eyed female who'd first spotted the receipt on the floor. Had it been picked by her? He felt in the pockets. The green coat revealed nothing, but the handbag had been hidden under it. He opened it and swiftly searched among its contents. The owner of the handbag appeared quite suddenly and screamed.

"Help. Thief. Murder!"

Joseph, in panic, dropped the bag and fled.

Some time later he found the missing receipt in his jacket pocket. Even later he was visited by two policemen in plain clothes.

A. Questions

1. What was Joseph doing at the surgery? 2. What did he complain of on this occasion? 3. What did the doctor tell Joseph to do? 4. What was the result of the doctor's examination? 5. What was the last piece of advice he gave Joseph? 6. Why, according to the doctor, did Joseph feel tired? 7. What happened after Joseph had left the surgery?

B. Study and practise the text.

C. Special Difficulties

I. Make up short dialogues. Use the present or the past continuous with always.

(a) A: Mike doesn't interrupt much, does he?

B: Oh yes, he does. He's always interrupting! b) A: He didn't interrupt much, did he?

B: Oh yes, he did. He was always interrupting!

(a) He doesn 't... does he? (b) He didn 't... did he?

1. smoke much

2. ask for help often

3. talk about her

4. argue much

5. often forget your telephone number (Use my in the answer.)

6. use the phone often

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7. change his job often

8. have accidents often

9. get into trouble often

10. boast often

11. break things often

12. let you down (Use me in the answer.)

13. grumble much

14. tell lies often

15. get into debt often

16. catch cold often

17. write to the newspapers

II. Which of these sentences can be completed with either used to or would? Which of them can only be completed with used to?

1. When Andrew was a small baby he ... cry a lot. 2. When I was little, I... be afraid of the dark. 3. When we were children, we ... visit my grandmother every Sunday afternoon. 4. When Mrs Woods was younger, she ... play tennis every weekend. 5. Years ago I... have a motorbike. 6. There ... be quite a lot of cinemas in the town, but now there aren't any. 7. We... live in a village in the North of England. 8. When Robert was younger, he ... go running every morning. 9. Whenever Arthur was angry, he ... walk out of the room.

III. From each pair of sentences make one sentence -with as (time).

eg She opened the letter. I watched her. I watched her as she opened the letter.

1. We posed for the photograph. We smiled. We smiled... 2. He explained what I had to do. I listened carefully. I... 3. The two teams ran onto the pitch. The crowd cheered. The crowd... 4. She passed me in the street. She didn't look at me. 5. The man slipped. He was getting off the train. 6. She was taking the cakes out of the oven. She burnt herself. 7. The thief was seen. He was climbing over the wall.

IV. Supply the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.

1. What are you doing? I... the car. (clean) I'm cleaning the car.

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2. Where's your car? — It... at the moment. I'll collect it in an hour, (clean) 3.1 never find time to clean the car myself, so I... (clean) 4. Did you decorate the room yourselves? — No, we... (decorate). 5. We can't use the living room. It.... at the moment, (decorate) 6. You... They look quite worn, (must/repair your shoes) 7. My shoes ... It was an expensive job! (just repair) 8. The heel came off my shoe andl... it myself, (repair) 9. "I'd like this film...," I said. "Certainly," the assistant said, (develop and print) 10. "Can I use the photocopier... this document?" I asked, (photocopy) 11. Who... the children's clothes in this house? — Who do you think? I do! (mend) 12. What's happened to my report? —It... at the moment, (photocopy)

V. Make up statements according to the models.

a) I can't type the article now. There is something wrong with my typewriter.

b) — I'm tired.

— No wonder. You've been working hard.

VI. Vocabulary of injury

The following words are often contused.

Verb	Noun	Adjective
to hurt	____	—
to ache	an ache	—
to injure to wound	a pain an injury a wound	painful injured wounded

People are wounded in wars or in a fight, and injured in an accident. Both are more serious than hurt.

Ache as a noun is mainly found in the following compounds. backache, earache, headache, stomachache, toothache. For other parts of the body, we say a pain in my elbow, etc.

An ache is dull and continuous; a pain can be more extreme and more sudden.

When ache and hurt are used as verbs, it is more common to

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find them m the Present Simple than the Present Continuous to describe pain now: My leg hurts

Fill each gap with one of the words from the chart in the correct form.

1. The England football captain has... his ankle, and won't be playing in next week's international against Belgium. 2. The soldier had a bullet ...-in his thigh. 3.1 have a terrible ... in my chest. 4. When I cough, it really ... 5. Two people died and ten were ... in a train crash yesterday. 6.1 played tennis for the first time this year yesterday. Today my whole body... 7. Two football fans were seriously ...ma knife attack by rival fans earlier today. Three men are helping police with their enquiries. 8. Please don't touch my ankle. It's too ... to move. 9. Doctor: I want to feel your bones. If it..., tell me and I'll stop.

Health Service in Great Britain

There is a state medical service in Britain called the National Health Service (NHS). Anyone can go and see a GP and this costs nothing. (The service is free for foreigners too in an emergency.) If the doctor thinks you need some medicine, he writes you a prescription, which you take to the chemist's. Most people have to pay a small charge for a prescription. Although medical treatment, including hospital treatment, costs NHS patients almost nothing, there are some problems: you often have to sit in crowded waiting rooms with a lot of ill people; doctors and nurses are overworked; people may have to wait for months for a minor operation because there aren't enough hospital beds. People who have serious illnesses, however, get immediate medical treatment.

Some people go to private doctors to get private treatment, though this is expensive.

Health service isn't paid for in the United States. There is no government health service. People buy insurance, but it doesn't Pay for everything. Hospital rooms can cost as much as two hundred dollars a day, and very often the patients have to buy their own necessities. Sometimes they pay for their treatment for the rest of their lives.

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A. Speak about health service in Great Britain.

B. 1. Do you pay to see a doctor in your country? 2. Would you like to be a doctor? Why? Why not? 3. Talk about interesting personal experiences with doctors and hospitals.

'Dentists

In Britain, young people (under 21) and people on Social Security don't have to pay for dental treatment. Other people have to pay. But there is a maximum charge for treatment (in 1980 it was £8.00). This means if the dentist gives you one, two or three fillings, an injection, an X-ray and pulls out a tooth, you pay a little for each piece of treatment, but you don't have to pay more than the maximum charge. The government pays most of the cost of your treatment. There are also private dentists. People go to them if they want special treatment, like gold fillings or better quality false teeth. It is almost impossible for foreigners in Britain to find a dentist who is willing to do work on their teeth on the National Health.

A. Speak about dental service in Great Britain.

B. 1. Why do people hate going to the dentist? 2. Do you pay ь lot for dental treatment in your country?

C. Discussion'. Advantages and disadvantages of government an private health services.

What Should I do?

Ten years ago I used to be very fit. I cycled to work and I got a lot of exercise at the weekends. I used to play tennis a lot and go for long walks. In those days I didn't earn very much. I had a job m an office. It wasn't a very good job but I had a lot of time to do the things I enjoyed doing.

Then, about eight years ago, I got a much better job. The pay was better. But the hours were a lot longer, too. I bought a car ar> J drove to work every day. I began to take people out to lunch. "Expensive account" lunches. And I began to put on weight, too. I stopped playing tennis and going for long walks at the weekenc' because I just didn't have any time for things like that any more There's a lot of stress in a job like mine. Perhaps that's why I

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started drinking more than I used to. For example, I used to have only a half a glass of whisky when I got home, then I started filling the glass to the top. Then I had another glass, and then another. I started smoking a lot, too. I never used to smoke at all. Two months ago I had a heart attack. At first I just couldn't believe it. "I'm too young," I said. Luckily it wasn't very serious. I was in hospital a few days and they did a lot of tests. The doctor advised me to stop smoking and to eat less. He told me to do a lot of other things, too. But I don't see how I can do some of them and keep my job. For example, he advised me to work less, and get more exercise. But I just haven't any time! My job takes everything out of me! Sometimes I wonder if I should get another job. Perhaps I could do something like I used to do. But if I do that, I won't earn as much. I have a family to support. I have to think of them, too. I just don't know what I should do. What do you think?

A. Questions

1. What are some of the things this man used to do but which he doesn't do any more? 2. What are some of the things he probably enjoyed doing at the weekend? 3. Do you think he enjoys life as much as he used to? Give reasons for your answer. 4. What are the things he does now but which he didn't use to do? 5. What has his job to do with these things? 6. Do you think he should stop doing some things and start doing others? What? Why?

Laura's Story

Here's one person who really believes in keeping fit. Her name is Mrs Laura Taylor. She is 45 but looks at least 10 years younger. Let's listen to her story.

It all started about two years ago. In those days things were very different. I was overweight. I used to smoke a lot — about 30 cigarettes a day. I never got any exercise. I used to stay at home all day. I never went out into the fresh air, except to do the shopping. And even then I used to take the car. One day I looked at myself in the mirror. "My God!" I thought. "I look terrible!" I tried to touch my toes. I couldn't do it. I found an old dress. I couldn't put it on. It was too small. Or rather I was too fat!

The next day I tried to jog a little. At first it was terrible. I mean I just couldn't run. Not even a short distance. And at first

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people used to laugh at me. "Why are you running? Are you in a hurry?" they shouted. But now I've completely changed the way I live. I've stopped eating meat and I've started eating far more fresh vegetables. My husband and daughter have started that, too. At first they didn't like the new food. But they've changed. About six months ago I sold my car and bought a bike. Recently I've started doing yoga exercises.

My husband often goes cycling with me now and my daughter jogs with me in the evening. They've both lost weight and are much healthier than they used to be, too.

A. 1. Describe the way Laura Taylor used to live.

2. Describe what happened one day about two years ago.

3. Describe the things she and her family have started doing in the last two years.

B. Keeping fit

Write down as many ways of getting and keeping fit as you can think of in five minutes, then tell them to the class. Say when, where or how often you can do these things. Your ideas can be serious or funny, as long as they keep you fit.

eg You can go to a keep-fit class once or twice a week. You can climb the Eiffel Tower once a year.

Bad Habits

Heart disease kills more than a million people in the world every year. In Britain alone 170,000 die from the disease annually. There are three main reasons for this: smoking, a bad diet, and not taking enough exercise. Many people travel to work by car, bus or train and then sit down at work all day! The food they eat is unhealthy and they eat too much. In a typical British dish of sausages, chips and beans there is too much salt and too much sugar — an important ingredient in tinned food — and there are not enough vegetables. And there is not enough fibre in most meals. There are too many deaths from heart disease. We can reduce that number, but we have to change our habits.

A. Are these statements true or false?

1. 100,000 people in the world die annually from heart di­sease.

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2. There is only one reason for heart disease.

3. Many people do not take enough exercise.

4. There isn't any sugar in tinned food.

5. Smoking can cause heart disease.

B. Speak about bad habits that make our life shorter.

C. Fitness or fun?

Work in two teams. Have a class discussion. Team A argues that "Fitness and good health are the most important things in life." Team В argues that "Fun and enjoyment are the most important things in life."

D. Sum up the specific vocabulary on the topic "Medical Mat­ters. " Name a) the nouns b) the verbs c) the expressions.

"How to live to be 100 or more" by George Burns

People keep asking me, "George, you're 88, how do you do it? You make films, you do television, you give concerts, you record albums, smoke cigars, drink Martinis, go out with pretty girls — how do you do it? It's simple. Today you don't have to worry about getting old; you have to worry about rusting. So I do exer­cises and walk a lot. Every morning I walk a mile and a half. My advice is to walk whenever you can. It's free; you feel better and look trim. If you want to live to be 100 or older, you can't just sit around waiting for it to happen. You have to get up and go after it. Here are my secrets for long life:

Think positive. Avoid worry, stress, and tension. Worry, stress, and tension are not only unpleasant but can shorten your life. My attitude is, if something is beyond your control, there's no point worrying about it. And if you can do something about it, then there's still nothing to worry about. I feel that way when the plane I'm on is bouncing around in turbulence. It's not my problem. The pilot gets a lot of money to fly that plane; let him worry about it.

Stay active. I know that for some people retirement works out fine. They enjoy it. I also know that for a great many others it Presents lots of problems.

To me the biggest danger of retirement is what it can do to your attitude. When you have all that time on your hands, you

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think old, you act old. It's a mistake. I see people, who, the minute they get to be 65, start rehearsing to be old. They practise grunting when they get up, and by the time they get to be 70 they've made it — they're a hit — they are now old!

Not me. When you're around my age you've got to keep occupied. You've got to do something that will get you out of bed. I never made any money in bed. Yes, find something that will make you get out of bed like an interest, a hobby, a business, a pretty girl — there we are, back in bed again. At my age at least let me talk about it.

Challenge yourself. When my wife Gracie retired in 1958,1 could have retired too. Even today I don't have to do what I'm doing. I don't have to travel round giving concerts, making movies, doing television specials, recording country-music albums, being a sex symbol. I firmly believe that you should keep working as long as you can. And if you can't, try to find something that will interest you. Don't wait for it to happen; make it happen. Remember, you can't help getting older, but you don't have to get old.

There's an old saying, "Life begins at 40." That's silly — life begins every morning when you wake up. Open your mind to it; don't just sit there — do things. Swim the English Channel; find a cure for the common cold; be the first to go over the Niagara Falls in a rocking chair. You see, the possibilities are endless. The point is, with a good positive attitude and a little bit of luck, there's no reason you can't live to be 100. Once you've done that you've really got it made, because very few people die over 100."

A. Study and practise the text.

B. Do you take care of your health? What is your daily routine? Do you want to live to be a hundred? What do you think one ought to do to live to be a hundred?

C. Work with a partner. Write a questionnaire with the title "Have you got a healthy lifestyle? " Write at least ten questions which include some of the following phrases.

for breakfast/lunch to/at school in the park by bicycle/bus

how many... a day/week? in the morning/afternoon to/in bed at the weekend

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watch television in summer/winter

on foot take exercise

What Should I Do?

Doctor Lennox is a radio doctor. She answers listeners' questions about their medical problems. Read their questions to her.

a) Hello, Doctor Lennox. Well, three days ago I fell over and cut my arm. There was a little blood, but it quickly stopped bleeding and I forgot about it. Now the wound is painful and red. It hurts when I touch it. I also think I may have a fever. I feel a little hot and quite weak. Do you think I should see my doctor?

b) Doctor Lennox, I am a 63-year-old woman. A few months ago, I was walking upstairs when I suddenly felt very faint and almost fell over. Now, whenever I do just a little exercise I get out of breath very quickly. Even when I'm sleeping, I have breathing problems. I wake up in the middle of the night and can't get back to sleep. I'm really worried, because I have never had insomnia in my life before. I don't have a pain in my chest, so I don't think I have heart problems. I'm very worried. What do you think?

c) For the last two days, Doctor Lennox, I have been feeling absolutely terrible. My whole body aches. I have a backache and all my muscles ache. I have a terrible headache too. But the worst thing is the vomiting. Food just won't stay in my stomach for more than a few minutes. And the diarrhea — I'm in the bathroom every half an hour. I called my doctor and asked for a prescription for some medicine, but she said there wasn't much she could do for me. She said I should stay in bed and drink a lot of liquids. Is that right?

d) I hope you can understand me all right, doctor, but I can't talk very well because of my sore throat. I've had it a few months now. And a cough, too, even though I don't smoke. And I seem to be tired all the time, but I'm never so sick that I can't go to work. I've been to the doctor and had some tests, but they can't find anything wrong with me. What do you think I should do now?

A. Here are Doctor Lennox's answers. Match her answers to the questions.

1. You should see a doctor as soon as possible. Your doctor will arrange for you to have a complete series of tests.

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It's best to take care of these things right away.

2. You've probably got a minor infection. Sometimes they

take a long time to go away. The important thing is to get plenty of rest. And maybe you should get an opinion from another doctor.

3. It sounds as if you have an infection. You'll have to see

your doctor, who will probably write you a prescription for an antibiotic and some medicine to put on your skin as well.

4. You probably have the flu. It's very important that you

drink a lot of liquids. You should feel better soon, but if it continues much longer you should see your doctor.

B. What are the most common symptoms (signs) of flue? When were you ill last? What was wrong with you? What did you do?

C. Situation: You are a radio doctor. At the moment you're answering listeners' questions about their medical problems.

Conversation practice Listen, read and practise.

Making an Appointment

Nurse: Doctor Kowalski's office.

Sheila: Hi. My name's Sheila Berger. I'd like an appointment

with the doctor as soon as possible. Nurse: Have you been in before? Sheila: No, I haven't. Nurse: Okay, you're a new patient then. Sheila: Well, yes, but I don't live here. I'm passing through the

town.

Nurse: I see. And what's the matter? Sheila: I'm dizzy and I have pretty bad diarrhea. Nurse: Hmmm. Can you come in this afternoon at 3:00? Sheila: Oh — huh, that'd be fine. Nurse: And since you're not a resident of Evanston, I'll have

to ask you to pay the $ 55 for the office call today. Sheila: That's fine. See you at three.

A. Questions

1. When does Sheila want to see the doctor? 2. Is she a new patient? Why do you think so? 3. What is the matter with her? 4. When does the nurse want her to come in? 5. How much will • the office call cost? 6. Is Sheila a resident of the town that Dr Kowalski's office is in? 7. What's the name of the town? 8. When will Sheila pay the bill? Why?

B. Roleplay the conversation.

Can I help you? Mrs Cheevers is phoning her doctor.

Clinic: Hello. Parkway Health Clinic. Can I help you?

Mrs Cheevers: Yes, this is Mrs Cheevers. I'd like to make an appointment to see Dr Fox.

Clinic: Certainly. When would you like to come?

Mrs Cheevers: Well, I'm free on Monday...

Clinic: I'm afraid Dr Fox won't be here next week.

He's on holiday.

Mrs Cheevers: Oh, well. I'll be in London tomorrow. Can he see me then?

Clinic: Yes, he's here tomorrow. And he's free at 12 p.m.

Mrs Cheevers: Oh, dear. I'm meeting a friend for lunch at 12.30. Isn't he free in the afternoon?

Clinic: I'm afraid not. Dr Fox is very busy at the mo-

ment. He won't be able to see you unless you come at 12.

Mrs Cheevers: Well, all right. I'll change my lunch appoint­ment. Twelve o'clock tomorrow.

Clinic: That's right, Mrs Cheevers.

Mrs Cheevers: Oh, just a minute. Did you receive my last pay­ment? I didn't get a receipt.

Clinic: Oh, hold on a minute, Mrs Cheevers. I'll just

look in our files.

A. Questions

1. When does Mrs Cheevers want to see Dr Fox? 2. Will she be able to see Dr Fox on Monday? Why not? 3. Why doesn't 12 o'clock suit Mrs Cheevers⁰ 4. When can Dr Fox see Mrs Cheevers⁹ 5. Whai will Mrs Cheevers have to do?

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B. Report the conversation.

C. Roleplay the conversation.

D. Situation: You seem to have caught flu. You are phoning the clinic and making an appointment with the doctor.

What a relief

Dr Fox is examining Mrs Cheevers.

Dr Fox: Hello, Mrs Cheevers. How can I help you?

Mrs Cheevers: Oh, Dr Fox. I think it's my heart. I've got pains

in my chest. Dr Fox: I see. Let me have a look then. Now, where

does it hurt exactly?

Mrs Cheevers: Just here. And it hurts in my back, too. Dr Fox: Mm. Is it hurting now?

Mrs Cheevers: Not now. No.

Dr Fox : What about when you are doing some exercise⁷

Mrs Cheevers: Oh, well. I don't really do much exercise. Not

now. Dr Fox: Well, I don't think it's your heart. You're still

working for that shoe company, aren't you? Sa-

les manager?

Mrs Cheevers: Yes, that's right. So you don't think it's my heart? Dr Fox: No, no... do you still smoke as much?

Mrs Cheevers: Oh, you know... Dr Fox: How many?

Mrs Cheevers: A few. Forty a day. In fact I've still got a sore

throat from... Dr Fox: Well, I'll take an X-ray of your lungs, but I don't

think there's anything wrong. You must cut

down on your smoking. Alcohol? Mrs Cheevers: I beg your pardon? Dr Fox: How much do you drink?

Mrs Cheevers: Well, a bit. If I go out I'll have a few drinks. So-

metimes a bottle of wine with dinner, a sherr>

or two in the evening. Dr Fox: Well, I think the ache is actually in your sto-

mach, Mrs Cheevers. It's probably just indi-

gestion.

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Mrs Cheevers: Oh, what a relief!

Dr Fox: But you must relax, don't work too hard. And

do watch your drinking and smoking. Now, make an appointment with the hospital for an X-ray. I'll give you a card.

д. Questions

1. What does Mrs Cheevers complain of? 2. What questions does the doctor ask her? 3. What does Mrs Cheevers answer? 4. What does the doctor advise her to do?

B. Report the conversation.

C. Roleplay the conversation.

D. Roleplay

Role A: You have a very difficult job. You smoke and drink a lot. You don't get any exercise. You are worried about your health. You go to a doctor for advice.

Role B: You are a doctor. Find out how much A smokes and drinks and how much exercise he/she gets. Then give some advice.

E. When were you at the doctor's? What was wrong with you? Did the doctor give you any useful advice?

At the Doctor's

Doctor: I see you last came to see me two years ago.

Mr Smith: Yes, doctor. You gave me a general check-up then.

Doctor: And what's wrong with you at the moment?

Mr Smith: Well, my throat hurts and I've had a terrible head­ache since last night.

Doctor: Have you got a temperature?

Mr Smith: I took my temperature this morning. It was 38.2.

Doctor: That's not very much.

Mr Smith: So much the better. If it was 39 I'd be in bed now.

Doctor: Are you coughing much?

Mr Smith: A little bit.

Doctor: All right. I'll examine you now. (The doctor examines the patient)

Doctor: Now take a deep breath please. Let it out. And now

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cough. And now cough again, please. Well, don' worry, it's only a throat infection. There's nothing wrong with your lungs. I'll prescribe some pill which you should take in the morning and evening I'll also prescribe some syrup, 2 spoonfuls a day will be sufficient.

Mr Smith: Is that all doctor?

Doctor: Oh yes, I won't give you any antibiotics, as you ha ven't got bronchitis. You'll see that with the pres- -cription I've given you, you'll feel better in a few days. Don't forget your prescription.

Mr Smith: Thank you, doctor.

Doctor: Goodbye. You'll feel better soon.

Mr Smith: Goodbye, doctor.

A. Questions

1. When did Mr Smith last visit his doctor? 2. Did Mr Smith have an operation the last time he visited the doctor? 3. What's wrong with Mr Smith? 4. How long has he had a headache? 5. Has he got a high temperature? 6. Has he been coughing a lot? 7. Has Mr Smith got bronchitis? 8. What medicine does the doctor prescribe? 9. When should he take the pills? 10. Did Mr Smith almost forget anything?

B. Study the reported version of the conversation:

Mr Smith has an appointment with his doctor. The doctor tells him it has been two years since he came for a general check-up Today, he explains to the doctor that he has a sore throat and a headache and that he is coughing a bit. The doctor asks him if he has taken his temperature. Mr Smith tells him he has, and that it was 38.2 this morning. After the examination the doctor reassures him and tells him there is nothing wrong with his lungs, and he prescribes some njedicine which Mr Smith should take. He says he will not give him any antibiotics as he has not got bronchitis, and with the pills and the syrup he should be better in a few days. As Mr Smith leaves, the doctor tells him not to forget his prescription and says he hopes Mr Smith will feel better soon.

C. Report the conversation in the past.

D. Roleplay the conversation. Make a similar conversation.

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At the Doctor's Suegeey

Mr Pale hasn't been feeling very well lately. He has just waited forty-five minutes to see the doctor and now he is with the doctor in his surgery.

Doctor: Good evening. Sit down. Yes? What's wrong?

Mr Pale: Doctor, I haven't been feeling well for the last few weeks.

Doctor: And what exactly is the matter?

Mr Pale: Well, I've got a slight headache.

Doctor: Anything else?

Mr Pale: In the mornings I sometimes have a pain in my chest.

Doctor: Uh-huh. Any other problems?

Mr Pale: Sometimes my back hurts.

Doctor: I see. OK. Well, I'm just going to examine you... open your mouth... say "ah".

Mr Pale: Ah!

Doctor: Right. Have you been worrying much recently?

Mr Pale: Perhaps a little bit, yes.

Doctor: Mmm. Have you been sleeping all right?

Mr Pale: No, actually doctor, I haven't.

Doctor: What about your appetite? Have you been eating pro­perly?

Mr Pale: Yes, I think so.

Doctor: So you haven't lost any weight recently?

Mr Pale: No, I don't think so.

Doctor: What do you do?

Mr Pale: I'm a teacher.

Doctor: And are you happy in your work?

Mr Pale: Well, not really, doctor.

Doctor: Look. Here's a prescription.

Mr Pale: Thank you.

Doctor: Take one of these before you go to bed each night. Try to stop worrying and come and see me in two weeks.

Mr Pale: Thank you, doctor. Goodbye.

Doctor: Goodbye.

A- Ask and answer questions on the text.

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B. Report the conversation.

C. Roleplay the conversation.

D. Imagine you have a medical problem, answer the doctor s questions.

What's the Trouble?

Mr Williams: Good morning, doctor.

Doctor: Hello, Mr Williams. Take a seat. What seems

to be the trouble? Mr Williams: I'm not sure, doctor. But I haven't been feeling

too well. I think I must have a touch of flu. Doctor: Mm. There's a lot of it going round at the mo-

ment. What are the symptoms?

Mr Williams: I'm feeling very tired, and I'm aching all over. I've been sneezing a lot, and feeling pretty feve­rish, hot and cold all the time. Oh, and I've got a sore throat.

Doctor: Any vomiting?

Mr Williams: No, but I don't feel very hungry. I've got no ap­petite at all.

Doctor: Well, let's have a look at you. Open your mouth. "Aah". Yes, your throat's a bit inflamed; and the glands in your neck are swollen. Can you just unbutton your shirt? I want to listen to your chest. Breathe deeply. Right. I'll just take your tempe­rature. Don't say anything for a minute, just keep the thermometer under your tongue. I'll write out a prescription for you, but you know the best thing is just to go home, go to bed, and take plenty of fluids.

A. Ask and answer questions on the text.

B. Report the conversation.

C. Roleplay the conversation.

D. Situation: You haven't been feeling well lately. At the moment you are being examined by the doctor.

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What's the Problem?

Doctor: Come in. Do sit down. Now, what's the problem? Woman: I just can't sleep at night any more. I don't know what

to do. I feel so tired all the time. Doctor: Do you take any exercise during the day? Woman: No, not really. Doctor: Well, the first thing you should try to do is to take some

sort of exercise during the day. Maybe walk for twen­ty minutes or so. Woman: Mmm. I see. Doctor: Then you should try to relax before you go to bed.

Make a hot drink, watch television, have a bath and

then go to bed. Woman: I usually have a cup of tea before I go to bed. Is that all

right? Doctor: No, you really oughtn't to drink tea or coffee late at

night. They both contain caffeine and it keeps you

awake.

Woman: I see. What about sleeping pills? Doctor: Well, I really don't think you need to try sleeping

pills yet...

A. Study and practise the conversation.

B. Situation: You're at the doctor's. The doctor is giving you some pieces of advice.

C. Ask students to work in pairs and give a suitable piece of advice for someone who:

1. wants to make a perfect omelette

2. is planning to drive his/her car in snowy conditions

3. is going for a job interview

4. wants to come to your country to work

5. wants to take care of his/her teeth

6. wants to start a garden

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Listening

The Doctor's Advice

One day an old man went to see a doctor. The doctor examined him and said, "Medicine won't help you. You must have a rest. Go to a quiet country place for a month, go to bed early, drink milk, walk a lot and smoke only one cigar a day." "Thank you very much," said the old man. "I'll do everything you say."

A month later the man came to the doctor again. "How do you do?" said the doctor. "I'm very glad to see you. You look much younger." "Oh, doctor," said the man, "I'm quite well now. I had a good rest. I went to bed early. I drank a lot of milk, I walked a lot. Your advice certainly helped me. But you told me to smoke one cigar a day and that one cigar a day almost killed me at first. It's no joke to start smoking at my age."

A. Questions

I. Where did the old man go one day? 2. What did the doctor advise him to do? 3. Did the old man follow his advice? 4. Did he have a good rest? 5. But there was one thing that troubled him. What was it?

A. Skiing holiday

Robert was skiing down a mountain with a tall, beautiful American girl. Her name was Isabel and he had met her only the day before. Isabel was a very good skier. The ski run twisted and turned but she went round all the curves very fast. Robert tried to do the same.

Suddenly, he fell. He felt a sharp pain in his ankle while he was lying in the snow. Isabel came back. Another skier, a handsome young man, stopped as well. The two of them helped Robert to get back to the hotel. There was a doctor there.

The doctor was a Scotsman. He was married to a Swiss girl. That was why he was working in Switzerland.

"Hmm," he said when he saw Robert's ankle, and shook his head.

"I haven't broken it, have I?" Robert asked hopefully.

"No, but you've twisted it badly."

"You mean I've sprained it?"

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"Yes, I'm afraid so. And it's badly bruised and swollen," the doctor answered, pointing to the dark blue marks on Robert's ankle, which was now getting bigger.

Robert lay back with a groan. No more skiing for him! Just then he heard Isabel laughing on the terrace. He could see her. She was smiling at the young man.

A. Questions

1. What was Robert doing when he fell? 2. What happened then? 3. Who was Isabel? 4. How did Robert get back to the hotel? 5. Was Robert seriously injured? 6. What else disappointed him?

At the Dentist's

The tooth had been bothering David for some time. He knew he should have gone to the dentist's earlier. But in spite of the pain he had put it off. He always put off going to the dentist as long as possible.

The dentist smiled pleasantly at first. David told him that the tooth had kept him awake the night before. Then the dentist looked into his mouth, but he did not look only at the one tooth. Instead he looked them all over.

"Hmm," he said. "I'm afraid several of your teeth need seeing to." He smiled again. But this time it was a rather grim smile. He began to describe exactly what needed doing. David listened to him with a kind of sick feeling in his stomach.

"I should say that at least four teeth have cavities and then some of your old fillings are loose. We'll have to see to them immediately!" David asked about the tooth that had been aching. "I may be able to save it," the dentist said, and smiled grimly again. He got his electric drill ready. "Now," he said with another grim smile, "this shouldn't hurt too much."

A. Questions

1. Why had David gone to the dentist's? 2. What had he pui off? 3. What was the first thing the dentist did? 4. What did he tell David? 5. What exactly was the work that needed doing? 6. What happened then?

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Dr'Jones and his Patient

The telephone rang and Dr Jones took up the receiver. His patient's servant asked him to come to their place. "I can do nothing with the old man," he said and the doctor agreed to come at once.

He had thought much about his patient since his last visit and knew what the matter was. His patient, a rich old man, liked to buy things at high prices. In a short period of time he had spent very much money. His friends were afraid that he would soon be penniless, that's why they wanted the doctor to do something to stop him.

The doctor was thinking about it when he entered his patient's house that day. ''Good morning," he greeted the old man. "How are you today? I want to tell you something." The old man who was sitting in an armchair turned to him. "What is it? More medicine or some other idea?" he asked. "Would you like to stuJ> art?" asked the doctor. "It will do your health much good." "Why should I, I don't understand it," the old man answered. "It doesn't matter. You must study it. I can get a student from an art school who will come here once a week and give you lessons," the doctor said. His patient agreed.

A few days later the doctor found an art student who was glad to accept his offer. Five dollars a lesson was not bad at all. The next morning the lessons began. The old man studied hard and often visited art exhibitions. He even stopped buying things at high prices. He decided to exhibit one of his own pictures. It was a very bad picture and the doctor could not understand why the exhibition accepted it.

Some days passed. One morning the old man received a letter. "Read it to me," he asked the doctor, "I'm tired." "Your picture has received the first prize," the doctor said. "Now I believe, you like art more than anything else." "Oh, no! Art is nothing!" said the old man. "I've bought the exhibition."

A. Questions

1. What was the matter with Dr Jones's patient? 2. What did the doctor suggest his patient should do? 3. Did the old man agree to study art? 4. Did he stop buying things at high prices? 5. What were the old man's results in studying art? 6. Why did the old man's picture receive the first prize?

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American Business

This story is about an American general who was a very important person in the American Army during the First World War. Everybody in the United States knew him and many people wanted to have his photo or any other of his things in then- homes. When the war was over the general returned home. He lived in Washington and worked in the office in which he had worked before the war. His health was poor. Very often he had a terrible toothache.

One day he went to a dentist. The dentist pulled out his six bad teeth. A week later the general heard that some shops were selling his extracted teeth. One tooth cost 5 dollars. On each of the teeth there was a label with the name of the general.

The general became very angry. He did not know what to do. Then an idea came to his mind. He told his six officers to go around the city and buy all his extracted teeth.

The officers left the office in the morning and visited a lot of shops in the capital. They were running from shop to shop all day long. In the evening they returned to the office and put all the teeth on the table in front of the general. They had bought 175 teeth.

A. Questions

1. Why was the general so popular? 2. What did he do after the war? 3. What happened to him one day? 4. What did the dentist do? 5. What made the general very angry? 6. What did he do? 7. How many teeth did the officers buy?

The Doctor's help

There was a bookseller who did not like paying for anything. One day he let a big box of books fall on his foot.

"Go to the doctor," said his wife, "and show that foot to him."

"No," he said. "I'll wait until the doctor comes into the shop next time. Then I'll ask him about my foot. If I go to see him, I shall have to pay him."

On the next day the doctor came into the shop and bought some books. When the bookseller was getting them ready, he told the doctor about his bad foot. The doctor looked at it.

"Yes," said the doctor. "You must put that foot in hot water every night. Then you must put something on it."

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He took out a piece of paper and wrote on it. "Buy this and put it on the foot before you go to bed every night," he said.

"Thank you," said the bookseller. "And now, sir, here are your books."

"How much?" said the doctor.

"Two pounds."

"Good," said the doctor. "I shall not have to pay you anything."

"Why?" asked the bookseller.

"I told you about your foot. I want two pounds for that. If people come to my house, I ask them to pay one pound for a small thing like that. But when I go to their houses, I want two pounds. And I came here, didn't I? Good morning."

A. Questions

1. What happened to the bookseller one day? 2. Why didn't he want to go to the doctor? 3.When did the doctor come to the shop? 4. What advice did he give the bookseller? 5. Why did the doctor refuse to pay for the books?

Reading

Food and health

Scientists say their studies show that some foods may help prevent, possibly even treat, some diseases such as cancer and disorders of the heart and blood system. And their advice is similar for both. We would be much healthier if we sharply cut the amount of fatty, salty and sweet foods that we eat. We also should limit the amount of alcohol we drink. And we should eat more fresh fruit and vegetables, and foods that are high in fiber and m vitamins A and C.

Cancer and heart experts all agree. Eat less fat. This includes fatty red meats and poultry, whole eggs, whole milk and other dairy products, and cooking oils. Studies seem to show that people who eat large amounts of fat face an increased danger of suffering breast or colon cancers. Breast cancer is rare in Japan, where little fat is eaten. But in the United States, where much fat is eaten, breast cancer is a major killer. One study in England and Wales found a reduced rate of breast and colon cancer during World War Two when people did not eat foods rich in sugar,

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meat and fat. But the cancer rate rose after the war when such foods were available again.

Doctors also say eating less fat will reduce the amount of dangerous cholesterol in the blood. This cholesterol can stick to the wall of blood passages blocking the flow of blood. In the arteries that carry blood to the heart muscle, such blockages cause a heart attack. Instead, eat more foods low in fat. This includes low-fat milk and dairy products, lean meats, poultry without the skin, and fish and shellfish. Experts also say cooking foods in olive oil, canola oil and fish oil will help lower cholesterol. And they say it is best to steam, bake, roast or broil foods, not to fry. They also say eating dried peas and beans helps lower the amount of fat in the blood.

Health experts also say we should eat more fruit and vegetables, and foods high in fibers such as whole grain breads and cereals and brown rice. Some fibers help lower levels of dangerous cholesterol. This would help reduce the danger of heart disease. Most experts agree that fiber can protect against cancer. They are not sure how fiber does this. Some believe it helps the body to quickly remove fat that may cause cancer to develop.

Medical experts also say some vegetables seem to contain agents that block cancer. These include asparagus, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, kale and mustard greens.

Other studies show that persons who eat large amounts of foods that contain the substance beta-carotene are less likely than others to develop cancers in the skin, lung, bladder, breast and colon. Vegetables with beta-carotene include beet greens, bell peppers, carrots, kale, lettuce, spinach, sweet potatoes and tomatoes. Fruits that contain the substance include apricots, cantaloupes, cherries, papaya and watermelon.

The body changes beta-carotene to vitamin A. Some health experts say eating more foods with vitamin A may also help protect against cancer. These include liver, eggs and dairy products.

The experts also agree. Cut the amount of salt in your food. Salt helps raise blood pressure. High blood pressure is linked to heart disease. We also should eat much less smoked and salt-cured foods. This includes ham, smoked fish, sausages, bacon and bologna.

Health experts say we should drink only moderate amounts of alcohol. Researchers say large amounts of alcohol seem to

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increase the danger of cancer. This seems especially true if the person smokes cigarettes.

Margaret's Job

Margaret Oliver works in a hospital. Here she talks about her job. 1

I'm a physiotherapist. My job is to help people who have been injured. Many of my patients have had road accidents. I show them how to walk again, or move their arms, or bend their backs. It's a difficult job and not very well paid, but it's very interesting. I really love it. The only thing I don't like is the long hours. Sometimes I come home from work so tired that I just fall asleep in front of the television. I'm too tired to go out — even with my boyfriend, Joe. He doesn't like it when I work late. He says I work too hard, but he doesn't understand that a physiotherapist has to work hard If she doesn't, her patients won't get better.

Q What is the only disadvantage about Margaret's job? 2

Of course, working in the hospital isn't always enjoyable. Some days nothing goes right and then it's very frustrating. I get annoyed when nurses don't do what I tell them to do. Some of the young ones don't seem to listen to what I say. That makes me angry. I feel quite depressed sometimes. But then one of my patients comes back to see me. That happened yesterday. It was a young girl who had smashed her arm in a bad accident. We sat in my room and had a cup of coffee. She told me she was back at work and she showed me how well she could move her arm now. That really cheered me up. It always does.

Q What makes Margaret depressed? 3

The hospital I work in is about forty miles from London. It's quite old, but it's got all the latest equipment. I like most of the people I work with — they're super. My patients are super too. And some are very interesting. Last week, for instance, I had a

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young footballer called Don. He had broken his leg in three places, jfe was afraid he would never play football again. I had to tell him that he would soon get better. I told him to be patient and not to worry. A physiotherapist has to do that quite often — reassure her patients, I mean.

q What did Margaret tell Don? 4

Working with older people is much more difficult. They take much longer to get better. A lot of the older patients don't want to leave hospital at all. They feel safe there and they have lots of friends. When they go home they feel very lonely. They miss their friends. I go and visit them at home when I can, but it's hard to get the time. Some of them will never really get well again. I feel sorry for them, but you can't show them how you feel. You've just got to be cheerful and do what you can. I always try to do my best for all my patients. You can't do more than that, can you?

Q Why do sonic of the older patients want to stay in hospital?

Margaret Oliver describes a day in her life. 1

I normally getup at seven o'clock, but today Ididn't have to start work until half-past eight, so I stayed in bed for another half-hour. That was lovely. I switched on the radio and just listened to it with my eyes closed. Then I got up, washed, and had breakfast. Usually, I just have some cereal, but today I made myself a proper breakfast: orange juice, a boiled egg, tea, and toast.

I left home at a quarter past eight. My flat isn't far from the hospital. In the summer, I sometimes walk to work. But if the weather's bad, I often drive to work. This morning it was cold and wet, so I drove to work.

Q What does Margaret mean by "a proper breakfast"? Why was she able to have "a proper breakfast" today?

2

My first job this morning was to see a patient who had hurt his back. He'd lifted a bag of potatoes and hurt himself because he hadn't

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picked it up correctly. I gave him some heat treatment and told him to get as much rest as possible. Then it was time for what I call my "knee class". These are people who have all injured their knees in some way. I show them exercises that will strengthen their knees They're a great group and we always have lots of fun together.

Q Describe Margaret's "knee class". 3

At twelve-thirty I had lunch in the canteen. I didn't eat much because I've put on some weight recently and I want to take it off before the summer. I just had a cup of coffee and an apple.

After lunch, I went to see my favourite patient, Edie. She's eighty-five now and she's got a bad chest. I'm sure she'll never leave hospital now. I can't really do much for her, but she always likes to see me. She doesn't say very much, but she loves to hear what I've been doing. I was just telling her about my "knee class" when Nurse Walker came in. She said that Mrs Callan, the head physiotherapist, wanted to see me. I tried to find out what she wanted, but Nurse Walker said she didn't know. So I said goodbye to Edie and went to see Mrs Callan, wondering why she wanted to see me.

Q Who is Margaret's favourite patient?

Self check

I. The following passage is about Uncle Tom, who is a hypo­chondriac (a person who always thinks he is ill). Change the word or words in brackets into the correct form, where neces­sary. Sometimes, you must add other words, usually a prepo­sition.

When Auntie Ivy is ill, she tries to smile about it. She tries not to let the illness (make) her (feel) unhappy. She fights against it and usually recovers quickly. My uncle Tom, though, is different He seems (enjoy) grumbling (be) ill, and from the way he speaks you would think that he looks forward (be) ill. His doctor isn ' very pleased (Uncle Tom visit) him so often. He once said t him, "If every patient of mine came to visit me as often as you do, I (need) to work 48 hours a day." Of course, there's nothini

wrong with Uncle Tom. He's in good health, but he can't help (feel) ill; he's that type. Whenever I visit him, he's busy reading a medical dictionary. The next day he (usually go) to see his doctor, and describes an illness he has read about. His doctor is used (Uncle Tom describe) all types of illness, and knows that as long as he (give) him some tablets, Uncle Tom won't come and see him for three or four days. Uncle Tom is accustomed (take) at least three different tablets a day. We once threw his new white tablets away and put some sweets, which looked the same, in the bottle instead. Uncle Tom never noticed the difference, and went on (take) them. A few days later he told us the tablets had done him a lot of good!

II. Fill in the blanks with articles if necessary.

Henry is (1) clerk in (2) office in (3) town. He's also (4) health freak. He wants to live to be (5) hundred so (6) health is very important to him. He gets up at five o'clock in the morning and lifts (7) weights for thirty minutes. For (8) breakfast he eats (9) spi­nach and (10) raw egg with (11) garlic and (12) chilli pepper. It tastes disgusting, but he thinks it's good for him. Then he runs for (13) hour in (14) park, even if (15) weather is bad. He leaves for (16) work at seven o'clock. He never goes by (17) bus or (18) train and he thinks that (19) cars are extremely dangerous. So he walks everywhere with (20) mask over his nose and mouth. He also wears (21) uniform which he designed to protect himself from (22) dust and (23) dirt. At (24) office he washes his hands ten times (25) day and he wears (26) gloves to pick up (27) te­lephone in case it's dirty. He takes his lunch to (28) work with him. He eats fifteen sunflower seeds and one onion. He is sure that (29) lunch which the firm provides isn't good for him. After (30) work he rushes home to water (31) plants. He has hundreds of (32) plants because they provide (33) oxygen. In the evening he sometimes listens to (34) radio, but he never watches (35) te­levision because it might damage his eyesight. On Monday he goes to (36) deep breathing class and on Thursday he goes to (37) vegetarian cookery class. He rarely goes to (38) cinema or to (39) theatre — there are far too many germs. He goes to (40) bed early. In summer he sleeps in (41) tent in (42) garden. At (43) week­end he goes camping in (44) country, but he never sits in (45) sun.

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On (46) first day of every month he goes to (47) doctor's, just to make sure that he isn't ill. After all, he doesn't want to find himself in (48) hospital.

III. Translate from Russian into English.

1. У меня болит горло. Наверное, это ангина. 2. Она серьезно больна. Ее положили в больницу. Возможно, ей предстоит операция. 3. У тебя больной вид. Я советую тебе обратиться к врачу и чем скорее, тем лучше. 4. Я страдаю от бессонницы. Я не знаю, что делать. — Почему бы вам не заняться спортом? Это могло бы помочь. — Я слишком стар, чтобы заниматься спортом. 5. У меня сильная боль в грудной клетке. Боюсь, что это пневмония. 6. У Лены скарлатина Она сейчас в больнице. 7. Его лечили от гриппа, но у него оказалось воспаление легких. 8. Это очень хорошее лекарство от головной боли (от ушной боли, зубной боли). 9. Тебе сделали рентген? — Нет еще. Но мне только что измерили давление. Оно нормальное. 10. У него больное сердце. Вчера у него был сильный сердечный приступ. Он в постели. Врач запретил ему вставать в течение трех дней. 11. У тебя два больных зуба. Тебе нужно сходить к дантисту. — Три месяца назад врач запломбировал мне два зуба, не хотелось бы пломбировать зубы каждые три месяца. 12. Док­тор прописал мне лекарство и сказал, что лекарство мне приготовят в любой аптеке. 13. У тебя воспалены глаза. Что с тобой? 14. Он выздоровел (оправился) от бронхита и сейчас совершенно здоров. 15. Вам необходимо измерить температуру. Вот термометр. 16. Ты неважно выглядишь сегодня утром. Что с тобой? Ты плохо спал? — Я себя неважно чувствую. Наверное, ничего серьезного. — Я бы на твоем месте обратился к врачу. 17. Несколько дней назад я проснулся со страшной головной болью. У меня был сильный насморк, я сильно кашлял. Кроме того, у меня болело горло. Я измерил температуру. У меня было 39. Я позвонил врачу. Он пришел и тщательно осмотрел меня пощупал мой пульс, прослушал сердце и легкие, измерил давление, осмотрел мой язык и горло. Врач сказал, что у меня грипп, и что мне следует лежать в постели несколько дней. Он выписал мне рецепт на таблетки и микстуру и

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сказал, чтобы я принимал ее по столовой ложке три раза в день. Моя жена пошла в аптеку, где ей изготовили лекарство. Я последовал советам врача и через неделю выздоровел. 18. Меня слегка тошнит. У меня легкий озноб, болит все тело, кружится голова. Я больна. 19. У меня болит спина. Не знаю, в чем дело.

КЛЮЧИ К УПРАЖНЕНИЯМ

Unit? Exercise I, p. 40

1 do 2 to swim 3 to go, rain 4 repeat 5 leave 6 to smoke 7 (to) move 8 to arrive 9 know 10 wait 11 to go, make, go 12 to knov,, to live 13 not to inform, (to) disobey 14 to disappoint, let, have 15 to be 16 wish, to make 17 want, to know 18 remember, look 19 to learn, to know 20 to be 21 not to feed 22 to use, show 23 to sign 24 open/opening, move/moving 25 to make, believe 26 to have missed, go 27 shake/shaking 28 go, promise, not to tell 29 like, to come, walk 30 to ask, to tell, to get 31 to put, (to) keep 32 to give, see, not to forget 33 open/opening, throw/ throwing 34 to carry, help 35 to obey 36 to cross/crossing, (to) turn/turning 37 to marry 38 to know

Exercise II, p. 41

IB 2C 3D 4D 5C 6D 7B 8B 9A 10A 1 IB 12В 13С 14A 15D 16 С Exercise III, p. 43

I to ride, to do, coming, to come 2 spending, earning 3 being, to apologize 4 to eat 5 working, spending 6 looking, being 7 posting 8 to lock, go, do 9 to learn, saying 10 trying, to interrupt, to wait, talking 11 doing, to move/moving 12 leaving/to leave, to go 13 being, to wait 14 trying, to make, adding 15 going, stay 16 getting up, walking 17 listening, listening 18 to make/making, to see 19 doing 20 to put, to prevent, climbing 21 taking, to eat 22 rin­ging, asking, to do 23 waiting, to clear, to set 24 repeat, to make, to do 25 leaving, sending, to tow 26 borrowing, asking, to do 27 to offend, annoying28 getting, to walk 29 to ask, to leave 30 setting, having been 31 to go, (to)try, to save, cutting 32 earn, scrubbing, make, blackmailing 33 to turn 34 carrying 35 not listening 36 cleaning 37 looking, to answer 38 postponing 39 to go camping 40 to take, to pay 41 to stand 42 not to wait 43 waiting, doing 44 talking 45 to play, not to make 46 to look after 47 paying 48 not

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to smoke 49 not to know/not knowing 50 whistling, to concentrate 5] to turn off 52 to renew 53 not to wait 54 not to play 55 to call 56 dropping, hitchhiking, trying, to find 57 to ask, to tell, to remember, to bring 58 to do 59 worrying 60 taking 61 to buy 62 being 63 promising, to visit 64 being laughed 65 not telling 66 to be fooled 67 to tell, to be told 68 being told 69 being photographed 70 to have had 71 sending/to be sent 72 to have recovered, to be 73 having had 74 having 75 not having been told, to be informed 76 washing/to be washed 77 to be asked 78 telling 79 beating 80 not being 81 to be awarded 82 to accept 83 to travel, (to) leave 84 to be liked, (to) be trusted 85 wondering 86 driving/having driven 87 to have been chosen 88 living 89 to take 90 to let 91 hearing 92 driving, to drive/to be driving 93 to get 94 not being 95 ring/ ringing 96 coming/come 97 knock/knocking 98 walk, open, get in 99 to lend 100 write 101 to be, not to hear 102 to be 103 looking 104 to have 105 to get 106 to wear 107 paying 108 to watch 109 not to turn 110 not to go 111 taking

Exercise IV, p. 46

Infinitive as subject, complement of subject

1. It is useful to do morning exercises every day. 2. It's difficult to study a foreign language. 3. It's pleasant to swim and lie in the sun on such a fine day. 4. It's interesting to meet new people. 5. Not to warn him of this would be dishonest. 6. It's necessary for us to see him today. 7. It's difficult for me to understand him. 8. It's difficult for a child to sit still for a long time. 9. It's not polite to interrupt the speaker. 10. It was difficult for us to receive this information. 11. It's dangerous to swim here. 12. It was necessary for him to return at once. 13. It's important to have good friends. 14. It'll take you twenty minutes to get to the station. 15. Which is more difficult to read English or to write English? 16. It's interesting to play tennis. 17. It's important for students to do their homework. 18. It's interesting to learn something about a new culture. 19. Is it easy to learn driving? 20. It'a dangerous to walk alone at night in this part of the city. 21. It's difficult for us to do this work in such a short period of time. 22. It's difficult for her to climb these stairs. 23. How long will it take you to complete the experiment? 24. Our plan was to save the children. 25. My

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aim is to become a good teacher. 26. Our duty is to help our old parents. 27. My advice to you is not to spend so much time on sports. 28. The first thing to do is to consult a doctor. 29. It is too late to send the letter. The only thing left for us to do is to send a telegram. 30. My wish is to win the match. 31. His plan is to learn swimming. 32. The only chance to see him is to go to the library. He comes there almost every day. 33. The best thing fo_r you to do is to apologize to her. 34. The first thing I want to do is to have a good rest. 35. The only thing I want now is to be left in peace and quiet, (not to be bothered) 36. My advice to you is not to invite him to the party. 37. My dream now is to be fishing somewhere in a little village.

Verb + infinitive

1.1 tried to fall asleep but I couldn't. 2. He agreed to wait another two days. 3. My brother promised to visit me tomorrow. 4. I'm going (intend) to return on Saturday. 5.1 forgot to close the safe. 6. He hopes to pass his exam. 7.1 learned to play the piano when I was ten years old. 8. We arranged to meet outside the theatre at 7 o'clock. 9.1 can't afford to buy such an expensive thing. 10.1 want to stay at home and have a rest today. 11. He decided not to go to the south this year. 12.1 managed to complete the work in time. 13. Don't forget to send the telegram. 14. I didn't want (mean) to hurt you. 15. He refused to take part in the competition. 16.1 am planning to have a party . Ann offered to help me and I'm very grateful to her. 17. He threatened to tell my parents. 18.1 want to complete the experiment on Friday. 19. I need to have your opinion. 20. She didn't manage to find him at home. 21.1 didn't want to go to the meeting, but I had to.

seem/happen/appear/prove/pretend + infinitive

1. He pretended to be sleeping. 2. They seem to be waiting for you downstairs. 3. The plan proved to be a success. 4. My friend seems to be having a good time at the seaside. 5. He appeared (proved) to be a good engineer. 6. He happened to look in that direction and saw a man run out of the house. 7. The question appears to be of great importance to them. 6. He seems to know all about this matter. 9. He seemed to be willing to do it himself'

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10. The results of the test seemed to have disappointed them. 11. He didn't appear to be surprised at the news. 12. She seems to have been waiting for a long time. 13. She happens to know him. 14.1 happened to leave the office early that day. 15. This plant seems to have been producing such equipment since 1986. 16. There seem to be no obj ections to their proposal. 17. There proved to be another solution of the problem. 18. There happened to be a surgeon among them. 19. He appears to know this subject very well. 20. He seems to have read a lot on this problem. 21. This book seems to be very interesting. 22. He seems to be angry with me. 23. Yesterday we happened to meet Mr Green. 24. He seems to be ill. 25. They seem to have been using this reference book. 26. He happened to be at home at that time. 27. He appeared (proved) to be a very experienced worker. 28. He pretended to be working hard. 29. All the students seem to have read this article. 30. He seems to have been ill all this time. 31. He seems to be satisfied with the results of his work. 32. He seems to have left for the south. 33. The box seems to be empty. 34. He proved (appeared) to be a good sportsman. 35.1 happened to meet him in Sochi. 36. This task proved to be very difficult. 37.1 happened to hear him ask her about it. 38. There seem to be a lot of interesting articles in this magazine. 39. There seem to be a lot of foreign books in this library. 40. He doesn't seem to be very clever. 41. He doesn't seem to know French. 42. They didn't seem to be interested in that problem. 43. They didn't appear to be experienced teachers.

Verb + object + infinitive

1. She asked me to read the letter carefully and write a reply to it.

2. Will you help me (to) carry this bag? 3. My son asked me to let him go to the cinema. 4. The man told me not to walk on the grass. 5. Let me help you with your work. 6. You must make him practise an hour every day. 7. He was made to come. 8. She was made to obey. 9. The captain ordered the sailors to wash the deck. 10. He got (persuaded) me to join them. 11. The customers asked the sellers to reduce the price. 12. The representative of the firm asked the manager to send the letters by air-mail. 13. My brother taught me to cycle. 14. My friend advised me to take up tennis. 15. My mother didn't let me swim. 16. He warned me to be careful. 17. The teacher told us not to write in the margins. 18.1 couldn't

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persuade her to accept my suggestion. 19. My father forbade me to use his car. 20.1 got him to help her. 21.1 asked the typist to type some letters. 22. He allowed the children to have a swim. 23. We invited them to join us. 24.1 reminded my sister to bring my dictionary. 25. He persuaded me to take up sports. 26. We were not allowed to use a dictionary. 27. They made him tell the truth. 28. She begged the doctors to save her child. 29. I was allowed to use the library. 30. He was made to help her.

I want you to come.

1. I'd like you to wait for me here. 2. He wants his son to become a teacher. 3. We didn't expect him to come so early. 4. Everybody expected them to get married. 5. Do you want me to help you? 6.1 want his article to be published. 7. The doctor doesn't want me to go to the south. 8. The captain wanted the goods to be loaded at once. 9. Where do you want me to wait for you? 10.1 expected him to help me. 11. She doesn't like her children to do their homework at night 12.1 want you to take this article and translate it. 13. Nobody expected the weather to change so suddenly. 14.1 want you to be happ\ 15. Did you expect him to write to you? 16.1 would like him to take part in our expedition. 17. He likes the students to ask him questions. 18. He didn't expect them to come so early.

I know him to be an honest man.

1. I know him to be a very experienced teacher. 2. I consider myself to be right. 3.1 think this question to be very important. 4.1 think him to be very clever. 5. Do you think him to be an expe­rienced doctor? 6. I believe this information to be very impor­tant. 7.1 find him to be too self-assured. 8.1 believe him to know the truth. 9. I believe him to be an honest and a reliable friend 10.1 think this article to be of great interest.

He is said/supposed/thought, etc. to be clever.

1. He's supposed to be in London. 2. The winter is expected to be cold this year. 3. This house is supposed to have been built about two hundred years ago. 4. The fire is thought to have started at night. 5. He was supposed to have left already. 6. He is known to

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have a different opinion on this problem. 7. The expedition is reported to have left on the 15th of May. 8. The treaty is expected to be signed this week. 9. He is considered to be one of the best surgeons in our country. 10. The delegation was reported to arrive at night. 11. lie is supposed to know this problem very well. 12. He is said (supposed) to have been married before. 13. They are expected to reach their destination on time. 14. The conference was reported to take place in Paris. 15. He is known to be a good specialist in the field of electronics. 16. He is expected to be invited to the conference.

The infinitive of purpose

1. All was done to save him. 2. He called for his car to take us to the station. 3.1 got up at six o'clock so as not to miss the morning train. 4.1 wrote a letter to him to remind him of his promise. 5. The child ran out to meet his mother. 6. He was walking slowly in order not to fall dow« 7. She did all to please him. 8. I'll write down your telephone number in order not to forget it. 9.1 came to talk to you about a very important matter. 10. Put on your warm coat so as not to catch cold. 11. He went to the library to take the journals and books he needs for his history exam. 12. He lay down on the sofa to have a short rest. 13. He put his key into his brief-case so as not to lose it. 14. She always has a walk in the evening to sleep better at night. 15. He read the rule several times to understand it better. 16. He was writing the dictation very carefully so as not to make mistakes. 17.1 have come to say good­bye to you.

The infinitive after adjectives

1. He was afraid to forget about his promise. 2. I'm glad to have followed your advice. 3. I'm sorry not to have seen this play. 4. He Was delighted to see her at the party. 5. We were surprised to see him at your house. 6. He was disappointed not to have got a ticket for the concert. 7. It's very kind of you to help me. 8. It was stupid of him to behave like that. 9. The child is too small to understand your joke. 10. He's clever enough to do this work. 11. It was too late to change anything. 12. This suitcase is too heavy for me to lift. 13. It was not warm enough to swim. 14. I'm too

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tired to go to the cinema today. 15. It was light enough to read. 16. He was the last to leave the laboratory. 17. He was the second to answer. 18.1 was the first to come. 19. He is hard to please. 20. She's hard to deal with. 21. She's pleasant to look at. 22. He has changed a lot. He is difficult to recognize. 23. He is good at dancing. He is pleasant to dance with.

The infinitive after nouns

1. Have we got anything tasty to serve for dessert? 2. There are still many things to pack (to be packed). 3.1 have no time to visit her today. 4. He is not the man to worry about trifles. 5. Have you got any friends to help you? 6. She has a sick child to look after 7.1 shall be busy this week; I have a lot of things to do. 8. She will always find something to laugh at. 9. There was nothing to worry about. The sick man felt better. 10. This is just the man to speak to on this problem. 11.1 have no desire to go to the south. 12. His offer to help surprised us. 13.1 was surprised at his refusal to come with us.

The infinitive after question words

1.1 have no idea how to help her. 2.1 didn't know where to spend my holiday. 3. Could you tell me how to get to Independence Square? 4.1 couldn't decide whether to go home or to spend the night in the country house. 5. She explained to me how to make the salad. 6. I can't decide what to wear at the party. 7. I don't know when to begin planting potatoes. 8.1 don't know where to buy this book. 9. I have no idea how to drive a car. 10. I don't know what to give him for his birthday.

See someone do and see someone doing

1. I have never heard him speak French. 2. He didn't hear me knock at (on) the door. 3.1 hear that he has already returned to Minsk. 4. I've never seen him swim, but I've heard he swims very well. 5.1 saw that she didn't understand the rule and I decided to explain it to her once again. 6. She saw him enter the house and she went downstairs to meet him. 7.1 heard somebody singing in the next room. 8.1 saw the taxi stop at the door. 9. For a while

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I watched the children playing in the garden. 10.1 saw her enter the room, switch on the light and sit down at the table. 11. Nobody noticed her leave the room. 12. He saw that she was very pale.

13. I'd like to see her dancing/dance. 14. I saw the sun set and dark clouds cover the sky. 15.1 saw him come up to them and say something. 16.1 heard the door open and saw someone enter the room. 17.1 saw her walking in the garden.

likely/imlikely/certain/sure + infinitive

1. The weather is likely to change tomorrow. 2. This question is very likely to be discussed at today's meeting. 3. He is not likely to come here. 4. The negotiations are very likely to end at the beginning of May. 5. He is likely to be at home at 6 o'clock. 6. They are not likely to return soon. 7. It is very likely to rain tomorrow. 8. He is sure to marry her. 9. She is sure to come. 10. Their suggestion is not likely to be accepted. 11. His article is certain to be published in the newspaper. 12. They are not likely to come before the 1st of September. 13. He is certain to like his new job.

14. The tourists are not likely to reach the top of the mountain.

15. The delegation is likely to stay in Moscow for some more days. 16. They are not likely to complete their work by the end of May. 17. She is certain to take part in the competition. 18. The goods are sure to be delivered at the end of the week.

Would rather/had better + infinitive

1. I'm very tired. I'd rather stay at home tonight. 2. The film is starting in ten minutes. I'd better hurry up. 3. It is a fine day today. Shall we go to the beach or would you rather go to the country? 4. Would you like to watch TV? — I'd rather listen to some music. 5. You look pale and tired. You'd better consult a doctor. 6.1 would rather take a taxi than go to the station by bus. 7. She is hurt. You'd better apologize to her. 8. When are you going to have a holiday this year? — I'd rather have it in August. I'd better go to the seaside this year. 9. I'd rather wait for a bus than go on foot. 10. Let's go to the south in summer. — I'd rather go on a tourist trip to England. 11. You'd better book the tickets in advance. — Yes, certainly. 12. Why don't we stay at our relati­ves'? — I don't want to. I'd rather stay at a hotel. 13. You'd

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better translate this text tomorrow morning, it's too late now. — I want to finish it today. 14. Would you like to go to the circus? —No, thank you. I'd rather go to the cinema. 15. You'd better phone him first. — All right. I'll do that. 16. You'd better leave your luggage in the left luggage office. — I'll certainly do that, thank you.

Unit 8 Exercise I, p. 139

do you by any chance know; should/would like, have just heard, would exactly suit, doesn't apply, won't get; saw, was just leaving/ had just left; said, was going, promised, (had) found; have heard, don't even know, went; know, should/would be, would phone (a formal request); have tried, doesn't seem

Exercise II, p. 139

to starting; of the new typist's taking; on her not eating; to travel; in spoiling; not to pay; in being; (in) reading; of having; about catching; on reading; at doing; of going; (in) worrying; to buy; to his daughter's getting; to travelling; in being; to go; to give up; to get on

Exercise III, p. 140

I wouldn't have wanted to try something different 2 there would have been family problems 3 I hadn't been careful 4 there would have been accidents 5 hadn't had 6 would have got bored 7 hadn't been 8 we would have complained about it 9 we hadn't been comfortable 10 wouldn't have worked so well 11 we had worked longer than three weeks 12 hadn't left the factory 13 wouldn't have felt

Unit 9 Exercise I, p. 145

I has been eaten 2 was being cleaned 3 hadn' t been invited/weren⁴ invited 4 is produced 5 has been stolen 6 had all been sold 7 ate

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spoken 8 was built 9 are being washed 18 was broken into 11 was being repaired 12 was television invented 13 is used 14 has been repainted 15 was played 16 are exported 17 is played 18 was frightened 19 was damaged 20 has been broken 21 haven't been typed 22 is surrounded 23 was invented 24 will be built 25 was divided 26 is worn 27 had been caused 28 is expected 29 will be completed 30 are televised 31 is visited 32 were being tested 33 was offered 34 was killed, was reported 35 was made 36 are taught 37 was performed 38 was written, was written 39 was invented 40 was the room cleaned 41 was the window broken 42 has anybody been injured 43 was bitten 44 are these rooms cleaned 45 are shown 46 was made 47 was born, were you born 48 will have been typed 49 was seen 50 will be sent 51 is being shown 52 has been offered, has been awarded 53 is grown 54 was told 55 have you been sent 56 will be served 57 is being given 58 will be sent 59 has been paid 60 have just been watered 61 will be announced 62 was being pulled 63 was written 64 will be invited 65 was suggested 66 had been returned 67 will have been made 68 is that course taught, is not taught 69 is being painted 70 was interviewed 71 was discovered

Exercise Ш, p. 151

I was stolen, entered 2 created 3 was discussed 4 won, was assassinated 5 arrived, was interviewed 6 will be given, was announced 7 were taken 8 will probably be won 9 saw, was interviewed 16 are controlled, are determined 11 blew, didn't want, had cost 12 is being treated 13 was caught, was being chased, jumped, kept 14 appeared, are named and described, are discovered 15 is read 16 was interrupted 17 belongs 18 is delivered 19 is not pronounced 20 happened 21 arrived, was met 22 heard, was surprised, was shocked 23 will be built 24 was discovered 25 was your bike stolen 26 have you paid, will be shut off 27 has happened 28 is, is visited, was designed, was erected, has been, is recognized 29 is being repaired 30 was being repaired 31 has already been hired 32 are manufactured 33 will be told 34 will exhibit 35 was being/was assisted 36 did you buy, didn't buy, was given, do you like 37 applied, was hired 38 had already been rented 39 will be interviewed, has collected 40 have complained, has been done 41 is being redecorated 42 hadn't been wound 43 was being/ was broadcast, heard, happened 44 were served 45 has been training

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46 graduated, had been offered 47 finish/have finished 48 are returned, will be given 49 began, were allowed 50 have already been typed 51 is being done 52 are still considering 53 happened 54 agree 55 is accomplished 56 will be finished

Exercise IV, p. 153

1 is closed 2 was closed 3 is made 4 is shut 5 is finished 6 are turned on 7 is not crowded 8 is stuck 9 was stuck 10 is made, is swept, are washed 11 is set, are done, are lit 12 is gone 13 is torn 14 is hidden 15 am lost 16 am exhausted 17 are excited 18 is dressed 19 are turned off 20 are divorced 21 am confused 22 am married 23 is gone 24 is spoiled 25 is located 26 is it plugged in 27 am accustomed 28 am satisfied 29 am not acquainted 30 is known 31 is equipped

Exercise V, p. 154

1. This film is much spoken about. I think it is worth seeing. 2. He is very angry. He has never been spoken to like that before. 3. You won't have to wait. When you come the documents will have been checked and the letters will have been typed. 4. The novel is (was) written by a young talented writer. 5. Don't say such things. You'll be laughed at. 6. When the director came everything was ready: the documents had been checked and the letters had been typed. 7. Why is it so cold in the reading room? — It is just being aired. The reading room is aired several times a day. 8. He is a qualified doctor. He is highly spoken of. 9. May I have a look at the documents? — They are still being typed. 10. The children will be taken to the theatre on Sunday. 11. The Palace of Sports was still being built when I came to Minsk. 13. This picture was painted by an unknown artist. 13. By the evening the work had been finished. 14. Hurry up. You are being waited for. 15. Where will the new library be built? 16. What is produced at this factory⁹ 17. The letter can't be sent today because it hasn't been signed by the director. 18. The foreign students were shown the classrooms, the laboratories and the dormitory of Moscow University. 19. He was interrupted by the noise in the corridor 20. Glass is broken very easily. 21. (At) what time is the reading room closed? — It is closed at 10 p.m. 22. This question won't

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be discussed today. 23.1 don't want to show you my article until it is finished. 24. As soon as the journals are received we'll show them to you. 25. What question was being discussed at the meeting when you came? 26. Unfortunately nothing was done to help him (to) finish the work. 27. Have the documents been signed yet? — Not yet. 28. When was this monument erected? 29. An interesting problem is being discussed in the club now. 30. She is happy- She has been offered an interesting job. 31. This house is not lived in. 32. The school will have been built by the beginning of the new school year. 33. Newspapers and letters are delivered early in the morning. 34. He said that the work would be done in time if all the necessary information was received. 35.1 was given all the necessary instructions. 36.1 was asked to come a bit later because my application was still being considered.

Unit 10 Exercise I, p. 192

1. A lot of skyscraper blocks have been built here recently. 2. The town has been made to look ugly. 3. An area of terraced nouses is going to be demolished. 4. A shopping area is going to be built. 5. When I walked past the area the first house was being demolished. 6. The town is being destroyed by these council planners. 7. Hundreds of protests have been sent in. 8. Their decision has been taken. 9. The quality of life in the town is being destroyed.

Exercise II, p. 193

A. 1 the; 2 - ;3 the ;4 - ; 5 a; 6 -; 7 -; 8 -; 9 the; 10 -; 11 an; 12 the; 13 - ; 14 the; 15 the; 16 the; 17 the; 18 the; 19 the; 20 -; 21 the; 22 the; 23 an; 24 -; 25 -; 26 -; 27 -; 28 the; 29 -; 30 the; 31 the; 32 the; 33 a; 34 a; 35 an;36 an; 37 -; 38 the; 39 -.

B. I the; 2 the; 3 the; 4 the; 5 the; 6 a; 7 a; 8 the; 9 a; 10 the; 11 the; 12 a; 13 an.

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Unit 11 Exercise I, p. 212

1 looking 2 make 3 watching, swimming 4 studying 5 feel 6 draw 7 convincing 8 open 9 trickling 10 repaired 11 to help, (to) prepare 12 polishing 13 painted 14 being elected 15 telling 16 lying 17 play­ing, joining 18 drink 19 to be, (to) listen 20 play 21 going 22 to discover 23 being/having been, to expect 24 sipping, eating 25 ta­ken 26 to be told 27 to have, to know, to handle 28 being, being 29 understanding 30 have, join 31 to begin 32 failing 33 to let, run 34 make 35 talking 36 built 37 built 38 remembering 39 to be admitted 40 to get, cut, trimmed 41 entering, leading 42 explaining 43 being allowed 44 being taken 45 having seen 46 knowing 47 having known, speak 48 being surprised, planning 49 asking, forgetting 50 to sleep, thinking 51 burning, coming 52 to have a garage built, to do 53 being accepted, concentrating 54 hearing, play/playing, forgetting, making, to relax, (to) enjoy 55 wasting, to fail, doing 56 asked/being asked 57 arriving/having arrived 58 cleaning/to be cleaned, sweeping/to be swept, washing/to be washed, dusting/to be dusted, reading, doing 59 to complain, losing 60 house-hunting, to ask, looking 61 go, swimming, going 62 spen­ding, arguing, not to go 63 giving, going, to live 64 to leave, to call 65 to have kept you waiting, apologizing 66 having been promised 67 earning, to show 68 to start, filling 69 to buy, to ask 70 cheating, buying, to deal 71 waiting 72 dining, have, to go, having 73 cutting, have 74 to convince, managing, helping 75 to come, go/going, to climb, making 76 going, burning 77 having lived 78 to leave, to put 79 writing, to receive, go 80 to turn, working 81 keeping, to fill, asking, to keep, making 82 go fishing, coming, to cut, wasting, sitting, watching, fishing 83 spending, living, to think, selling, returning 84 grown, grown 85 locked, refusing 86 having worked 87 asking

Exercise II, p. 215

Participles as adjectives and adjectival phrases

1. The windows facing the bridge were open. 2. The secretary posted the letters signed by the director. 3. I'm very grateful to the doctors who have saved my child's life. 4. His unexpected

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answer surprised us. 5. The road being repaired now will be much wider after the repairs. 6. There are some broken chairs in this room. 7. He brought me some illustrated magazines. 8. We carefully read the article sent by Prof. Ivanov. 9. The stories, published in this magazine, are very interesting. 10. The workers unloading the ship will be free in an hour. 11. The dictionaries taken by the students from the library must be returned not later than 6 o'clock. 12. The man sitting by the open window was looking at the children playing in the garden. 13.1 hope you won't make the mistakes made in the last dictation. 14. He showed me a list of goods exported by this firm. 15. There are a lot of figures hi his article illustrating the development of our industry. 16.1 haven't looked through all the journals sent to us from London. 17.1 have already checked the compositions written by the students of my group. 18. Here is a list of students studying English. 19. All the students taking part in this work must come to the institute at 6 p.m. 20.1 read the article translated by my sister from English into Russian. 21. He put the sleeping child on the sofa. 22. We came up to the man standing on the comer and asked him the way to the station. 23. The people waiting for the doctor have been sitting here for a long time. 24. The people who have been waiting for you have just left. 25. The conference being held at the university is devoted to the problems of nuclear physics. 26. The scientist who has written this article will make a report at our university. 27.1 asked the young man reading a newspaper what time it was. 28. The picture hanging in the hall attracted my attention. 29. The picture which hung here last year is at the art museum now. 30. The books lying on the table belong to my brother. 31. This telegram came with the mail delivered in the morning. 32. The students who have finished translating the article may leave the room. 33.1 have never heard about the actress who starred in this film. 34. The car following us was grey. 35. The agreement concluded between these two countries is of great importance to them. 36. The trees growing in front of our house Were planted by my father. 37. The problems discussed at the last meeting are very interesting.

Participles introducing adverbial phrases

I.You must be careful (while) playing chess. 2. They were quickly walking talking about omething with great interest. 3. The

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captain was standing on deck giving instructions to the sailors.

4. Having left our things in the cloakroom we went sightseeing

5. Left alone/being left alone he began to unpack his things. 6. Having lived in London many years he knew the city well. 7. He didn't agree to come to the concert with us saying he was busy. 8. She stood thinking what to answer. 9.1 didn't phone him thinking that he was busy. 10. Travelling around the country we saw a lot of places of interest. 11. Understanding that she wouldn't be able to do the work alone she asked me for help. 12. Knowing that I had enough time to reach the cinema on time I wasn't in a hurry. 13. Hearing that her sister couldn't come to see her Ann got upset. 14. He was looking at her smiling. 15. She spent the morning doing the flat. 16. Arriving in the city we went to the hotel. 17. Having worked in the hospital more than ten years he became an experienced doctor. 18. Looking through the old magazines I found an interesting article about Great Britain. 19. Waiting for my tram I saw an old man staring at me. 20. Having read the letter he put it into the drawer. 21. Being very tired I decided to stay at home. 22. Not knowing grammar he made very many mistakes. 23. He took the dictionary without asking permission. 24. Not receiving letters from her he sent her a telegram.

25. Not knowing how to get to the station I asked a policeman.

26. She left without looking at us. 27. Be careful while crossing the street. 28. Being very absent-minded he made several mistakes copying the text. 29. Having worked at the report all day long he felt very tired. 30. He realized his mistake and stopped arguing. 31. Ha­ving received the telegram I immediately left for my hometown 32. We had a good time swimming and sunbathing.

Participle after verbs of perception

1.1 saw her working in the garden. 2.1 watched the mechanic repairing my car. 3.1 heard her singing in the next room. 4.1 feel something burning in the kitchen. 5. We watched the children playing football. 6.1 saw him walking in the park. 7.1 heard her playing the piano and didn't want to interrupt her. 8. I watched my son doing his homework. 9.1 heard them talking in the next room. 10. Seeing the taxi drive up to the house he took his things and went downstairs. 11.1 noticed somebody standing at the gate.

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Have something done

1. How often do you have your hair cut? 2.1 must immediately have my watch repaired. 3. We had had our house repaired before _w-e left for the south. 4. I want to have this document typed as soon as possible. 5.1 have just had my tooth pulled out. 6. When did you have your room papered? — A week ago. — How much did it cost you? — 100 dollars. 7.1 didn't have my watch repaired yesterday because all the repair-shops were closed. 8. Have you had your ceiling whitewashed? 9. Where did you have this dress made? 10. When will you have your piano tuned at last? 11. When did you have your garage built? 12. Yesterday he had his wallet stolen. 13.1 want to have my suit ironed. 14. You must have your hair cut.

Unit 12 Exercise I, p. 251

1 the; 2 the; 3 the; 4 the; 5 the; 6 the; 7 a; 8 the; 9 the; 10 a; 11 the; 12 a; 13 -; 14 -; 15 -; 16 the; 17 a; 18 a; 19 -; 20 -; 21 -; 22 -; 23 -; 24 -; 25 -.

Exercise 2, p. 251

1. When I was a student, I went in for sports. I was good at running and jumping. But when I became older, I gave up sports and I'm very sorry about it. This winter I'm going to go skiing and skating, and when summer comes, I'll go swimming and rowing. 2. I'm very fond of figure skating and I always watch on TV the international figure skating competitions. 3. I study at the Lin­guistic University. We have an excellent sports hall and all faci­lities for good physical training. 4. My brother dreams to achieve (to set) a record in swimming. He trains a lot. 5.1 prefer track and field athletics to boxing and wrestling. 6. Mountaineering is a dangerous sport. 7. My daughter is keen on sports. She is good at figure skating, she can swim and run well. 8. Are you going to take part in the boating race? — No, I'm off form now. 9.1 seem to know this man. He was an excellent runner once and now he trams young sportsmen. 10. By whom was the last world record

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in high jump set? — I don't know. I'm not keen on track and field athletics. I prefer football. 11. Last Saturday my friend and I went to the stadium. Moscow Spartak and Minsk Dynamo were playing My friend is a Muscovite and he supports Spartak, and I'm a supporter of Minsk Dynamo. The game (match) was exciting Both the teams were in good shape. A Minsk forward was the first to score a goal. Some minutes later a Spartak halfback evened the score. The first half ended in a draw. In the second half the Dynamo players were stronger than their opponents and they scored another goal. They won by two goals to one. I was happy, but my friend was disappointed.

Unit 13 Exercise I, p. 308

A. Peter reminded Nick that they had no homework for the next day and suggested going to the cinema saying that he hadn't seen a film for a long time. It turned out that Nick had no money, but Peter said he had enough money for both of them. Nick thanked him and promised to pay back the money on Monday. At that moment their friend John appeared. He asked where they were going, and Peter answered they were going to the cinema. John wanted to know what film they were going to see. Peter said that they were going to see "War and Peace". John remarked that his parents had already seen that film, and they had enjoyed it very much. Nick asked why John hadn't seen the film together with his parents. John explained that he had been very busy that day. When Nick asked John whether he wanted to come with them, John answered that he did, but he had promised his father to repair his car. Nick invited John to go to the pictures together with them and promised that after the film they would all come to his place to help them with the car. John thanked his friends and asked them when the film began. Peter answered that it began at 12.30, and the boys hurried to the cinema.

B. Talking about the weather one day, Peter remarked joyfully that the day was lovely. Jane agreed saying that it was the first really warm day that spring because the weather hadn't been too good lately. Peter protested saying that there had been some sunshine every day. Jane remarked ironically that there had been

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rain every day too. Peter called her a pessimist. Then he suggested having a picnic. With an exclamation of regret Jane said that she couldn't because she had to prepare for her exams. Peter begged her to go to the country at the weekend but she refused. Her friend was disappointed.

Unit 14 Exercise I, p. 338

make; feel; to enjoy; about being; to being; about Uncle Tom('s) visiting; would need; feeling; usually goes; to Uncle Tom('s) des­cribing; gives; to taking; taking

Exercise 2, p. 339

1 a; 2 an ;3 -; 4 a; 5 a; 6 -; 7 -; 8 -; 9 -; 10 a, 11 -; 12 -;13 an; 14 the; 15 the; 16 -; 17 -; 18 -; 19 -; 20 a; 21 a; 22 -; 23 -; 24 the; 25 a; 26 -; 27 the; 28 -; 29 the; 30-; 31 the; 32 -; 33 -; 34 the; 35 -; 36 a; 37 a; 38 the; 39 the; 40 -; 41 a; 42 the; 43 the; 44 the; 45 the; 46 the; 47 the; 48 -.

Exercise III, p. 340

1.1 have a sore throat. It must be quinzy. 2. She is seriously ill. She has been taken to hospital. She may (might) be operated on. 3. You look ill. I advise you to consult a doctor — the sooner the better. 4. I'm suffering from insomnia. I don't know what to do. — Why don't you take up sports? It might help you. — I'm too old to go in for sports. 5.1 have a bad pain in my chest. I'm afraid it's pneumonia. 6. Helen is ill with scarlet fever. She's in hospital now. 7. He was treated for flu but it turned out to be pneumonia. 8. This is a good medicine for a headache (an earache, a toothache). 9. Have you been X-rayed? — Not yet. But I've just had my blood pressure taken. It's normal. 10. He has a weak heart. Yesterday he had a bad heart attack. He's in bed. The doctor told him to stay in bed for three days. 11. You have two bad teeth. You must go to the dentist's. — Three months ago the dentist filled two of my teeth, I wish I didn't have to have my teeth filled every three months. 12. The doctor prescribed me some medicine

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and said that I could have the prescription made up at any chemist's. 13. Your eyes are swollen. What's wrong with you? 14. He has got over (recovered from) his bronchitis and now he is quite well. 15. You must take your temperature. Here's the thermometer. 16. You don't look well. What's the matter with you? Have you had a sleepless night? — I don't feel well. I think there's nothing serious. — If I were you I should consult a doctor.

17. Some days ago I woke up with a splitting headache. I had a running nose and a bad cough. Besides I had a sore throat. I took my temperature. It was 39.1 phoned my doctor. The doctor came and examined me thoroughly, felt my pulse, sounded my heart and lungs, took my blood pressure, looked at my tongue and throat. The doctor said that it was flue and that I should stay in bed for a few days. He wrote out a prescription for some tablets and a mixture and told me to take a spoonful of it three times a day. My wife went to the chemist's where she had the prescription made up. I followed the doctor's instructions and recovered in a week.

18. I'm a little sick. I have a slight fever, my body aches all over, I'm dizzy. I'm ill. 19. I have a pain in my back. I don't know what's wrong.