3. Stop doing and stop to do.

We use stop + -ing form to say what we do before we stop.

— I'm a vegetarian. I stopped eating meat 5 years ago. (= I ate meat up to 5 years ago, then I stopped.)

We use stop + to infinitive to say why we stop.

—After I'd been working for 3 hours, I stopped to eat lunch. (= I stopped in order to eat lunch.)

4. Go on doing and go on to do

We use go on + -ing form to talk about something that continues.

— She went on talking about her holiday all evening. (= She continued talking...)

We use go on+ to infinitive to talk about a change to something different.

— She spoke about her son, then she went on to talk about her daughter.

5. Regret doing and regret to do

We use regret + -ing form to say we regret something that we have already done.

— I regret saying that he was an idiot. (I said that he was an idiot.)

We use regret + to infinitive to say we regret something that We have to do now.

280

281

— I regret to say that I won't be able to come to the meeting on Monday.

Note that regret + to infinitive is rather formal.

Illustrative situations Gerund or to + infinitive (same meaning)

John: How about coming for a picnic today? We could go to

the lake. Mary: I like having picnics but I'm afraid it will start to rain

as soon as we get there. Look at the clouds. John: Well, I really don't like staying in on Sundays. It's so

boring. Mary: I prefer to do something active at the weekend too but

I can't bear having picnics in the rain!

Gerund or to + infinitive (different meaning)

Mother: Terry, I'm just wondering. I don't remember locking the front door of the house. Did you remember to do it?

Terry: Stop worrying about it now! It's too late! Anyway, there's nothing worth stealing.

Mother: I always forget to lock the door. I really must try to think about it next time.

The gerund and the verbal noun

In the English language besides the gerund which is half-verb, half-noun, there is a pure verbal noun ending in -ing. Let's draw a parallel between these two forms:

1. The gerund is not used 1. The verbal noun may be used with an article. with an article.

I want you to give my hair a good

brushing.

Who does the cooking in this house⁷

2. The gerund has no plural 2. The verbal noun may be used in the form. plural.

282

There are three turnings to the right. Our likings are regulated by our circumstances.

3. The gerund of a transitive 3 A verbal noun cannot take a direct verb takes a direct object. object; it takes a prepositional object. He received more and more The reading of the paper made letters, so many that he had me very excited.

given up reading them.

4. The gerund may be modi- 4. The verbal noun may be modified fied by an adverb. by an adjective.

I was tired of sitting still in the The early coming of spring

library through a whole long makes me feel happy,

morning.

•

Practice

и / 1. Make up short dialogues.

Requests: Would you mind + gerund

A: Have the windows been cleaned?

(a) B: No. Would you mind cfeaning them?

(b) B: No. I wonder if you'd mind cleaning them.

Have/has the...

1. beds been made? 9. shopping been done?

2. table been laid? 10. sheets been ironed ?

3. stairs been swept? 11. tea, been made?

4. onions been cut up? 12. laundry been collected?

5. washing-up been done? 13. letters been posted?

6. gas been paid? 14. sandwiches been cut?

7. furniture been polished? 15. potatoes been peeled?

8. dining-room been dusted? 16. chips been fried?

like/liked + gerund

(a) A (in tones of sympathy): You have to make beds, I suppose. В (cheerfully): Yes, but I like making beds!

Twenty years later, Susan's children have left home, her

283

husband has retired and they can afford some help in house and garden. Her friend reminds her of her former busy life, (b) A: You had to make beds, I suppose.

B: Yes, but I liked making beds!

This exercise could also be done with (c) don 't/didn 't mind or (d) enjoy/enjoyed.

(a) You have to...I suppose.

1. do housework,

2. live economically,

3. shop around,

4. look after the children,

5. mind their clothes,

6. take them to school,

7. help them with their homework,

8. read to them,

9. answer their questions,

10. attend their school concerts,

11. go swimming with them,

12. give children's parties,

13. meet your husband at the station, (Use my.)

14. listen to your husband's office stories, (Use my.)

15. entertain your husband's colleagues, (Use my.)

16. iron shirts,

17. knit pullovers,

18. look after the garden,

19. cut the grass.

(b) You had to ... I suppose.

1. do housework,

2. live economically, etc.

like/dislike/hate/don 't mind/don't care for/enjoy + gerund

The life of an au pair.

A: T have to cook and wash up. (a)B: So have 1.1 like cooking but (I) hate washing up. (b) B: So have 1.1 enjoy cooking but (I) don't care for washing up

284

(c) B: So have 1.1 don't mind cooking but (I) dislike washing up. This drill can also be done in the past tense:

A: I had to cook and wash up.

B: So had 1.1 liked cooking but (I) hated washing up.

I have to:

1. vacuum carpets and dust furniture.

2. make beds and clean rooms.

3. answer the door and answer the phone.

4. do 'the flowers and polish the silver.

5. buy fruit at the market and carry it home.

6. take the children to school and hurry home afterwards.

7. collect the children from school and help them with their homework.

8. talk to the children and teach them French.

9. go to the beach with the children and play in the sand.

10. put the children to bed and tidy up after them.

11. look after the baby and share a room with him.

12. give the baby his bath and wash his clothes.

13. walk the dogs and brush them.

14. attend classes and do homework.

prefer... to + gerund

A: My brother plays tennis but hardly ever watches it. B: My brother prefers playing (tennis) to watching (it) too. (slight stress on my)

My brother...

1. talks; he hardly ever listens.

2. spends money but hardly ever saves it.

3. phones; he hardly ever writes.

4. listens to the radio; he hardly ever watches TV.

5. paints pictures; he hardly ever takes photographs.

6. takes taxis; he hardly ever waits for a bus. (Use buses.) 1. drives; he hardly ever lets me drive.

8. cycles; he hardly ever walks.

9. eats out; he hardly ever cooks for himself.

10. stays at home (for his holidays); he hardly ever goes abroad.

285

•11. rushes about (during his holidays); he hardly ever relaxes 12. takes people to restaurants; he hardly ever invites them to his house.

what about? + gerund, would rather + infinitive without to, would prefer + infinitive

In this drill the prompt only is given and students must form both the question (A) and the answer (B). Students could work in pairs, one being A and the other B.

Prompt: walk on ... wait for a bus

A: What about walking on? Or would you rather wait for a bus?

(a) B: I'd rather walk on (than wait for a bus). (Words in brackets may be omitted.)

(b) B: I'd prefer to walk on.

This drill could also be done with I'm against/for or I'm in favour of+ gerunds:

(c) В: I'm against waiting for a bus.

(d) B: I'm for waiting for a bus.

(e) В: I'm in favour of waiting for a bus.

(The speaker in (d) and (e) does not agree with the speaker in (a), (b) and (c).

Prompts:

' 1. write ... phone

2. camp ... stay in a hotel

3. deliver it by hand ... post it

4. drive ... fly

5. mend the old one ... buy a new one

6. go as we are ... change into evening dress

7. get a job ... ask our parents to send us money

8. finish it tonight... leave it till tomorrow

9. try to fix it ourselves ... send for an electrician

10. wash the sheets at home ... take them to the launderette

11. tune the piano ourselves ... get a piano tuner

12. borrow a TV set... hire one

13. buy a cat... put down rat poison

14. ring the dentist today... put it off till tomorrow

15. start now ... wait for Bill

16. hitch-hike... cycle

17. stay at home next weekend... go away

18. keep some... eat it all now

avoid + gerund

Дп old man is talking to his doctor.

A: I travelled overnight and felt awful afterwards. B: Then try to avoid travelling overnight.

/... and felt awful afterwards.

1. got very angry 8. read in a bad light

2. overate 9. carried a heavy suitcase

(Use suitcases.)

3. drank too much 10. played cards all night

4. went to bed too late 11. took sleeping pills

5. rushed about 12. travelled by jet

6. stood for a long time 13. worked all weekend

7. made a long speech 14. quarrelled with my (Use speeches.) neighbours

enjoy + gerund

A: I had a lovely time yesterday. I wrote letters all day. B: Do you actually enjoy writing letters? (stress on enjoy)

I had a lovely time yesterday. I... all day.

1. peeled potatoes 7. practised the piano

2. washed windows 8. worked in the garden

3. mended socks 9.cooked

4. cleaned shoes 10. baked

5. sewed on buttons 11. looked after the children

6. ironed shirts 12. baby-sat

fancy/imagine + gerund

A: She doesn't go to bed at all! B: Fancy not going to bed at all!

287

286

or В: Imagine not going to bed at all!

A: He lost all his savings!

B: Fancy losing one's/your savings!

or B: Imagine losing one's/your savings!

1. My sister doesn't enjoy her days off.

2. Tom doesn't know his own age.

3. Bill refused a rise in salary.

4. She was an au pair girl for ten years.

5. She never has a night out.

6. She baby-sits every night.

7. They paid £200 for a single meal.

8. They watch television for thirty hours a week.

9. The mother doesn't know where her baby is.

10. She got married at fourteen.

11. She waited twenty years for him. (Omit for him.}

12. He works a 70-hour week.

admit/deny/bе suspected/ be accused of+ gerund

A: Did he say he had stolen the documents?

(a) B: Yes, he admitted stealing them.

(b) B: No, he denied stealing them.

(c) В: No, but he is suspected of stealing them.

(d) B: No, but he has been accused of stealing them.

Did he say he had...

1. forged the signature?

2. taken part in the robbery?

3. fired at the policeman?

4. attacked the cashier?

5. shot the chauffeur?

6. received the stolen goods?

7. sold the secret information?

8. given false evidence?

9. bribed the officials?

288

mind/object to + him/his + gerund

Tom, who has a very relaxed attitude to work, has just joined the staff- A senior employee, shocked by his behaviour, points out his "Crimes" to the manager. But the manager, who is about to retire, doesn't mind much.

A (in shocked tones): He kisses your secretary!

(a) B: Oh, I don't mind him* kissing my secretary!

But when this manager resigns and a new man is appointed, things are going to be different.

A: He kisses your secretary!

(b) B: I object to him * kissing my secretary.

* HIS is technically the more correct form, but HIM is more usual in spoken English.

He...

1. spends two hours having lunch!

2. writes his own lectures during office hours!

3. gets your secretary to type his private letters!

4. arrives late!

5. goes home early!

6. wears jeans!

7. chews gum!

8. puts his feet on the desk!

9. sleeps at his desk !

10. phones his friends from the office!

11. argues with clients !

12. parks his motor cycle in the hall!

13. drops ash on the carpet!

14. leaves burning cigarettes about!

15. smokes your cigars!

prevent +object + (from) + gerund

Next to Tom's house is a nice open, grassy place, where people come for picnics. This annoys Tom, but his friend explains that he can't do anything to stop it.

A (angrily): They park here! >

В : It's very difficult to prevent people (from) parking here.

They..

1. have picnics here! 6. lie about almost naked!

2. light fires! 7. use terrible language!

3. leave litter! 8. play their radios loudly!

4. bang their car doors! 9. fry sausages!

5. make a horrible noise!

couldn't help + gerund

A (accusingly): You got lost! B: I couldn't help getting lost.

1— 8 John wanted Bill to remain absolutely still. Bill, however, couldn't manage this.

You...

1. coughed! ' 5. smiled!

2. sneezed!- 6. moved!

3. laughed! 7. sighed!

4. shivered! -⁴ 8. fell asleep!

9 — 16 Ann is just generally disapproving of Bill's actions.

You...

9. came in late. 13. got into debt.

10. made a noise. 14. saw what was in the letter.

11. woke the people in 15. bought that dog. the next flat. 16. wrote that letter.

12. caught a cold.

keep + gerund

The new secretary isn't a great success. A colleague tries to defend her but the boss is clearly very dissatisfied.

A: It isn't very terrible to break a cup now and then. B: But she keeps breaking cups, (stress on keeps.)

290

it isn 't very terrible to . now and then.

1. come late 11. forget to switch the lights off

2. go home early

3. take time off 12. look out of the window

4. make mistakes

5. mix up appoint- 13. ring up one's friends (Use her.) ments

6. argue 14. ask for days off

7. answer back

8. lose documents 15. have headaches

9. interrupt 16. switch on one's radio (Use her.) 10. leave the safe 17. spell у our name wrong (Use my.)

open

remember + gerund

Peter annoyed his host, but doesn't remember much about the

party.

A: He says you spoilt his party.

B: I don't remember spoiling his party.

He says you...

1. arrived drunk. 6. called him names.

2. brought two drunk 7. broke a vase, friends.

3. refused to leave. 8. started a fight.

4. shouted at him. 9. made an awful lot of noise.

5. swore at him.

remember + him/his etc. + gerund

Paul didn't enjoy his holiday. But Ann doesn't seem to remember various disasters.

A: Breakfast was late.

B: I don't remember it/its being late.

Use pronoun object: it, him, her, you, them, or possessive adjective: its, his, her,your, their

291

1. The receptionist was rude. (Use her)

2. The people opposite sang all night.

3. They forgot to bring our early morning tea.

4. They refused to clean my car.

5. The lift broke down.

6. The kitchen staff went on strike. 7.1 lost my camera. (Use you/your.)

8. The taxi drivers cheated us.

9. It rained nearly all the time. 10. The hall porter insulted me.

11.1 suffered from food poisoning.

12. The hotel overcharged us.

13. They mixed up our reservations.

stop + gerund

A disagreeable flat-mate.

A: He plays the radio all night.

(a) B: You should tell him to stop playing the radio all night.

(b) B: Why don't you tell him to stop playing the radio all

night?

He...

1. argues all the time.

2. chews tobacco.

3. sleepwalks.

4. talks to himself.

5. follows me about.

6. listens to my telephone conversations.

7. annoys the neighbours.

8. hangs his washing out of the window.

9. borrows my things.

10. uses bad language.

11. parks outside my garage.

12. steals my apples.

13. bums rubbish in the garden.

14. opens my letters.

15. is rude to my friends.

16. plays the radio all night.

292

stop + object + gerund

A: He played cards. His mother blamed me for it. (stress on me) B: But how could you stop him playing cards? (stress on stop or you)

Це... His mother blamed me for it.

1. left home.

2. gave up shaving.

3. grew his hair.

4. threw away his suits.

5. went about barefoot.

6. wore dirty jeans.

7. tore up his passport.

8. gave up his job.

9. lived on National Assistance.

10. got married.

11. started a family.

12. played the guitar in the Underground.

try + gerund

A: Do you think it would help if we pressed the red button? B: Yes, let's try pressing the red button.

Do you think it would help if we...

1. put the cake back in the oven?

2. cut the sandwiches the day before?

3. ate less fat?

4. took more exercise?

5. opened the windows?

6. turned down the central heating?

7. moved the piano to another room? **

8. locked the doors at night?

9. painted the ceiling dark green?

10. paid the bills weekly?

11. filled the radiator with hot water?

12. cooked it in oil?

13. washed it in cold water?

293

suggest + gerund

Two boys lost some of their money during the holidays.

A: Why didn't you hitch-hike home?

B: Well, I suggested hitch-hiking but Tom didn't agree.

Why didn't you.

1. leave at once?

2. look for a cheaper hotel?

3. borrow a tent?

4. sleep on the beach?

5. get a job in a restaurant?

6. offer to work as guides?

7. sell your cameras? (Use out)

8. ring me?

9. tell your parents?

want/need + gerund

A: You should tidy the garden. B: Yes, it wants/needs tidying.

You should...

1. paint your windows.

2. sweep the steps.

3. clean the yard.

4. paint the fence.

5. cut the grass.

6. water the roses.

7. pick the peaches.

8. rebuild your wall.

9. mend the fence.

fr

be afraid of/risk + gerund

Alan and Bill are discussing certain actions by Tom. Alan suggests a reason for them and Bill agrees.

A: I expect he didn't want to get wet. (a)B: Yes, I suppose he was afraid of getting wet. (b)B: Yes, he probably didn't want to risk getting wet.

294

I expect he didn 't want to...

1. miss his train.

2. overload the car.

3. get a parking ticket.

4. annoy the boss.

5. lose his job.

6. break his neck.

7. make things worse.

8. wake everyone up.

9. press the wrong button.

10. upset his wife.

11. catch cold.

12. spoil his new suit.

13. shock the neighbours.

14. attract attention.

be interested in + gerund

George wants Bill to co-operate with him and offers all sorts of inducements. But Bill is not ambitious.

A: You might make a lot of money!

B: But I'm not interested in making a lot of money.

You might...

1. become a celebrity!

2. be invited to marvellous parties!

3. meet important people!

4. appear on television!

5. take part in radio programmes!

6. influence public opinion!

7. travel first class all over the world!

8. see your name in lights!

9. live in luxury!

10. drive a Rolls Royce!

11. buy an island in the Pacific!

295

feel like + gerund

One member of the family feels energetic; the other doesn't.

(a) A: Let's go for a walk.

B: I don't feel like going for a walk, (slight stress on feel)

This could also be used as an indirect speech exercise:

(b) A: Let's go for a walk.

В (reporting A's suggestion): He suggests/suggested going for a walk.

Let's...

1. walk to the village.

2. take the dogs out.

3. climb the mountain.

4. run round the block.

5. carry the boxes upstairs.

6. play tennis.

7. swim across the river.

8. pick apples.

9. look for mushrooms.

10. move the piano.

11. tidy the cupboard.

12. sweep the stairs.

13. repaper the sitting-room.

14. paint the greenhouse.

15. rebuild the garage.

for + gerund (punish someone for/apologize for/ get into trouble for)

Tom is at a boarding school. His father has just received his half term report and is reading it out to his wife.

A: Tom broke sixteen windows during his first week! (a)B: Well, I hope they punished him for breaking sixteen windows.

(b)B: Well, I hope he apologized for breaking sixteen windows.

296

(с)В: Poor Tom. I expect he got into trouble for breaking sixteen windows.

Tom-

1. kicked a football through the greenhouse roof!

2. drove the headmaster's car into the village pond!

3. refused to wear uniform!

4. was rude to the teachers!

5. burnt down the gymnasium!

6. poured milk into the grand piano!

7. sold the school tape recorders!

8. cheated at exams!

9. wrote things on the walls!

10. woke everyone up when he came in!

have difficulty (in) + gerund

A: Did you find the house quite easily?

B: No, I had a lot of difficulty (in) finding the house.

Did you... quite easily?

1. fit everything into your case (Use my)

2. start the car

3. read the map

4. cross the river

5. find a place to park

6. put up the tent

7. light the fire

8. keep warm

9. understand him

10. make yourself understood

11. explain what you wanted

12. arrange a loan

it's no use/good + gerund it's no use/good me/ту + gerund

A: Why didn't you tell him? (a) B: It's no use telling him.

or

297

В: It's no good telling him. (b) В: It's no use me/my telling him.

Why didn't you...

1. talk to him?

2. remind him?

3. ask him?

4. complain?

5. ring him?

6. refuse?

7. threaten him?

8. offer a reward?

9. warn him?

10. go to the embassy?

11. demand compensation?

12. leave?

13. oppose him?

insist on + gerund, insist on me/ту + gerund

(a) A: Tom painted the ceiling black, didn't he?

B: Yes, he insisted on painting the ceiling black.

(b) A: You painted the ceiling black, didn't you?

B: Yes. Bill insisted on me/my painting the ceiling black.

(a) Tom... didn't he?

1. wore a tie,

2. changed trains,

3. started at midnight,

4. travelled in the guard's van,

5. sent for the Fire Brigade,

6. burnt the film,

7. took the dogs,

8. wrote to the papers,

9. slept in the attic,

10. consulted a fortune-teller,

11. fetched a doctor,

12. stopped the traffic,

13. searched the house,

298

14. rang the police,

15. waited till the end,

16. signed the petition,

You... didn't you'''

in spite of+ gerund

Prompt: He spends very little.

A: He is quite rich.

B: But in spite of being rich, he spend

1 Hft ant the inh hp knnw« nn ^пя

Is very little.

. He got the job. He knows no Spanish.

2. He got there first. He started last.

3. He doesn't make much progress. He practises a lot.

4. She didn't lose any weight. She dieted for six months.

5. He never made enough to live on. He worked hard.

6. He never mastered the subject. He studied for ten years.

7. He didn't take good photographs. He used very expensive cameras.

8. She never looked smart. She paid a lot for her clothes.

9. She is always late for work. She lives quite near the office.

10. He passed his exams. He did no work.

11. It didn't sell well. It was widely advertised.

12. He was always looked on as a foreigner. He spent his life in this country.

look forward to + gerund

A: When you get home you'll be able to ski, won't you? B: Yes, I'm looking forward to skiing.

ou get home you 'II be able... won 'tyou?

1. swim in the sea,

2. skate,

3. ride your horse again, (Use my.}

4. meet your friends,(Use my.)

5. speak your own language again,(Use my.}

6. fish in the river,

299

7. have a good holiday,

8. sunbathe,

9. take your dog for walks, (Use my.)

10. buy a lot of new clothes,

11. earn more money,

12. get a good job,

13. continue your university course, (Use my.)

14. start your training, (Use my.)

15. go out without an umbrella,

16. open a language school,

17. write a book about your experiences, (Use my.)

there's no point in + gerund, what's the point of+ gerund

A: The shops don't open till 9 but we'd better be there b> 8 (a)B: But if the shops don't open till 9 there's no point in

being there by 8. (b)B: But if the shops don't open till 9 what's the point of

being there by 8?

1. The train doesn't leave till 9 but we'd better set out for the station at 7. 2. We aren't allowed to take photos but I'll bring my camera. 3. We can't park near the theatre but we'll take the car.

4. The pills aren't any good but we may as well finish the bottle.

5. We haven't any money but let's read the menus outside restaurants. 6. It's a job for men only but I'll advise Ann to apply for it. 7. None of the guests smoke but I'll provide them with ashtrays. 8. Tom hasn't any chance of getting elected but I'll vote for him. 9. The plane doesn't land till 8 but we'd better be at the airport by 7. 10. I'm sure it's not going to rain but I'll take an umbrella. 11. They don't drink alcohol but I'll offer them gin. 12. It's too cold to swim but pack a swimsuit. 13.1 know he'll refuse but I'll ask all the same. (Omit all the same.) 14.1 don't want to buy anything but we may as well look round the shop.

succeed in + gerund

A: He reached the top in the end.

В (surprised): Oh, he succeeded in reaching it, did he?

300

fie... in the end.

1. passed his driving test

2. finished the portrait

3. wrote his thesis

4. started the car

5. caught the plane

6. reached the finishing line

7. repaired the radio

8. got his visa

9. solved the problem

10. climbed the mountain

11. fixed the aerial

12. found a house (Use one.)

II. Read these situations and write three sentences with used to as in the example.

eg Jane is American. She came to Britain and found driving on the left difficult.

a) At first she wasn't used to driving on the left.

b) But soon she got used to driving on the left.

c) Now she has no problems. She is used to driving on the left.

1. Juan came to England from Spain. In Spain he always had dinner late in the evening. But in England dinner was at 6 o'clock. Juan found this strange at first.

a) At first he wasn't...

b) But after some time he got...

_я с) Now he finds it quite normal. He...

2. Diana is a nurse. She started working nights two years ago. At first she found it strange and didn't like it.

a) At first she...

b) But after a while...

c) Now she doesn't mind it at all. She...

Ш. Respond to the comments.

eg That production of La Boheme is terrible.

301

Yes, I heard/not worth

Yes, I heard it's not worth seeing.

1. That new ballet has had great reviews. — Yes, I heard/ worth 2. Should we go for a walk? It'll be dark soon. — No,/not worth/now 3. Shall we watch that new TV programme? It's supposed to be very funny. — Yes, I heard/worth 4. What's the book like? Is it good? — Yes/worth 5. What do you think of that new production of Macbeth? Is it good? — No, I didn't like it./ not worth 6. What is the car like? Is it good? — Yes, I think/ worth 7. Did you like the exhibition? — Yes, /worth

IV. Here is some information about Tom when he was a child.

1. He was in hospital when he was four. 2. He went to Paris when he was eight. 3. He fell into the river. 4. He cried on his first day at school. 5. He said he wanted to be a doctor. 6. He was bitten by a dog.

He can still remember 1, 2 and 4. But he can't remember 3, 5 and 6.

Make sentences beginning He can remember... or He can't remember...

1. He can remember being in hospital.

V. In this exercise you have to put the verb into the correct form -ing or to + infinitive.

1. Please remember (post) this letter. 2. A: You lent me some money a few months ago. B: Did I? That's strange. I don't remember (lend) you any money. 3. When you see Tom, remember (give) him my regards, won't you? 4. Someone must have taken my bag. I clearly remember (leave) it by the window and now it has gone. 5. Did you remember (phone) Ann? — Oh no, 1 completely forgot. 6. I'll never forget (visit) Istanbul in 1983. 7. Don't forget (post) the letter.

VI. Look at these sentences with the verb stop. Which one means "stop somewhere and eat something"? Which one means "quit eating somewhere "?

302

Why don't we stop to eat at that restaurant? Why don't we stop eating at that restaurant?

complete the following sentences according to the context.

1 . Why don't we (stop/eat) at that restaurant. It has great food. 2. Why don't we (stop/eat) at that restaurant. The food is awful. 3 . Why don't we (stop/drink) coffee? It isn't good for our health.

4. You should really (stop/smoke). It isn't good for you.

5. Would you like to (stop/have) lunch? I'm getting hungry.

6. It (stopped/rain) a few minutes ago.

7. He (stopped/talk) to his friend whom he hadn't seen for a long tune.

8. She (stopped/talk) when I entered the room. I guessed they had been talking about me.

VII. Paraphrase using without -ing.

eg She ran five miles. She didn't stop.

She ran five miles without stopping. eg He left the room. Nobody saw him.

He left the room without anyone seeing him.

1. He translated the article. He didn't use a dictionary. 2. Look right and left before you cross the road. Don't cross... 3. She got married. Nobody knew about it. 4. They came to the wedding. They were not invited. 5. He could tell the funniest joke. He didn't even smile.

VIII. In this exercise you have to read a sentence and then make a second sentence with the same meaning using gerunds.

eg I phoned Ann and then I went out. After... After phoning Ann I went out.

1 . Tom went to bed but first he had a hot drink. Before... 2. The plane took off and soon afterwards it crashed. Soon after... 3. We didn't eat at home. We went to a restaurant instead. Instead of... 4- When I woke up I felt much better. On... 5. You put people's jives in danger if you drive dangerously. You put people's lives to danger by... 5. He hurt his leg but he managed to win the race. to spite of... 6. George took more exercise and so lost weight. %••• 7. She smiled when she saw him. At... 8. After I have a short

303

rest I'll have my dinner. After... 9. He was busy but he helped me. In spite of...

IX. Complete each sentence using gerunds.^

*

A. 1, Do you have any objections to. 2. Is there any way of... 3. There isn't much chance of... 4. This is the most perfect instrument for... 5. She has a bad habit of. 6. What is the most effective method of... 7. He has no hope of... 8. I've got no experience in... 9.1 don't like the idea of... 10. What is the reason for... 11. You should have seen her surprise at... 12. It was very kind of you to have taken the trouble of... 13. The idea of... was extremely exciting. 14. There was little hope of... 15. If you work hard at your job, you have a good chance of... 16. At the party I had the pleasure of... 17. He displayed no interest in... 18. She hates the idea of... 19.1 have no intention of... 20. He is well-known for his skill in... 21.1 think she doesn't realise the importance of... 22. There is some risk of... 23. He is in the habit of... 24. He was born with the gift of... 25. What are the advantages of...?

B. 1. At weekends I enjoy... 2. This evening I fancy... 3. I'm looking forward to... 4. I'm thinking of... 5. This evening I feel like... 6.1 think people should stop... 7. I've always dreamed of... 8. He admitted... 9. Have you finished...? 10. She suggested... 11. I really don't mind ... 12. I normally try to avoid... 13. I anticipate... 14. We can't risk... 15. Would you mind ... so much noise? I'm trying to study. 16. You can use scissors for... 17. A vacuum cleaner is used for ... 18. She is not used to ... 19. They are excited about... 20.... is a bad habit. 21. The only remedy for such a headache as mine is... 22. We were for... 23. He was against... 24. I'm in favour of... 25. There is nothing like... 26. It's no use... 27.1 can see no sense in... 28. His hobby was... 29. We were tired of... 30. The car wants(needs)... 31. The idea is worth... 32. He left without... 33. Fancy him... 34. They didn't succeed in... 35. You are responsible for... 35.1 was surprised at...

Self check

I. Use the gerund in the active or passive form.

1.1 prefer (drive) to (drive). 2. Stop (argue) and start (work).

304

3 He liked neither (read) nor (read) aloud to. 4. It's no use (cry) over spilt milk, (proverb) 5. Why do you avoid (see) me? 6. He tried to avoid (see). 7.1 suggest (hold) another meeting next week, g. He finished (speak) and sat down. 9. We insist on (send) him there at once. 10. He insists on (send) there instead of me. 11. If you can't turn the key, try (put) some oil in the lock. 12. He showed no sign of (know) them. 13. She showed no sign of (impress). 14.1 was annoyed at (interrupt) every other moment. 15. You can't make an omelette without (break) eggs, (proverb) 16. He is thinking of (leave) his job and (go) to America. 17. She dreams of (invite) to the party. 18. After (read) this article you will give up (smoke). 19. On (introduce) they easily fell to (talk). 20. In (discuss) this problem they touched upon some very interesting items. 21. The equipment must go through a number of tests before (install). 22. The idea is worth (consider). 23. If you put your money into that business you risk (lose) every penny. 24. Imagine (live) with someone who never stops (talk). 25. He hates (remind) people of their duties or (remind) of his. 26. The boys were punished for (break) the window. 27. The old man could not stand (make) fun of. 28. Is there anything here worth (buy)? 29. You'd better consult the lawyer before (decide) to buy the property. 30. She was so eagerly looking forward to (give) the leading part to play that she was greatly disappointed at not even (offer) it. 31. Would you mind (put) your pet snake somewhere else? 32. By (work) day and night he succeeded in (finish) the job in time. 33. He has a scheme for (make) grass grow in winter. 34. He liked to do things without (disturb) anyone or (disturb). 35. She reproached me for not (keep) my promise. 36.1 don't feel like (work); what about (go) to a disco instead? 37. If a thing is worth (do) at all it is worth (do) well, (proverb) 38. The boy was afraid of (punish) and hid himself. 39. She seemed sorry for (be) rude to me. 40.1 hate (borrow) money. 41. After (talk) for ten minutes I succeeded in (convince) him that there was no danger. 42.1 remember (read) a review of that book and (think) I'd like to get it. 43. He stopped for a moment and then went on (speak).

"• Supply an appropriate verb form and preposition (if necessary).

1. Alice isn't interested (look) for a new job. 2. Henry is excited (leave) for India. 3. You are capable (do) better work. 4. I have

305

no excuse (be) late. 5. I'm accustomed (have) a big breakfast. 6. The rain prevented us (complete) the work. 7. Fred is always complaining (have) a headache. 8. Instead (study), Margaret went to a ball game with some of her friends. 9. Thank you (help) me carry the packages to the post office. 10. Mrs Grant insisted (know) the whole truth. 11. He showed us how to get to his house (draw) a map. 12. You should take advantage (live) here. 13. Laura had a good reason (go, not) to class yesterday. 14. Everyone in the neighbourhood participated (search) for the lost child. 15. I apologized to Diane (make) her wait for me. 16. The weather is terrible tonight. I don't blame you (want, not) to go to the meeting.

17. Who is responsible (wash) and (dry) the dishes after dinner¹?

18. In addition (go) to school full-time, Sam has a part-time job.

19. The angry look on his face stopped me (speak) my mind.

20. Where should we go for dinner tonight? Would you object (go) to an Italian restaurant? 21. The mayor made another public statement for the purpose (clarify) the new tax proposal. 22. The thief was accused (steal) a woman's purse. 23. The jury found Mr Adams guilty (take) money from the company he worked for and (keep) it for himself. 24. Bill isn't used (wear) a suit and tie every day. 25. I'm going to visit my family during the school vacation. I'm looking forward (eat) rny mother's cooking and (sleep) in my own bed. 26.1 have a good reason (be) late. 27. It's getting late. I'm worried (miss) my train. 28. I'm not used (drive) in the mountains. 29. Nothing can stop me (go) there. 30.1 apologized to my friend (be) late. 31. When Beth got tired, she stopped (work). 32. Would you mind (open) the door? Thanks. 33. The police officer told him to stop, but he kept (drive). 34.1 enjoy (have) a long walk every morning. 35. I would like to have some friends over. I'm thinking (invite) them to a dinner party. 36. He told a really funny joke. We couldn't stop (laugh)! 37. Where are you considering (go) for vacation. 38. Sometimes I put off (do) my homework. 39.1 quit (read) comic books when I was twelve years old. 40. You can't postpone (make) that decision much longer. 41.1 wanted to go to Mexico. Sally suggested (go) to Hawaii. 42. Tony mentioned (take) the bus to school instead of walking. 43.1 appreciate (be) able to study in peace and quiet. 44. We went (sail) yesterday and enjoyed it very much. 45. Instead (ask) for help on each arithmetic problem, you should use your book and try to figure out the answers yourself. 46.1 look forward (see) you next time I'm in town. I'll let

306

_u know ahead of time so that we can plan to get together. 47. Alice told us that she was tired (wash) the dishes every night. 48. The four-year-old was blamed (break) the glass candy dish. 49.1 tried to prevent him (come). 50. You should listen to other people instead (talk) about yourself all the time. 51. What do you feel (have) for dinner? Does chicken and rice sound good? 52. Frank believes animals should be protected from hunters. He objects (kill) wild animals for sport. 53. Please don't argue (finish) your homework. Just do it. 54. Mario spent all month preparing for the tennis match, but in spite (practise) for many hours, he lost the match to Ivan. 55. She is thinking (become) a rock star. 56.1 can't stand (watch) romantic films. 57.1 have difficulty (get) to school on time. 58. He is good (organize) parties. 59. He is fond (collect) things. 60. He insisted (give) that job. 61. These shoes want (mend). 62. The baby liked (wash). 63.1 don't see any way (do) it.

III. Translate from Russian into English.

Gerund as subject, complement of subject

1. Переходить реку в этом месте опасно. 2. Сон на открытом воздухе очень полезен. 3. Играть в теннис интересно. 4. Куре­ние опасно для здоровья. 5. То, что они ушли до окончания концерта, привлекло внимание. 6. Изучение иностранного язы­ка занимает длительное время. 7. Интересно встречать новых людей. 8. Спорить с ним — это только понапрасну терять вре­мя. 9. Работа учителя требует терпения и мастерства. 10. Тра­тить деньги легче, чем их зарабатывать. 11. Слушать его рас­сказы интересно. 12. Эта работа отнюдь не легкая. 13. Тем, что ты будешь надоедать ему, ты только рассердишь его боль­ше. 14. Занятия спортом принесли ей большую пользу. 15. Важ­но ежедневно заниматься утренней гимнастикой. 16. Мой лю­бимый вид спорта — плавание. 17. Ее мечта — стать артист­кой. 18. Ее хобби — вышивание. 19. В такое время года есть только одна возможность добраться туда — это самолетом.

Verb + gerund

1- Дождь помешал мне придти вовремя. 2. Вам следует пре­кратить купаться в море, так как погода стала очень холодной.

307

3. Я поблагодарил его за то, что он купил такие интересные книги. 4. Я помню, что меня уже спрашивали об этом. 5 я думаю поехать в Крым осенью. 6. Доктор велел ей избегать сидеть на солнце. 7. Он рискует тем, что может потерять все свои деньги. 8. Я сожалею о том, что поделилась с ней своей тайной. 9. Он непрерывно посматривал на часы и ровно в 3 сказал, что должен уйти. 10. Вы не возражаете, если я вос­пользуюсь вашим телефоном? 11. Когда мы услышали конец рассказа, мы не могли не рассмеяться. 12. Вы можете рассчи­тывать на то, что он даст вам точную информацию. 13. Док­тор настаивает на том, чтобы он провел отпуск на юге. 14. Про­должайте рассказывать вашу историю. 15. Он не любил, koi да ему читали. 16. Пол необходимо покрасить. 17. Я терпеть не могу стоять в очередях. 18. Она отрицала, что встречалась с ним раньше. 19. Ребенок заслуживает, чтобы его похвали щ 20. Я помню, что покупала эту книгу, но не помню, куда я се положила. 21. Моя сестра приезжает в мае. Я с нетерпением жду встречи с ней. 22. Твой костюм нужно погладить. 23. Бла­годарю вас за то, что вы присмотрели за моим ребенком. 24. Извините, что я еще раз беспокою вас. 25. Хотя было позд­но, он продолжал работать. 26. Я думаю вам понравится жить в этой гостинице. 27. Мы не можем положиться на то, что он закончит эту работу в срок. 28. Ей очень нравится, когда ее хва­лят. 29. Он возражал против того, чтобы его положили в бочь-ницу. 30. Мне не хочется идти в ресторан. Я бы предпочла схо­дить в кино. 31. Я помню что-то слышал об этой пьесе. Стоит ли ее посмотреть? 32. Все зависит от того, выиграют ли они этот матч. 33. Его обвинили в том, что он украл деньги. 34 А теперь мне надо упаковывать вещи. Мы уезжаем завтра утром. 35. Я предлагаю записать этот отрывок на магнитофон. 36. Не будете ли вы любезны немного подождать? Ваши документы еще не готовы. 37. Он пытался бросить курить, но ему это не удалось. 38. Простите, что я опоздал. 39. Студенты не могут не волноваться перед экзаменами. 40. Они мечтают о том, чтобы | их сын стал врачом. 41. Я предвкушаю хороший отдых на кани­кулах. 42. Он признал, что встречался с ней раньше. 43. Я не припоминаю, чтобы я встречал его раньше. 44. Где Аня? — Она остановилась, чтобы поговорить с Леной. 45. Не забудь ото­слать письмо. 46. Нам удалось достать билеты на концерт. 47. ОН извинился за то, что заставил меня ждать. 48. Пожалуйста, из-

308

_вини меня за то, что я тебе не писал. 49. Я хочу удержать его от поездки в Сибирь. 50. Я поздравил его с тем, что он сдал экза­мен. 51. Она настаивает на том, чтобы ему разрешили принять участие в соревнованиях. 52. Разве ты забыла, что ты дала мне свои кассеты? 53. Я не знаю, где найти работу. — Почему бы _тебе не попробовать поместить объявление в газету? 54. Пере­стань надоедать ей глупыми вопросами. 55. Ему удалось закон­чить работу к концу недели. 56. Я откладывал чтение этого не­приятного письма до последнего момента. 57. Они только что кончили писать сочинение. 58. Шторм помешал кораблю при­быть в порт вовремя.

Adjective + gerund

1. Он привык рано вставать. 2. Она боялась, что ее будут опе­рировать. 3. Он страстно увлекается рыбалкой. 4. Мы удиви­лись, увидев ее. 5. Он ответственен за то, чтобы работа была закончена в срок. 6. Я был разочарован тем, что они отказа­лись помочь мне. 7. Я устал ждать ее. 8. Он был занят пере­водом какой-то статьи, когда я пришел. 9. Она не привыкла получать подарки и была удивлена, увидев на столе велико­лепные розы. 10. Он хорошо рисует. 11. Он гордится тем, что стал студентом. 12. Мой друг увлекается коллекционирова­нием марок. 13. Я доволен, что мой сын занялся искусством. 14. Она очень хорошо плавает. 15. Он был возмущен, когда услышал это. 16. Вы интересуетесь фигурным катанием?

17. Дети были взволнованы предстоящей поездкой за город.

18. Он уверен в том, что сдаст экзамен. 19. Он боялся, что его неправильно поймут 20. Она была разочарована тем. что не встретила его там вновь. 21. Его признали виновным в воровстве. 22. Я думаю, что он не способен на обман.

Noun + gerund

У меня нет надежды увидеть его скоро. 2. Мысль провести каникулы на Волге принадлежит моему брату. 3. Он понимает важность изучения иностранных языков. 4. Он выра­зил большое удивление, услышав это. 5. Я имел удовольствие познакомиться с вашим отцом на днях. 6. У него плохая привычка курить перед завтраком. 7. У вас нет оснований

309

причины подозревать его. 8. У меня нет намерения ехать на юг этим летом. 9. Вы думаете у него есть шанс сдать экза­мен? 10. Я не имею возражений против того, чтобы они прие­хали сюда. 11. У него мало опыта в преподавании англий­ского языка. 12. У него было такое чувство, что за ним сле­дят. 13. Какие современные методы обучения иностранным языкам используются в вашем университете? 14. У меня нет надежды, что мне дадут эту роль. 15. Я слышал, что вы отка­зались от мысли путешествовать по Европе. 16. У нас хоро­шая возможность выиграть матч.

Preposition +gerund

1. Вы можете улучшить свое произношение, читая вслух ка­ждый день. 2. Я не смогу перевести этот текст, не посмотрев нескольких слов в словаре. 3. Мы сократили путь, переплыв реку. 4. Я зайду к вам перед тем, как уеду из Минска. 5. При­дя домой, я сразу начал делать домашнее задание. 6. Он во­шел в комнату, не постучав. 7. Он послал письмо вместо то­го, чтобы послать телеграмму. 8. После того как он провел месяц в Лондоне, он уехал в Варшаву. 9. Услышав эту но­вость, она побледнела. 10. Просматривая журналы, он«на-толкнулся на очень интересную статью по экономике Анг­лии. 11. Он выглядит бодрым и веселым, как всегда, несмот­ря на то, что провел бессонную ночь в поезде. 12. Услышав крик ребенка, мать бросилась в детскую. 13. Он ушел, не назначив встречи. 14. Перед тем как лечь спать, он решил написать письмо своим родителям. 15. Увидев вдали авто­бус, я бросилась бежать к остановке. 16. После окончания школы она стала работать секретарем. 17. Она разорвала письмо, не читая его. 18. Проверяя годовой отчет, бухгалтер обнаружил ошибку. 19. Вместо того чтобы поехать на авто­бусе, они пошли пешком и опоздали на концерт. 20. Он при­шел без приглашения.

Expressions + gerund

1. Бесполезная трата времени — смотреть детективы. 2. Нет смысла обсуждать этот вопрос в его отсутствие. 3. Его советы полезны, им стоит следовать. 4. Этот фильм стоит посмот-

310

петь. 5. Бесполезно идти туда сейчас. 6. Я с трудом нашел его дом. 7. Вчера мы рыбачили, а сегодня поедем кататься на лод­ке. 8. Не стоит упоминать об этом происшествии./Оно не за­служивает внимания./ 9. Бесполезно звонить ему, его в это вре-мя не бывает дома. 10. Стоит ли читать эту книгу? 11. Я с трудом перевел текст. 12. Вокзал недалеко отсюда. Нет смыс­ла брать такси. 13. Бесполезно спорить с ней. Она уверена в своей правоте. 14. Сегодня утром мы ходили купаться.

Fluency •Listen, read and practise.

Jenny: I'm reading about recycling. Recycling is important for our environment. Do you know what it is?

Nick: Of course I know what it is.

Jenny: It means collecting things and using them again. Things like glass or paper.

Nick: Yes, that's right. It means not polluting our world.

A. Recall the sentences with gerunds.

B. Roleplay the conversation.

C. Now put the gerunds in the sentences.

eg ... stamps is an interesting hobby.

Collecting stamps is an interesting hobby.

1. ... waste glass and paper is called "recycling". 2. ... is a healthy sport. 3.... a Mersedes is expensive. 4.... to loud music is bad for your father's ears. 5. ... too much television gives Mrs Bell a headache. 6.... your room is boring. 7.... money is sensible. 8-... money is fun! 9.... books is one of Jenny's favourite hobbies. 10.... football is Tom's favourite hobby.

Make sentences with the same meaning by using a gerund as the subject.

eg It is important to get daily exercise. Getting daily exercise is important.

311

I. It is fun to meet new people. 2. It is easy to cook rice. 3. It i_s boring to spend the whole weekend in the dorm. 4. It is relaxing to take-a long walk. 5. Is it difficult to learn a second language? 6. It isn't hard to make friends. 7. It is wrong to cheat during a test. 8. Is it dangerous to smoke cigarettes? 9. Is it expensive to live in an apartment? 10. It isn't easy to live in a foreign country. 11. It takes time to make new friends.

Now you have to complete the sentences using gerunds

eg My hobby is ...

My hobby is fishing.

1. My brother's hobby is... 2. My favourite sport is... 3. Her favourite pastime is... 4. My ambition is... 5. His aim is... 6. Her job was... 7. The first thing to do was... 8. Her ambition is... 9. His intention is... 10. The only way out was... 11. Her dream is... 12. My hobby is...

Using your own words, complete the sentences using gerund phrases as subjects.

eg ... isn't easy.

Climbing to the top of a mountain isn't easy, eg ... is a demanding job.

Managing a major corporation is a demanding job.

1.... wears me out. 2.... can be difficult. 3.... turned out to be a mistake. 4.... will only add to your problems. 5.... has changed my life. 6.... requires great skill and concentration. 7.... demands patience and a sense of humour. 8.... is a complicated process. 9. . was a real disappointment. 10. ... looks easy. D. Alan is planning an uncomfortable expedition. Bill isn't enthusiastic.

A: We'll have to walk twenty miles a day.

B: Well, I won't come if it means walking twenty miles a day

We 'II have to .

1. get up at five.

2. set off at dawn.

3. tell no one where we're going.

4. hitch-hike.

312

5. row across the Channel.

6. cycle for hundreds of miles.

7. carry heavy rucksacks.

8. swim across lakes.

9. climb mountains. 10. camp in the snow.

\ . The phone rang a few seconds ago. Someone wants to speak to Arthur.

"I'm awfully sorry," his secretary is saying. "Mr Tigers has gone out. He'll be back at 3. Would you mind phoning then?"

2. Tom Atkins has to do the dishes because Susan's father is in hospital and she has gone to visit him. Tom does not like washing dishes. In fact, he hates washing them.

"I wonder if you'd mind helping me?" he is saying to Peter.

3. Fred Collins joined the army a few months ago. He does not like being a soldier. In fact, he hates it. He hates carrying a heavy rifle and wearing a uniform. He also hates getting up early. All the other soldiers have already got up. "I wonder if you'd mind closing that window, Sergeant?" Fred is saying.

4. Frank Martin is in hospital. He has had to give up smoking and drinking beer, too. The doctor says these things are very bad for him. Susan is visiting him now. "Susan, I wonder if you'd mind bringing some cigarettes next time?" he is saying to her.

5. This is a political meeting. It has got out of control. The chairman is telling people to stop doing certain things. At first he tried to be polite. "Would you mind not waving that red flag?" he said a few minutes ago. Now he is shouting "Stop waving that red flag!" A group of men are shouting "freedom", two others are blowing trumpets, another group is singing and a few men are fighting.

4- 1. Make questions with stop using the prompts:

eg Prompt; that terrible noise

Response: Would you please stop making that terrible noise?

Prompts:

313

a) those letters b) that guitar c) the radio d) those cheap cigarettes e) the phone so much f) your dictionary g) so many sweets h) that book i) that song j) that trumpet

2. Now use the same prompts for examples with the verb mind

eg that terrible noise — Would you mind not making that terrible noise?

those letters — Would you mind typing those letters now, please?

3. Make questions (with and without not).

eg Would you ' waiting for me

Would they coming back later

Would she mind (not) having a new one Would he seeing him tomorrow

With someone else, practise asking and answering the questions using the following very frequent short answer forms-

i) Yes, I (etc.) would. v) Of course he (etc.) ii) No, I (etc.) wouldn't. would(n't).

iii) Not at all. vi) I expect so.

iv) Of course not. vii) I don't think so.

eg — Would you mind my smoking here?

— No, I wouldn't. (Of course not.)

4. Using the structure "I wonder... ", ask very polite questions. Use the answers given above to work with someone else.

eg — I wonder if you'd mind lending me your dictionary.

— Of course not.

eg — I wonder if he would mind me (my) using his car.

— I don't think so.

Julia and Jim are in a pub. They are standing at the bar. In English pubs, you always have to go to the bar to get your drink. Nobody will ask you what you want if you sit down at a table first. Jim has just paid for their drinks.

Barman: And here's your change, sir.

Jim: Thank you.

Julia: Can we sit somewhere, Jim? I don't like standing

here.

Jim: All right. Look! There's a table over there. Come on. Julia: (sitting down) This is much more comfortable. I

think women look terrible standing at the bar. Jim: Really? I don't think so. Anyway, cheers! Julia: Cheers!

Jim: Would you like a cigarette? Julia: No, thanks. I've decided to give up smoking. Jim: Really? Why? Julia: Well... it's just that I think if you don't enjoy doing

something any more you should stop doing it. Jim: I see. You mean you don't enjoy smoking any more? Julia: That's right. You should give it up, too. It's bad for

your health Jim: Stop talking like my mother. That's what she keeps

saying. Julia: But it's true. It's a nasty habit. I can't think why I

ever started. Anyway, it's obviously got you in its grip! Jim: What do you mean? What are you talking about? Julia: I mean you couldn't give it up! Jim: Who? Me? Couldn't give up smoking? Nonsense!

Of course I could! I know I could! Julia: How do you know? Jim: Because I've already proved it. Smoking's the easiest

thing in the world to give up. I've done it hundreds

of times!

A. Questions

1. Why does Julia want to sit down somewhere? 2. What does Jim say just before he takes his first sip from his drink? 3. What has she decided to give up? 4. Ask and answer why she has decided to give up smoking. 5. What does Jim say when Julia tells him he should give up smoking? 6. Jim thinks giving up smoking is very hard, doesn't he?

Я Recall

Without looking at the text, see if you can remember some of the things Jim and Julia said.

314

315

Julia: think/women/terrible/bar.

Jim: a cigarette?

Julia: No/decided.

Jim: You mean/don't enjoy/any more?

Julia: right, you should/too, health.

Jim: Stop/mother, keeps.

C. Roleplay the conversation.

D. In this Unit, we have practised some verbs which are followed by the -ing form of a verb:

mind; hate; like; give up; stop; enjoy; keep (on). Remember these sentences:

a) Would you mind helping me? Would you mind not wa­ving that red flag? I wonder if you'd mind closing that window.

b) Tom hates washing dishes.

c) Fred does not like being a soldier.

d) Frank has had to give up smoking.

e) Stop waving that red flag!

f) You mean you don't enjoy smoking any more?

g) That's what my mother keeps saying.

E. Complete these sentences

a) I've just given up... b) Why don't you stop... c) Do you like... d) Do you really enjoy... e) We don't mind... f) I hate . g) You really ought to give up... h) Shall I stop... i) Will you please stop... j) I wonder if you'd mind ...

F. Give advice to these people. Use "You 'd better give up/stop

a) A friend who spends all his money.

b) A man who is putting on weight.

c) A light sleeper who always drinks coffee before he goes to bed.

d) A young girl who always drives very fast.

e) A student who has an exam next month, but who goes out every evening.

G. Write 5 true sentences about things you like, enjoy or hate

doing

Write 5 true sentences using stop or give up.

Keiko is looking through a newspaper. Lynn comes in.

Lynn: What are you doing?

Keiko: I'm looking for a new job. I hate being a secretary.

Lynn: What kind of job are you looking for?

Keiko: I'm not sure.

Lynn: Do you have any ideas?

Keiko: No. But I can't stand sitting at a desk all day. I don't like typing, and I don't like filing either.

Lynn: What do you like?

Keiko: Well, I love helping people, and I enjoy having res­ponsibility.

Lynn: Do you like working for big companies?

Keiko: No. I work for a big company now. Big companies are too impersonal.

A. What did you find out about Keiko? Complete the sentences.

1. Keiko hates____a secretary.

2. She can't stand____at a desk all day. '''

3. She doesn't like____.

4. She doesn't like____either.

5. She doesn't like____for big companies.

6. But she loves____people.

7. She enjoys____responsibility.

B. Read and roleplay the conversation.

'What Do ^ou £.njoy Doing?

Lynn: Well, let's think. What do you enjoy doing?

Keiko: Well, I enjoy travelling.

Lynn: That's a good start. What about being a flight atten­dant?

Keiko: I can't do that part time. Besides, I'm afraid of flying.

Lynn : Do you like working outside? I know you love flowers.

Keiko: No. I'm not really interested in doing that. I can't stand working in the sun.

Lynn: Are you worried about making a lot of money?

Keiko: Not really. I'm just looking forward to getting a new

317

job. I'm good at doing clerical work, but I'm tired of having the same routine every day.

A. Listen and complete this conversation.

Lynn: Well, let's think. What do you enjoy____?

Keiko: Well, I enjoy____.

Lynn: That's a good start. What about____a flight attendant?

Keiko: I can't do that part time. Besides I'm afraid of____.

Lynn: Do you like____outside? I know you love flowers.

Keiko: No. I'm not really interested in____. I can't stand

____in the sun.

Lynn: Are you worried about____a lot of money?

Keiko: Not really. I'm just looking forward to____a new job.

I'm good at____clerical work, but I'm tired of____

the same routine every day.

B. Ask and answer questions on the text. Be sure to use gerunds.

C. Roleplay the conversation.

D. Complete the sentences about your partner and yourself. Don't forget to use at, about, of, in, or to.

My partner is tired__

(name) is afraid _ is worried

I am tired _

am afraid__

am worried

is interested	am interested
is thinking	am thinking
is looking forward	am looking
is good	forward
	am good

E. Add у our own items to the list below. Then say what you like and don't like about your job or profession.

LIKES and DISLIKES

travelling answering the telephone

working with my hands filing

helping people working with numbers

driving working for a big company having responsibility

working for a small company sitting at a desk all day typing

Hike

I love

I enjoy travelling.

I don't like

I hate

I can't stand

?4 7lew 'Job

Patti is looking through a newspaper and she has just found an advertisement which says:

Situations Vacant

Secretaries

Can you type 100 words a minute?

Would you like more responsibility? _ч , .

Have you got an attractive personality?

Would you like to work in New York?

We are looking for British secretaries for an American

Company.

Phone: 01-722 8635 for an interview

318

Patti: Alice! Have you seen this ad in the paper?

Alice: Oh, yes... but I'm not interested in finding a new job.

I've been here since I left school. I like working here. Patti: Really? I've only been here for two months and I'm

already tired of doing the same thing every day. I want

some adventure! Alice: Adventure! There's too much "adventure" in New

York. People are afraid of walking in the streets. Patti: Oh, come on! It's not that bad... and the salaries are

fantastic! Alice: I'm not interested in earning more money. I've got

enough now.

Patti: Ah, yes... but you live at home with your parents. Alice: But I like living with my parents. What's wrong with

that?

319

Pattr Nothing. But I like being independent. I like travel, ling, I enjoy meeting new people. I'm going to apply for the job.

Alice: Well, good luck.

A. Complete the sentences.

anew job.

1. Oh, yes... but I'm not interested___

2.1 like__here.

3. I'm already tired_______the same thing every day.

4. People are afraid________in the streets.

5. I'm not interested_______more money.

6. But I like______with my parents.

7. But I like_______independent.

8.1 enjoy________new people.

B. Ask and answer questions on the text.

C. Roleplay the conversation.

D. Answer the questions using gerunds.

1. What do you like doing in spring (summer, autumn, winter)? at weekends? on holiday? 2. What are you interested in? 3. What are you afraid of? Are you afraid of losing your job? Are you afraid of going to the dentist?

Harriet's friends always tell her to stop smoking. They think that smoking is unhealthy. Harriet knows that, but she still keeps on smoking. She wants to stop, but she can't. Smoking is a habit she just can't break.

Jennifer's mother always tells her to stop interrupting people while they're talking. She thinks that interrupting people is very rude. Jennifer knows that, but she still keeps on interrupting people. She wants to stop, but she can't. Interrupting people is a habit she just can't break.

Walter's wife always tells him to stop talking about business all the time. She thinks that talking about business all the time is boring. Walter knows that, but he still keeps on talking about business. He wants to stop, but he can't. Talking about business is a habit he just can't break.

320

a Read and retell the text.

$ You 're talking with the people in this story about their bad habits. Using this model, create dialogues based on the story

— Harriet?

— Yes?

_— You know... I don't mean to be critical, but I really think you should stop smoking.

— Oh?

. — Yes. Smoking is unhealthy. Don't you think so?

— You're right. The truth is ... I want to stop, but I can't. Smo­king is a bad habit I just can't break.

C. Do you have any habits you "just can 't break"? Tell about them.

Woman: Which do you prefer: driving a car yourself or being a passenger?

Man: Well — that depends. I enjoy driving, especially on long empty roads where I can go nice and fast. But I'm not very fond of sitting in traffic jams waiting for lights to change, and things like that. I suppose I don't mind being a passenger, but only if I'm sure that the other person really can drive properly.

Woman: So you don't really like being in other people's cars, then?

Man: Well, as I say, it's all right with a good driver. Then I can relax, sit back and enjoy the scenery. But yes, you're right — on the whole I certainly prefer driving to being a passenger.

A. Which does the man prefer: driving himself or being a pas­senger?

Listen to the conversation again. Be sure to reproduce the sentences with gerunds

Study and practise the conversation. Look at this dialogue'

Ч За,

1ПО

321

Bill: ' Who is going to pay the bill? Tom: I don't mind paying it.

Make similar dialogues using the prompts.

1.... give me a lift?

2.... lend me $40 dollars till Monday?

3.... tell George the bad news?

4.... pay for the coffee?

5.... get the tickets?

6.... clean the car?

7.... ring the restaurant and book a table?

8.... open the wine?

E. Make similar dialogues. Do it as in the example.

Bill: I enjoy driving.

Tom: So do I.

Bill: I enjoy cycling.

Reg: Do you?

Note: By stressing the "do", Reg is not only asking a question but indicating that he is surprised that anyone could enjoy it.

1.... playing football 2.... cooking

3. ... watching television

4. ... listening to music

5. ... going to the opera' 6.... going to parties

Now use the same phrases with the expression fond of.

Bill: I'm fond of driving. Tom: So am I. Bill: I'm fond of cycling. Reg: Are you?

F. Make similar dialogues.

Bill: I don't like people arguing. Tom: Neither do I. Bill: I hate grumbling. Tom: So do I.

322

1.... driving in heavy rain.

2.... waiting in long queues.

3.... making calls from public telephone boxes.

4.... listening to people complaining

5.... writing "thank you" letters.

6.... travelling in the rush-hour

7.... visiting hospitals.

8.... going to the dentist.

G. Say which you prefer:

1. watching TV or listening to the radio 2. going to bed early or late 3. walking or taking a bus to your office 4. travelling by sea,,or by air 5. sunbathing or swimming 6. writing or receiving letters 6. taking a taxi or going by bus.

Fishing is my favourite sport. I often fish for hours without catching anything. But this does not worry me. Some fishermen are unlucky. Instead of catching fish, they catch old boots and rubbish. I am even less lucky. I never catch anything — not even old boots. After having spent whole mornings on the river, I always go home with an empty bag. "You must give up fishing!" my friends say. "It's a waste of time." But they don't realize one important thing. I'm not really interested in fishing. I am only interested in sitting in a boat and doing nothing at all.

A. Questions

1. What is the writer's favourite sport? 2. What do some unlucky fishermen catch? 3. Is the writer as lucky as they are, or js he not so lucky? 4. Does he ever catch anything? 5. Is he really interested in fishing? 6. What is the only thing that interests him?

*»• Complete the sentences.

1-... my favourite sport. 2.1 often fish for hours ... anything. ³' - fish, they catch old boots and rubbish. 4.... whole mornings °n the river, I always go home with an empty bag. 5. You must... ⁶' I'm not really interested...

*-• Study and practise the text.

323

Ill

D. Join the sentences using gerunds.

eg He sat there. He didn't say anything. He sat there without saying anything.

1. He left and didn't say good-bye. 2. She went away and didn't say anything. 3. He passed and didn't greet us. 4. They translated the text. They didn't use a dictionary. 5. She went She didn't switch off the iron. 6. They spent hours there. They didn't do anything. 7. She bought the dress but she didn't try ц on. 8. She left and she didn't leave me a note. 9. She stood there She didn't notice him. 10. She left the house. She didn't lock the door. 11. He went out of the restaurant. He didn't pay the bill.

E. Join the sentences using gerunds.

eg I didn't do my homework. I went to the cinema instead. Instead of doing my homework I went to the cinema.

1. She didn't punish the boy. She gave him a sweet instead. 2 He didn't help me. He kept bothering me instead. 3. She didn't write a letter (as she had promised). She phoned me instead. 4. He didn't go to Spain. He went to Italy instead. 5. He didn't bring me the radio. He brought me the record-player instead. 6. She didn't do the house. She went swimming instead. 7. She didn't get a pair of shoes. She got a pair of boots instead.

eg He packed his things. Then he hurried to the station. After packing his things, he hurried to the station.

or After having packed his things, he hurried to the station

1. He finished work. Then he went home. 2. He had supper Then he went to bed. 3. She heard the news. Then she phoned her mother. 4. He spoke to the boss. Then he decided to leave. 5 1 worked in England for five years. Then I went to Australia. 6. He made a lot of money. Then he decided to travel around the world 7. The students did the test. Then they left the classroom. 8. She heard the news. She fainted. 9. He paid the bill. Then he left the hotel. 10. He left school. Then he went to university. 11. He stui^ei-for three years but failed his exams. 12. He worked in an offi^ce for a while and then emigrated to Australia. 13. He tried "~^{r (}'^ra' jobs and then he became a farmer.

324

f Make sentences.

eg He/smoke He gave up smoking.

1. She/take music lessons 2. He/keep late hours 3. He/study _art 4. She/practise music 5. He/swim 6. He/play hockey 7. She/ dance 8. He/fish 9. He/hunt 10. She/write poems 11. She/study German

eg My father/collect stamps My father is interested in

collecting stamps.

1. Betsy/travel 2. Kate/read 3. I/study English 4. John/play tennis 5. Nick/collect coins 6. Bob/fish 7. Donald/hunt 8. Helen/draw

Qlving a Patty

We've been thinking about inviting our friends Kathy and Peter for a long time. My wife, Ann, has been very busy, and we've postponed asking them for several weeks. But we finally got organized, called them, and asked them to come to dinner tonight.

We explained why we kept putting off our invitation, but Kathy and Peter appreciated being asked to spend the evening with us. As Kathy said, "It has been a long time since we've gotten together."

I used to practise baking pies and things when I was a kid — with my mother's help, of course. When I grew, I kept on improving my baking skills. These days, I enjoy making all kinds of desserts. Today, I finished working early so I could come home and make a cake.

At first, I considered making a cherry pie, but cherries are out of season right now. Ann suggested having ice cream, but I thought that was too easy. Then we talked about making cookies but decided a chocolate cake would be better. I always avoid doing things the easy way. Besides, we are pretty good cooks so we know our guests are looking forward to eating a special meal.

4. Ask and answer questions on the text. Be sure to use gerunds. Retell the text.

°- Choose the correct answer.

1 • I don't appreciate____when I'm speaking.

A: interrupting B: being interrupted

325

2. Avoid____your houseplants too much water.

A: giving B: being given

3. The mountain climbers are in danger of____by an ava­lanche, (лавина, снежный обвал)

A: killing В: being killed

4. Does Dr Johnson mind____at home if his patients need

his help?

A: calling B: being called

5. I'm interested in____my communication skills.

A: improving B: being improved

6. Mrs Gates appreciated____breakfast in bed when she

wasn't feeling well.

A: serving B: being served

7. Jack Welles has a good chance of____. I know I'm go­ing to vote for him.

A: electing B: being elected

8. Sally's low test scores kept her from____to the uni­versity.

A: admitting B: being admitted

9. Mr Miller gave no indication of____his mind.

A: changing B: being changed

10. Sometimes young people complain about not____by

their parents.

A: understanding B: being understood

C. Complete the sentences by using gerunds. Add a prepositi after the gerund if necessary:

1. It was cold yesterday, so we postponed____the botanical

gardens. 2. The Porters' house is too small. They're conside­ring ____a bigger house. 3. When Martha finished____the floor,

she dusted the furniture. 4. Sometimes students put off____their

homework. 5. I'm thinking about_____a biology course next

semester. 6. Beth doesn't like her job. She's talking about____^a

different job. 7.1 enjoy_____sports. 8. I'm considering____New

York city. 9. A: Are you listening to me? B: Yes. Keep_____. I'm

listening. 10. He tries to avoid____with dishonest people. 11. James

is looking forward to____for the Acme Insurance company. 12. Lin­da suggested____the weekend in the country. 13. A: Do you v< ant

to have a break? В: No. I'm not tired yet. Let's keep on____another

hour or so. 14. They finished____the test at 12 o'clock. 15.1

326

'.Oil

haven't practised____the piano for a long time. 16. She doesn't

appreciate my_____ after her. 17. I don't enjoy____letters.

18.1 considered____the job but in the end I decided against it. 19. If

you use the shower, try and avoid_____water on the floor. 20.

Have you finished____the sink yet? 21. Why do you keep on____

at me like that? 22. They had to postpone____away because their

son was ill. 23. It's better to avoid____during the rush-hour.

24. Tom suggested____fish for dinner. 25. I'm looking forward

to my friend. 26. Do you think you'll get another Honda? —

No. I'm considering____a Toyota. 27. What do you usually do

in your free time in the evening? — I enjoy____a good book.

27. A: What are you doing? B: I'm helping Teddy with his

homework. A: When you finish____him, could you help me in

the kitchen?

I have an idea. We all need money, so how about writing and selling a newspaper? That's a good idea, Tom. But is anybody interested in writing articles?

Well, I like writing stories. So does Ann. So do I. And I enjoy making up quizzes and puzzles. I don't mind interviewing people. Neither do I.

How about asking Paul to do the drawings? He's good at drawing cartoons. So am I.

No, you're not. You can't draw anything. Neither can you. Anyway, I'd like to write about cleaning up the environment. Everybody's interes­ted in that.

4. Recall the sentences with gerunds.

°- Read and roleplay the conversation.

^c- Express solidarity, using the expression "good at + -ing".

~~- I'm good at swimming. — Betty isn't good at drawing. ~- So am I. — Neither is Helen.

327

D. Put the verbs in brackets in the -ing form. Role-play the_ conversation.

Nick: People are tired of (read) about the same old things in newspapers.

Jenny: Have you got any new ideas?

Nick: Well, I'm good at (write) about football.

Jenny: That's not new! Can't you think of (do) anything else '

Nick: Why? Isn't everybody crazy about (play) football?

Jenny: No. How about (have) a music page? You're fond of (listen to) music.

Nick: And we could have a joke column. I'm good at (tell) jokes.

Jenny: Are you still interested in (do) an article about the envi­ronment?

Nick: Of course. And I' ve got an idea. How about (organize) a competition? Readers have to suggest ways of (make) schools "greener". They should send in ideas on (red­uce) waste paper like stopping exams, tests, essays ..

E. Write true answers to the questions with verbs in the -ing/form

eg Are you good at drawing cartoons?

No, I'm not. But I am good at making model cars.

or Yes, I am. I'm also good at painting pictures.

1. Are you good at repairing things? 2. Are you interested in collecting stamps? 3. Are you bored with watching television? 4. Are you good at saving money? 5. Are you interested in reading computer magazines? 6. Are you tired of doing English exercises?

Colin:! enjoy doing lazy things, because I'm not a very active person. I'm not ambitious. I have a lot of friends and I love spending time with them. I never quarrel and I like helping others to solve their problems.

Sаrаh:I'm a busy, active person. I prefer moving around to staying in one place. I enjoy using my brain, but some­times I have difficulty in concentrating. I love discus-

sing, but sometimes I'm too talkative. I'm interested in doing lots of things, all at the same time. Brian:I can't stand doing the same thing over and over again. I'm adventurous and competitive. I have a lot of energy and I like taking risks. Sometimes I'm a bit selfish. If I want something, I keep on trying until I succeed in get­ting it.

A. Read through the character description again and discuss what is generally true for you. Be honest¹

B. Paraphrase using difficulty:

eg I found a place to live but it was difficult. I found difficulty (in) finding a place to live.

1. Tom finds it difficult to meet people. Tom has... 2. He found a job. This wasn't difficult. He had no... 3. It won't be difficult to get a ticket for the concert. You won't have any... 4. I find it difficult to understand him when he speaks quickly. I have... 5.1 found it difficult to translate the article. I had... 6. He did the work. This wasn't difficult. He had no...

C. Respond to the following statements expressing your dislikes.

eg Nina likes to sing.

I can't stand her singing.

1. Bob plays his violin from morning till night. 2. The baby keeps crying. 3. My son often leaves his things about. 4. My husband smokes at home. 5. My wife does some typing at home. 6. She is always grumbling. 7. He is always complaining.

D. Make sentences with the verb succeed. Use the prompts. eg He/pass the exam. He succeeded in passing the exam.

1. Mike/win the prize 2. My sister/translate the text 3. Bob/do the test 4. My colleagues/carry out the research5. They/complete the experiment 6. She/do the work in time.

Jane В.: I must apologize for being late.

Steve: That's quite all right, Miss Bruce. Perhaps you could

start by telling me how your career began.

Jane В.: Well, I suppose I was very lucky, really. I won a local beauty competition. At that time, I had no exp_c. rience in modelling.

Steve: What do you enjoy most about your job?

Jane B.: Oh, there are so many things! I'm very fond of tra\ oi­ling, for example, and I'm interested in meeting people. My job gives me the opportunity of doing both. I'm looking forward to going to New Yoik next month.

Steve: Do you ever get tired of standing in front of cameras⁹

Jane В.: No, that's my job. I'm used to working long hours

Steve: Is there anything you dislike about your job?

Jane В.: I don't like getting up early, and our work often begins at 7 o'clock. I can't risk catching a cold or being ill. I've had to give up smoking and I have to watch my weight all the time.

Steve: One last question, are you ever afraid of losing your friends back home?

Jane В.: No, I try to go back whenever I'm in this countn I've still got the same friends I've always had.

Steve: Thank you very much, Miss Bruce.

A. Questions

1. How did Jane's career start? 2. What does she enjoy most about her job? 3. What is Jane looking forward to? 4. What docs Jane dislike about her job? 5. Is she afraid of losing her friends back home?

B. Complete the sentences from the conversation.

I. I must apologise... 2. Perhaps you could start ... me how your career bagan. 3. At that time, I had no experience... 4. I'm very fond... 5. I'm interested ... people. 6. My job gives me the opportunity... both. 7. I'm looking forward ... to New York next month. 8. Do you ever get tired ... in front of cameras? 3. I'm used ... long hours. 10. I don't like ... early. 11. I can't risk . • ^a cold or... ill. 12. I've had to give up... 13. One last question, are you ever afraid ... your friends back home?

C. Roleplay the conversation.

330

л Complete the following by usingby + a gerund. Use the words ' (he list or your own words.

eat smile watch

drink wag wave

guess wash write grow

1. Students practise written English by writing compositions.

2 We clean our clothes____them in soap and water. 3. I save

money on food____my own vegetables. 4. Khalid improved his

English____a lot of TV. 5. We show other people we are

happy____. 6. We satisfy our hunger____something. 7. We

quench our thirst____something. 8.1 figured out what "quench"

means____. 5. Alex caught my attention____his arms in the

air. 10. My dog shows me she is happy____her tail.

Complete the following with your own words. Use by and a gerund.

11. Students show teachers they want to say something____

their hands. 12. You can destroy bacteria in meat____ft. 13. You

can cook an egg____it or____it. 14. After work, I relax____

or____.

E. Make sentences with afraid an d tired followed by gerunds.

eg She is afraid of being punished, eg I'm tired of washing the linen.

F. Now read these situations and write a sentence with be/get used to.

eg Frank lives alone. He doesn't mind this. He has always lived alone, (he/used/live/alone) He is used to living alone.

1. Ron sleeps on the floor. He doesn't mind this. He has al­ways slept on the floor, (he/used/ sleep/on the floor) He...

2. Sue moved from a big house to a much smaller one. What did she have to get used to? (she had/used/live in a smaller house) Sue had...

3. Jack once went to the Middle East. It was too hot for him. (he/not/'used/the heat)

331

4. Bill doesn't have any money. He doesn't find this unusual because he has never had any money, (he/used/have/no money)

5. Tom is going to live in your country. What will he have to get used to? (Write your own answer!) He'll have to

Now you have to put the verb into the correct form, -ing or infinitive.

eg Jane had to get used to driving on the left, (drive)

Bill used to be very fit. Now he's in terrible condition, (be)

1. When I was a child, I used to... swimming every day. (go) 2 It took me a long time to get used to ... glasses, (wear) 3. There used to ... a cinema on this corner but it was knocked down, (be) 4.1m the boss. I'm not used to ... told what to do. (be) 5. You'll have to get used to ... less if you want to lose weight, (eat) 6.1 used to ... Ann but now she gets on my nerves, (like) 7. Ron got tired very quickly. He wasn't used to... so fast, (run) 8. Tom used to... a lot of coffee when he was a student, (drink) 9. It won't take you long m get used to ... with your new computer, (work) 10. My parents used to ... in London, but now they live in Bristol, (live) 11. Bru­no is Italian, but he has lived in London for over 5 years. He has got used to... English food now, but when he first arrived in Eng] and he didn't like it very much, (eat) 12. Mike found Africa strange at first. He wasn't used to... in such a hot climate, (live) 13.1 normally go to bed at about 10 o'clock. I'm not used to... up late, (stay) 14 I used to ... on a farm once and had to get up at 5 o'clock every morning, (work) It was difficult at first because I wasn't used to ... so early, (get up)

Mrs Anne Sterling did not think of the risk she was taking when she ran through the forest after two men. They had rushed up to her while she was having a picnic at the edge of the forest with her children and tried to steal her handbag. In the struggle, the strap broke and, with the bag m their possession, both men started running through the trees. Mrs Sterling got so angry that she ran after them. She was soon out of breath, but she continued running. When she caught up with them, she saw that they had sat down

332

and were going through the contents of the bag, so she ran straight to them. The men got such a fright that they dropped the bag and •ran away. "The strap needs mending," said Mrs Sterling later, "but they did not steal anything."

д. Questions

1. How many men tried to steal Mrs Sterling's handbag? 2. What was she doing at the time? 3. Did they take the bag after a struggle or not? Where did they run? 4. What did Mrs Sterling do? 5. Did she manage to get her handbag back?

B. Study and practise the text.

C. Now you have to make sentences with need -ing. Use the verb in brackets.

eg This coat is rather dirty, (clean) It needs cleaning.

1. This room hasn't been painted for years, (paint) 2. Your hair is too long, (cut) 3. Those shoes are rather dirty, (polish) 4. This plant hasn't been watered for some tune, (water) 5. Your jeans are too long, (take up) 6. Your passport is out of date, (renew) 7. The cat is hungry, (feed) 8. The brakes on my car aren't working very well. I think they need (adjust).

When a plane from London arrived at Sydney airport, workers began to unload a number of wooden boxes which contained clothing. No one could account for the fact that one of the boxes was extremely heavy. It suddenly occurred to one of the workers to open up the box. He was astonished at what he found. A man was lying in the box on top of a pile of woollen goods. He was so surprised at being discovered that he did not even try to run away. After he was arrested, the man admitted hiding in the box before the plane left London. He had had a long and uncomfortable trip, for he had been confined to the wooden box for over ten hours. The man was ordered to pay £500 for the cost of the trip. The normal price of a ticket was £370'

A. Read the text, ask and answer questions on the text.

B. Retell the text.

333

С. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct forms.

1. He hates (interrupt). 2.1 appreciated (invite) to your home? 3. Nobody likes (laugh) at. 4. She avoids (introduce) to him. 5. She is proud of (offer) that interesting job. 6. He was surprised at (send) an invitation. 7.1 know she hates (praise) 8. The man was astonished at (award). 9. She is looking forward to (invite) to the party. 10. He insists on (tell) everything.

I crossed the street to avoid meeting him, but he saw me and came running towards me. It was no use pretending that I had not seen him, so I waved to him. I never enjoy meeting Bert Dykes. He never has anything to do. No matter how busy you are, he always insists on coming with you. I had to think of a way of preventing him from following me around all morning. "Hullo, Bert," I said. "Fancy meeting you here!" "Hullo, Elizabeth," Bert answered. "I was just wondering how to spend the morning — until I saw you. You're not busy doing anything, are you?"

"No, not at all," I answered. "I'm going to..." "Would you mind my coming with you?" he asked, before I had finished speaking.

"Not at all," I lied, "but I'm going to the dentist." "Then I'll come with you," he answered. "There's always plenty to read in the waiting room!"

A. Complete these sentences.

1.1 crossed the street to avoid... him, but he saw me and came... towards me. 2. It was no use ... that I had not seen him. 3.1 never enjoy ... Bert Dykes. 4. He always insists ... with you. 5.1 had to think of a way ... him ... me around all morning. 6. Fancy ... you here! 7. "Would you mind ... with you?" he asked, before I had finished...

B. Study and practise the text.

C. Compare these sentences'

Would you mind opening the window? Would you mind my opening the window?

(me)

334

Combine the following. Change "thatfact" to a gerund phrase. Use formal English. Discuss informal usage.

1. Mary won a scholarship. We are excited about that fact. = •\Ve are excited about Mary's (Mary) winning a scholarship. 2. He didn't want to go. I couldn't understand that fact. = I couldn't understand his (him) not wanting to go. 3. You took the time to help us. We greatly appreciate that fact. 4. We talked about him behind his back. The boy resented that fact. 5. They ran away to get married. That fact shocked everyone. 6. You don't want to do it. I don't understand that fact. 7. Ann borrowed Sally's clothes without asking her first. Sally complained about that fact. 8. Helen is here to answer our questions about the company's new insurance plan. We should take advantage of that fact.

D. Paraphrase using gerunds.

eg My mother insists that I should give up smoking.

My mother insists on my (me) giving up smoking, eg He insists that his mother should be taken to hospital.

He insists on his mother's (mother) being taken to hospital.

1. Her father insisted that she should take up medicine. 2. He insisted that we should join him. 3. He insisted that the boy should be punished. 4. My wife insists that we should go to Italy. 5. She insists that she should be given responsibility. 6. Why do you insist that he should give up sports? 7. He insists that John should be invited. 8. My mother insists that I should get married. 9. My husband insists that we should spend our holidays abroad. 10. The doctor insisted that she should follow his instruction. 11.1 insist that he should be invited. 12. Jack insisted that he should go by himself. 13. Tom insisted that he should drive Ann to the station. 14. Mrs Lee insisted that her daughter should have a rest.

E. In this exercise you have to join two sentences to make one sentence.

eg Don't worry about it. It's no use.

It's no use worrying about it. eg Don't get a taxi. It's not worth it.

It's not worth getting a taxi.

1. Don't try to escape. It's no use. It's no use... 2. Don't smoke.

335

It's a waste of money. It's a waste... 3. Don't ask Tom to help you. It's no good. It's no good... 4. Don't hurry. It's not worth it. It's not worth... 5. Don't study if you're feeling tired. There's no point. There's no point... 6. Don't read newspapers. It's a waste of time. It's a... 7. Don't get angry. It's not worth it. It's not.. 8. Don't work if you don't need the money. There's no point. There's... 9. Don't try to make him change his mind. It's no use. It's...

F. Make sentences using prevent from.

eg see this scene You must prevent him from seeing this scene.

1. take part in the game 2. join the expedition 3. take up medicine 4. swim in this filthy river 5. go out today 6. see her 7. waste his money 8. give up music 9. buy this coat

G. Respond to the following statements.

eg, — He won $ 500,000

— Fancy him winning $ 500,000.

eg — He didn't want to leave prison.

— Fancy him not wanting to leave prison.

1. They queued all night. 2. He spent a month underground 3. He was dismissed for working too hard. 4. They keep a snake as a pet. 5. He lost all his savings. 6. She bought that expensive vase. 7. She wore that awful dress. 8. He didn't recognize her.

H. Complete the sentences using(i) the object form + -ing or (u) the possessive + -ing form.

eg Do you mind ... (I/open) the window?

(i) Do you mind me opening the window? (ii) Do you mind my opening the window?

1.1 don't mind... (you/borrow) my car. 2. Do you mind... (I/ switch on) the TV? 3. They insisted on ... (we/stay) for dinner with them. 4. How do you feel about... (they/get) married? 5. Ann's parents don't like ... (she/go) to bed late. 6. I was surprised about... (Sue/forget) to come to the meeting. 7.1 can't excuse (she/not answer) our invitation. 8. Please forgive ... (I/answer) like that. 9. They can't prevent ... (he/become) an actor. 10. I

336

can't bear... (he/be treated) like that. 11. You must pardon... (he/ _not answer) your letter. 12. Would you mind ... (she/join) us?

/. Complete the sentences using gerunds.

1. There are several ways of... 2. There is no way of... 3. Is there any way of...? 4. I don't see any way of... 5. There are different ways of...

It must have been about two in the morning when I returned home. I tried to wake up my wife by ringing the door-bell, but she was fast asleep, so I got a ladder from the shed in the garden, put it against the wall, and began climbing towards the bedroom window. I was almost there when a sarcastic voice below said, "I don't think the windows need cleaning at this time of the night." I looked down and nearly fell off the ladder when I saw a policeman. I immediately regretted answering in the way I did, but I said, "I enjoy cleaning windows at night."

"So do I," answered the policeman in the same tone. "Excuse my interrupting you. I hate to interrupt a man when he's busy working, but would you mind coming with me to the station?"

"Well, I'd prefer to stay here," I said. "You see I've forgotten my key."

"Your what?" he called.

"My key," I shouted.

Fortunately, the shouting woke up my wife who opened the door just as the policeman had started to climb towards me.

A. Complete the sentences.

1. I tried to wake up my wife ... the door-bell. 2. I began ... towards the bedroom window. 3.1 don't think the windows need... at this time of the night. 4.1 immediately regretted ... in the way I did. 5. I enjoy ... windows at night. 5. Excuse my ... you. 6. Would you mind ... with me to the station? 7. Fortunately, the ... ^w»ke up my wife.

&• Questions

1. What time did the man return home? 2. Why did he have to ^Use a ladder to get into his house? 3. Who saw him? 4. What did

337

the policeman think? 5. What did the man tell the policeman?

6. What was the policeman going to do?

C. Study and practise the text.

D. Make sentences with by ...-ing.

eg Richard often helps his brother. He gives him money and advice.

Richard helps his brother by giving him money and ad­vice. *

1. Children learn how to speak without teachers. They listen and they practise. 2. David learned how to play chess without a teacher. He watched his father play. 3. When Hugo was in England he listened carefully and always spoke English. As a result he learned perfect English. 4. Susan wanted to lose weight and she did. She ate less. 5. Fred lost a lot of weight, too. He took more exercise. 6. Bob simply took pills. He lost a stone. (14 Ibs.) 7. Fred went out and looked for his first job and got it. 8. Bob's first job was very good. He advertised for it in the paper. 9. Fred worked 16 hours a day and he got rich. 10. Bob got rich too. He married a rich woman. 11. The film star killed herself. She took a bottle of sleeping pills.

E. Paraphrase the sentences using gerunds.

eg I'm sorry I'm late.

Excuse my being late.

1. I'm sorry I called you so late. 2. I'm sorry I bothered you. 3. I'm sorry I interrupted you. 4. I'm sorry I didn't come on time. 5. I'm sorry I kept you waiting. 6. I'm sorry I broke the cup.

7. I'm sorry I gave you so much trouble.

eg I am sorry I have said this.

I regret saying (having said) this.

1. I regret that I came so late. 2. I regret that I missed that performance. 3. He regretted that he hadn't booked a ticket in advance. 4. She was sorry that she hadn't taken part in the picnic. 5. We were sorry that we hadn't sent him a telegram. 6. She is sorry that she hasn't seen the film. 7. I'm sorry I didn't meet him.

338

L.K. Fontana is a Cambridge Don. He is also a famous writer. 30 years ago he wrote a strange fantasy called "King of the Circles". It was about strange people called "Bobbins" who live in holes in the ground. The book is very popular now, especially in America. In a recent interview on television, Mr Fontana said this about himself. "I know some people think I'm some kind of philosopher. Actually, I'm a very ordinary kind of person and I enjoy very ordinary things. For instance, the first thing I say after getting up in the morning is always: "Ah, good! I'm still alive. Now I can enjoy smoking for another 24 hours." I probably enjoy smoking too much. My doctor once told me I ought to stop. "What?" I said. "Stop smoking? Why don't you ask me to stop living, too?"

Good simple food is another great pleasure. I really enjoy seeing, smelling, touching, and then, finally, eating a good pork pie... or good mashed potatoes... or simple English cheese, not too new. I also enjoy drinking good English beer.

There are things I hate, too. For instance, I hate getting up early in winter. I also hate eating watery vegetables. Nasty overcooked things! Most of all however, I hate marking test papers. All poor professors have to do it in the summer. That's how "King of the Circles" started, you know: I had to stay up late marking one night, and then, around 3 in the morning, I just could not go on. Suddenly I saw a blank piece of paper and I can remember writing the first sentence of the book on it. "Once upon a time, there was a deep hole and a Bobbin lived in it."

A. Recall the sentences where gerunds are used.

B. Study and practise the text.

C. Malcolm can 'tjind his wallet anywhere. He is trying to recall how he lost it. Rewrite his thoughts starting each one with I remember.

1.1 got off the train.

I remember getting off the train. 2.1 walked to the bus-stop.

3. Some boys came behind me.

4. They pushed past me.

339

5.1 dropped my briefcase. 6. One of the boys ran away.

Make sentences of your own with remember doing.

eg that book a long time ago =

I remember reading that book a long time ago

1. that film last year.

2. this word in the last lesson

3. all my money in my coat pocket

4. a toy horse for Christmas when I was 5

5. in that park last summer

6. in that hotel 4 summers ago

7. a steak in that restaurant

8. very late one night

D. Make progressive substitutions using stop doing smth.

eg You ought to stop smoking.

drinking — You ought to stop drinking, shouting — You ought to stop shouting. Please — Please stop shouting We ought— We ought to stop shouting.

You ought to stop smoking.

1. going there 7. laughing

2. Please 8. saying that

3. shouting 9. doing that

4. they ought 10. you ought to

5. talking 11 • eating so much bread

6. Please 12. working so hard

Harry: Nora! Nora!

Nora (coming into the room): Yes, what is it now, Harry?

Harry: Oh, there you are. Look here, Nora. I'm tired of lyir -

here on my back with nothing to do. I hate don .

nothing.

Don't be silly, Harry. You've got a temperature, ai >

staying in bed is the only sensible thing to do. No'.

340

Nora:

just be quiet, and stop preventing me from doing my

housework. Harry: No, seriously, Nora. I can't bear it. Lying flat on my

back!

Nora: Well then, try lying on your stomach for a change! Harry: Stop being funny. I'm going to get up. I'm quite all

right. What's the use of staying in bed? Nora: I think you're being very silly. You'll only make your

temperature go up again.

Harry: It's no use talking, Nora — being ill doesn't suit me. Nora: No — and trying to nurse you doesn't suit me. Harry: Now don't be bitter about it. You know I'm grateful

to you for looking after me, but you mustn't try to

keep me in bed like a naughty boy.

Nora: Well, you began it by behaving like a naughty boy! Harry: I'm all against this staying in bed for no reason. Nora: Harry, being ill is a reason. Now don't stand by that

window and catch another cold... Let me see, half past

eleven.

Harry: Why do you keep looking at the clock? Nora: I'm expecting mother. She's coming over for the day. Harry: Good heavens! I didn't know that. Nora: Yes, I think she has something she wants to talk to

you about. Harry: Oh, heavens, has she? Oh, you know, Nora, perhaps I

had better get back to bed. Nora: Oh, what a pity! I thought, perhaps, you might stay up

and see her.

Harry: That's the very reason I'm getting back into bed. Nora: What did you say? Harry: Oh, nothing.

A. Recall the sentences with gerunds used in the conversation.

B. Learn the conversation at home and roleplay it in class.

C. Your friend has some problems and you have to be helpful, for each problem write a question with try.

eg I can't find anywhere to live, (put an advertisement in the newspaper)

341

Have you tried putting an advertisement in the newspaper?

or

Why don't you try putting an advertisement in the news­paper?

1. My electric shaver is not working, (change the batteries) 2.1 can't contact Fred. He's not at home, (phone him at work)

3. I'm having difficulty sleeping at night, (take sleeping tablets)

4. The television picture isn't very good, (move the aerial)

In this exercise you have to put the verb into the correct foi т -ing or to+infinitive.

1. I'll try (come) to the meeting, but I'm not sure if I'll be able to. 2. If you get hiccups, you should try (drink) a glass of water. If that doesn't work, try (hold) your breath. 3. You can borrow my camera, but please try (be) careful with it. 4. "This soup doesn't taste very good." "Try (put) in some more salt." 5. We tried (put) the fire out but we were unsuccessful. We had to call the fire-brigade. 6. Sue needed some money. She tried (ask) Gerry but he couldn't help her. 7. He tried (reach) the shelf but he wasn't tall enough. 8. "I need to borrow some money." "Why don't you try (ask) your parents to lend you some?"

D. What does it mean in each of these sentences? Use the -ing form of the words in the box in your answers.

eg It can be dangerous, especially at midday.

Sunbathing can be dangerous, especially at midday.

live on your own babysit sunbathe smoke

read English swim watch late night horror films

1. It is a big responsibility, especially with very young children.

2. It is a very good way of keeping fit.

3. It can give you nightmares.

4. It is quite difficult if you are used to being with a lot of people.

5. It is much easier than speaking it.

6. It can ruin your health.

342

f Make up sentences with gerunds.

eg I'm against buying this house, eg I'm grateful to you for bringing the records, eg What's the use of staying in bed? eg I'm angry with Peter because he keeps borrowing money from me.

p. Join the following pairs of sentences and rephrase them using by, instead of or without.

1. She ruined her watch. She dropped it in the sea. 2. We got to the station just on time. We took a taxi. 3. He went out. He didn't take any money with him. 4. Don't complain. Why don't you help me instead? 5. Don't look at the price tag. Guess how much I paid for this jacket. 6. He worked too long at his computer screen. He damaged his eyes. 7. She made a speech. She didn't look at her notes.

G. Complete the sentences with one of the prepositions -by, instead of or without and the gerund (-ing form) of the words in brackets.

1. It would be more sensible for him to save his money (spend) it like water. 2. It's a silly game where you have to run with a glass of water (spill/any of it). 3. She irritates people (talk) in a funny voice all the time. 4. I don't like him. He's one of those people who talks and talks (ever/stop). 5. Now that I've become more health-conscious, I'll always grill food (fry) it.

Juliet wants to go abroad for a holiday but Steve wants to stay at home, in Britain.

Juliet: Why don't we go abroad for .a change? Where I'd like

to go is France, Spain, or Italy even. Steve: Mm. I'm not all that keen really. I'd rather stay at home. Juliet: Oh, come on, Steve. Think of the sun! Steve: Yes, but think of the cost! Going abroad is very expensive. Juliet: Oh, it isn't Steve. Not these days. Steve. Of course it is, Juliet. The best thing about having a

holiday here in Britain is that it's cheaper. And another

• 343

thing, the travelling would be easier. No boats, plane_s or anything.

Juliet: Even so, we've been to most of the interesting places in Britain already. What's the point in seeing them again? Anyway, we can travel round Britain whenever we like. There's no point in wasting our summer holi­day here.

Steve: Mm, I suppose you're right. Nevertheless, what I can't stand is all the bother with foreign currency, changing money and all that when we go abroad. I hate all that And it's so confusing.

Juliet: Oh, don't be silly, Steve.

Steve: And what's more, I can't speak any of the languages — you know that. It's all right for you. You can speak foreign languages.

Juliet: Exactly. You see, what I'd really like to do is practise my French and Spanish. It would help me a lot at work

Steve: Mm, but that's no use to me.

Juliet: But just think of the new places we'd see, the people we'd meet!

Steve: But look, if we stayed here, we wouldn't have to plan very much.

Juliet: I'm sorry, Steve. No, I just don't fancy another cold English summer.

A. Questions

1. Where does Juliet want to spend the holiday? 2. Why doesn't Steve want to go abroad? 3. Why is he for spending the holiday in Britain? 4. Why is Juliet against?

B. Recall the phrases with gerunds used in the conversation.

C. Say why Juliet is for spending the holiday abroad and vvM Steve is against.

E. Roleplay the conversation.

F. Use the ideas and the language from this dialogue to write и short conversation between two friends who are planning ^a holiday. The two friends could be discussing the points for ^ against two of the following:

344

— having a holiday with the whole family.

— a camping holiday.

— a holiday in the south.

Here are some useful phrases from the conversation.

Introducing points Introducing points

For Against

Think of... Yes, but...

The best thing about... is... But look...

I'm sorry, I just don't...

Even so...

Nevertheless...

Linking two points

For or Against

And another thing...

Anyway...

And what's more...

UNIT 6 TOPIC: HOUSE. FLAT. RENTING A FLAT

Listen, read and practise.

Cliff had been given notice to leave his lodgings. His landlady who was elderly and unmarried did not like his habit of giving noisy parties. She liked his habit of practising the guitar in the early hours of the morning even less. He bought a copy of the local paper and turned to the Accommodation Vacant page. There were a good many advertisements for rooms to let, but most of them were either too far out or too expensive. Finally, right at the end of the last column on the page (lines 7-8) he found one that seemed suitable. The rent was reasonable and it was in the centre of the town.

He went round to the address, and ringing the bell, waited. The man who came to the door was middle-aged and had a round, smilmg face. But the main thing Cliff noticed was that he was wearing a very long and shabby overcoat which had no buttons on it.

"I believe you have a room to let," Cliff said.

"That is so, yes. Won't you come in?"

The house was rather sparsely furnished. It was chilly too arid smelt a bit damp, which was probably the reason, Cliff thought, why the man wore an overcoat indoors. Though this did not explain why the overcoat hadn't got any buttons.

He was shown the room, a good-sized bed-sitter (i.e. bedroom and sitting-room combined) on the first floor, looking out over the street. There was a chest-of-drawers and a wardrobe against one wall, a double-bed against another, and on the floor a plun coloured carpet with ink marks on it. The walls were pale green The ceiling had cracks in it and needed a coat of paint. There wa a large sash window with faded curtains.

"This seems all right," Cliff said.

"I'm glad you like it," the man said. "The rent is nine pound a week."

"It says eight in the advertisement."

346

The man smiled. "I hate arguing about money," he said. "Just for you, as a friendly gesture, I will reduce the rent to eight."

Cliff did not see how this could be regarded as a reduction, but he did not think it was worth arguing about. "Does that include breakfast?" he said.

"No."

"Are there any cooking facilities?"

"Yes, you can have the use of the kitchen certainly."

"Would there be any objection to me having a small electric fire in here?"

"Small or large, as you like. It makes no difference to me, since you will be paying for it." The man laughed, as if it was a good joke.

"There is a separate meter for electricity, as there is for gas," he said.

Cliff now mentioned the point which really interested him most. "Are there any restrictions," he said, "such as not having parties, or not being allowed baths, or not being able to practise my guitar?"

"Good heavens, no. I want you to feel free here. I want you to behave as if you were at home. The only restrictions are financial ones."

"What does that mean?"

"It means paying in advance, paying weekly and in cash please, not by cheque."

"I'd better think it over," Cliff said.

"I like you," the man said. "I took to you the moment I saw you. That is why I reduced the rent. I am often away on business. Making a living today is hard work, and I want someone like you, a reliable young man, to look after things while I'm away."

Cliff was not used to being described as reliable. The landlord struck him as eccentric and perhaps a bit untrustworthy, but the room was cheap, and being able to do as he pleased appealed to him very much.

"All right," he said. "I'll take it. I'd like to move in next Saturday, if that's all right with you."

"Fine." The man smiled more broadly than ever, and held out his hand. "My name is Joseph. I am sure we shall be good friends. Making friends is very important. You might care to pay a small deposit. As a guarantee, you know. Shall we say five pounds?

347

Thank you. Now let's have a drink on it. I've got some excellent sherry. I got it cheap, through a friend. Excuse me a moment."

A few minutes later Joseph came back with the sherry. Cliff sipped his sherry; the sherry tasted like petrol.

"Can I have my receipt for my £5?" he said.

A. Questions

I. Why did Cliff have to look for a flat? 2. What sort of paper did he buy? 3. What was wrong with most of the rooms? 4. Where was the advertisement that seemed suitable? 5. What was the man who came to the door like? 6. What was strange about the man's overcoat? 7. How did the house smell? 8. Where was the room? 9. What colour were the walls? 10. What really interested Cliff most? 11. How did Joseph want the rent paid? 12. What was Cliff not used to? 13. How did the landlord strike Cliff? 14 Why did he decide to take the room?

B. Retell the text.

C. Special Difficulties

I. Join these sentences with the conjunctions to say why. More than one order is possible.

1. Service in this hotel ought taimprove. There's been a change of management, (because)

Service in this hotel ought to improve because there's been a change of management.

2. The Air Traffic Controllers are on strike. We have cancelled our holiday, (as)

3. She's never in when I phone. I'll have to write to her. (sincej

4. I've had to have the document translated. I can't read Rus­sian, (since)

5. He phoned the police. He had lost his wallet, (because)

6. It was such a beautiful day. We decided to have a picnic, (as)

7. All the seats on the train were taken. We had to stand, (since)

8. We couldn't drive across the bridge. It was closed, (because)

9. We were late. We didn't get any food, (since)

П. Join these sentences using the conjunctions in brackets to introduce contrast. More than one order is possible.

348

• eg She has plenty of money. She is very mean, (although) Although she has plenty of money, she is very mean.

1. I'm going to buy a computer. I haven't got much money, (even though) 2. They have a car. They rarely use it. (though) 3. He was innocent. He was sent to prison, (although) 4. He has a number of relatives living nearby, but he never visits them, (even though) 5. She never takes any kind of exercise. She is quite fit and healthy.(even though) 6. I intend to go for a walk this morning. It's raining, (even if) 7. The play was wonderful. The film was a commercial failure, (whereas) 6. I try hard to play the piano. I don't seem to improve, (although) 9.Your design is excellent. It isn't suitable for our purposes, (while) 10. She likes hard work. He's quite lazy, (whereas) 11. She likes going out a lot. He prefers staying at home, (while)

III. Complete each sentence in A using as if and the most suitable idea from B. Use the verbs in brackets in the past tense.

eg 1. She's 50 years old, but she looks as if she was/were 30.

А В

1. She's 50 years old, but she looks... (own) the hotel

2. He's only a receptionist, but he acts... (belong) to him

3. They're quite rich, but they behave... (be) dying

4. He's only got a cold, but he acts... (be) poor

5. It's my car, but he treats it... (be) my boss

6. He isn't my boss, but sometimes

he acts.. (be) 30

7. I'm not a child, but sometimes

you talk to me... (know) me

8. She doesn't know me, so why did

she smile at me... (be) a child

IV. Complete the sentences using like or as.

Note: We use like when we compare things.

She looks beautiful — like a princess, (she isn't really a

princess)

He eats like a pig.

We use as as a preposition to talk about someone's job

349

or the function of a thing.

I once worked as a postman. (I really was a postman.)

Please don't use my shoe as a hammer.

1. Sarah looks a lot... her brother. 2.1 joined the company . _a secretary. 3. Their garden is in a terrible mess. It looks ... a jungle. 4. The building looks more... a church than a bank. 5. Stop behaving ... a fool. 6. A few years ago I worked... a bus driver. 7. He's been learning English for a few years but he still speaks ... a beginner 8. My feet are really cold. They're ... blocks of ice. 9. Margaret once had a part-time job ... a tourist guide. 10. We don't need all the bedrooms in the house, so we use one of them ... a study. 11. His house is full of interesting things. It's... a museum. 12. The news that he was getting married came ... a complete surprise to me. 13. He's 35 but he sometimes behaves ... a child.

V. Complete the sentences using at the end or in the end.

Note: At the end means "at the point where something stops". We're going on holiday at the end of this week. At the end of the film I felt very sad. In the end means "finally" or "after some time". We couldn't decide what to do yesterday evening. In the end we decided to stay at home. At first, I didn't like him, but in the end we became good friends.

1. We were going to walk home, but... we decided to take a taxi. 2.1 hated school at first, but... I quite enjoyed it. 3. They're going to Italy ... of next week. 4. At first he didn't want to come with us on holiday, but ... he changed his mind. 5. I looked everywhere for my wallet and... I found it in my pocket. 6. She's starting work... of May. 7. We were all exhausted... of the journey.

VI. Rephrase these sentences using the modal verbs in brackets.

eg Perhaps she is ill. (may) She may be ill.

Perhaps they went out. (might) They might have gone

out.

1. Perhaps you're right, (could) 2 Perhaps she'll win the race. (might) 3. Perhaps she forgot about the meeting, (may) 4. Perhaps they were asleep, (might) 5. Perhaps he doesn't know the address.

350

(may) 6- Perhaps they left early, (could) 7. Perhaps he isn't coming _now. (might) 8. Perhaps I'll see you tomorrow, (may) 9. Perhaps they'^re going on holiday, (could) 10. Perhaps she didn't catch the bus. (may)

In the United States, many people once lived in large two-and three-story homes. Today many people would like to live in such dwellings, but most people can't. They don't have enough money to buy them or even to make the first downpayment. So, many people rent from month to month.

But some Americans really want to live in a house of their own. So they build their own home or they buy a house that is situated in a vicinity where homes are cheaper. It is better to reside in a bad part of town, they think, than not to live in a house at all. Or they buy an old house and remodel it. Then they decorate it with antique furnishings. Sometimes, they can make an old house look more beautiful than a new one.

Usually, it is not difficult for people to find an old home to buy. Many older people decide that they don't need a spacious home after their children leave. So they sell their house and move to a cosy apartment.

But when people move into a house, they sometimes have problems. Homeowners have to do their own maintenance. For example, if there is a problem with the plumbing, one can't ask the landlord or landlady to fix it. On the other hand, people can remodel their homes in any way they want without having to be afraid of being evicted by the owner. Overall, most Americans would probably prefer to live in a house rather than in an apartment.

A. Study and practise the text.

B. How much does the average house cost in your country? What makes one house more expensive than another?

Many young Americans do not live with their families, but in Apartment blocks or residential areas where everyone is more or less of the same age.

351

Young people often move away from home when they leav_e school (if they can afford it) into shared apartments or small one-room "studio" apartments. They do their own cooking and cleaning, and go to the family home perhaps for the weekend.

Young married couples may move to new suburbs where most people have young families. In the country, some even build their houses themselves.

If a family's income goes up, they often move to another suburb, where the houses are bigger, with two or even three garages, a swimming pool, a games room for the children and everything a family could want.

Old people often do not live with their grown-up children. Many live in old people's homes. Some live in special towns, built for old people, where there are no young children and the atmosphere is quiet.

Americans are always on the move, and some families change their homes every few years. Every year, 20% of Americans move house. Mr and Mrs Schultz could start life in an apartment in New York, go on to a white painted wooden home in New England with small windows to keep out the cold in winter, and end their life in a sunny house in California where oranges grow in the garden and big windows give a wonderful view of the swimming pool and the sea.

A. Speak about American homes.

Pfcitish Q-tomes

British homes are usually smaller than American homes, but, like Americans, old people, young families and unmarried people do not usually live together.

Many British people love old houses, and these are often more expensive than modern ones. They also love gardening, and you will see gardens everywhere you go: in towns, villages and out in the country. Some are very small, with just one tree and a few flowers. Others are enormous, with plenty of flowers and enough vegetables and fruit trees to feed a family.

There are 22 million homes in Britain — big homes and small homes, old cottages and new high-rise buildings, houses and flats. (Americans say "apartment", but British people say "flat".)

352

Two thirds of the families in Britain own their own homes. vlillions of these "owner-occupied" houses are the same, with two _Or three bedrooms and a bathroom upstairs, a sitting room, a dining room and a kitchen downstairs and a small garden at the back and front of the house. To pay for their house, home owners borrow money from a "building society" and pay back a little every month.

One quarter of British people live in rented state-owned homes, called "council houses". Many of these are flats, but some are houses, each with a small piece of garden. Other people rent their homes from private owners.

There are a great many different kinds of homes in Britain, but there are not enough! It is often very difficult for young people to find a home when they want to start a family.

A. Ask and answer questions on the text.

B. Speak about British homes.

Many people have started living in condominium homes, houses and apartments that share the same walls and the same services. Single people, young families, and the elderly buy condominiums, or "condos", for several reasons. Also, condos are often cheaper than traditional individual houses.

Condominiums fit today's life style. A lot of people aren't interested in working in gardens, mowing lawns, and doing other chores around the house in the evenings and on the weekends. They don't want these responsibilities. When they aren't at work, they want to be able to travel, play sports, and enjoy other leisure-time activities. When they are at home, they want to relax and enjoy themselves.

Of course, people still have to clean and paint the inside of their homes, but they don't have to worry about cleaning or Painting the outside. And they don't have to mow the lawn or find someone to pick up the garbage. In a condo, full- or part-time workers take care of these services.

The elderly often like living in condos because they aren't ^able to take care of traditional houses and lawns. Also, they enjoy having friends nearby — for social reasons and for security. Security is another good reason for living 'in a condominium.

'23ак 1110

People live in groups of three, four, or more homes. Also, if _no one is at home, there are always several neighbours who can keep their eyes on the empty house.

A. Study and practise the text

B. Think of a house you know and describe it to a classmate.

Mr Hernandez sells houses. At the moment he is showing 736 Pear-blossom Avenue to Mr and Mrs Willis.

"Here we are. As you can see, Mr and Mrs Willis, it's really quite a big house, with two stories. Upstairs there are three bed­rooms and a bathroom, and downstairs we have a large living rcom, a dining room, and a kitchen. There is no basement under the house

"Before we go in, let's take a look at the house from the outside I think you'll agree that the front yard is a nice size and the height around it makes it a little more private. There's a two-car garage next to the house, and, as you can see, the driveway is in \ cry good condition. Now, look up there at the roof. It was repaired only four months ago, so you won't have any trouble from the rain. As you can see, there's a chimney up there. The house has a working fireplace. And the present owners put in a new furnace, so you'll have plenty of heat all winter.

"O.K. Let's go in here through the front gate and up the walk to the front door. Follow me.

"I'll just open the door and here we are inside. Here's a little hall where you can hang your hats and coats. On your right is the living room, and this door on your left leads into a small dining room. As you can see, it has a lovely wooden floor. The dining room and the kitchen are connected, so you can cook in the kitchen and serve the meals in the dining room. From the kitchen window you have a nice view of the backyard, which, as you can see, has a wooden fence around it. You could have a nice flower or vegetable garden back there.

"The house is in excellent condition. You'll have no problems with any of the walls, floors or ceilings. So, any questions? Ah, yes, the price. Three bedrooms, a garage and a yard. Well, what do you think?

354

A Study and practise the text.

п. Describe a very traditional type of house in your country.

My favourite room is our kitchen. Perhaps the kitchen is the most important room in many houses, but it is particularly so in our house because it's not only where we cook and eat but it's also the main meeting place for family and friends. I have so many memories of times spent there: special occasions such as homecomings or cooking Christmas dinner; troubled times, which lead to comforting cups of tea in the middle of the night; ordinary daily events such as making breakfast on dark, cold winter mornings for cross, sleepy children before sending them off to school, then sitting down to read the newspaper with a steaming hot mug of coffee.

Whenever we have a party, people graviate with their drinks to the kitchen. It is always the fullest and noisiest room in the house. So what does this special room look like? It's quite big, but not huge. It's big enough to have a good-sized rectangular table in the centre, which is the focal point of the room. There is a large window above the sink, which looks out onto two apple trees in the garden. The cooker is at one end, and above it is a wooden pulley, which is old-fashioned but very useful for drying clothes in wet weather. At the other end is a wall with a large notice-board, which tells the story of our lives, past, present, and future, in words and pictures: a school photo of Megan and Kate, a postcard from Auntie Nancy in Australia, the menu from a take­away Chinese restaurant, a wedding invitation for next Saturday. All our world is there for everyone to read!

The front door is seldom used in our house, only by strangers. All our friends use the back door, which means they come straight into the kitchen and join in whatever is happening there. The kettle goes on immediately and then we all sit round the table, drinking tea and putting the world to rights! Without doubt some of the happiest times of my life have been spent in our kitchen.

•4. Study and practise the text. • Write a similar description of your favourite room.

355

Mr and Mrs Turvey both hated housework. They were a very messy couple who never put things away. When they went to bed, for example, they always left their clothes on the floor. Their kitchen was always in a mess, too. Even though they had a dishwasher they always left the dirty dishes in the kitchen sink and only did the dishes when there wasn't a clean plate in the house. It was the same with their clothes. They never put them into the washing machine until there was nothing else left to wear. The living room always looked as though a bomb had just gone off. There were things everywhere. There was thick dust on every piece of furniture and the carpet had not been vacuumed for weeks. And the bathroom¹

One day, when Mr Turvey couldn't find one of his shoes, and Mrs Turvey couldn't see her face in the bathroom mirror, they decided it was time to get the house cleaned. So they found Maria, a foreign student at a local language school, who needed some extra money.

Maria came to the house and worked all day long. She washed and dried all the clothes. Then she got out the iron. She ironed the clothes, folded them neatly and put them away. She swept all the dust off the floors with a large broom. She took a wet cloth and wiped the dust off every surface in the house and then polished the furniture until it was shining. She got out the vacuum cleaner and vacuumed all the carpets. In the kitchen the floor was filthy. It was too dirty to wash with a mop, so Maria got on her hands and knees and scrubbed the dirt off with a scrub brush. Finally, she made the bed and, when she finished, the house looked spotless.

Mr and Mrs Turvey came home that evening. There was nothing on the floor. There was no dust on the furniture. The wood was shining and you could smell the polish. In their bedroom all their clothes were clean and put away in closets. "So what do you think?" Mrs Turvey asked her husband.

"It looks nice and neat,'' he said, "but how are we ever going to find anything?"

4. Ask and answer questions on the text. Retell the text.

B.I. Are you a tidy person? 2. What does the room tell you about its owner? 3. Who does most of the housework in your home? 4 What kind of housework do you do and how often? 5. What kind

356

of housework do you most hate doing? 6. What kind of housework do you least mind doing? 7. Which of the following machines is the most useful for housework: a dishwasher, a washing machine, a vacuum cleaner?

The Spring Garden Apartment Complex offers you and your family country living at its best. Surrounded by beautiful woods and hills, Spring Garden is located ten miles outside the city but is only minutes from downtown on the freeway.

Unfurnished two-bedroom apartments are available. Each apartment has a dishwasher, central heating, air conditioning, and a laundry room. Children and pets are welcome.

In addition, there are tennis and basketball courts, two swimming pools, and a playground. There are two parking spaces for each apartment.

Come and experience the luxury of Regency Towers and enjoy the convenience of living only a five-minute walk from the city centre! Each apartment in this forty-story building has a wonderful view of the city. A wide choice of apartments is available, from studios to large three-bedroom apartments.

Each apartment is completely furnished and offers every modern convenience: central heating, air conditioning, laundry facilities, and your own microwave oven. Free maid service is available. Adults preferred; no pets. Regency Towers also offers a swimming pool and an exercise room. There is twenty-four-hour security service.

Л. Read these newspaper ads and find five differences between the apartment complexes.

•5. You have an apartment or a house for rent. Write an ad for it.

Dear Mom and Dad,

I'm really getting tired of the weather. It's been raining for two

days, and I wish it would stop.

357

I'm also getting tired of this apartment. There are so many problems. The living room ceiling leaks. The carpets are dirty The kitchen hasn't been painted recently. The refrigerator should be replaced (it's so old that it doesn't work very well). And the bathroom is in such terrible condition that I don't know what to do — the toilet doesn't work, the shower leaks, and there isn't any hot water.

The landlord is very nice, but I don't think he is going to fix anything. I don't know what we are going to do. We may have to move.

Any suggestions?

Love, Gina

A. You have rented a furnished apartment. Write-to your friend what you like and dislike about it.

Conversation Practice Listen, read and practise.

1. Woman: (Phone rings) Hello?

Caller: Hello. I'm calling about the apartment you have for

rent. Is it still available? Woman: Yes, it is. Caller: Now, it says it's partly furnished. What furniture

does it have? Woman: Well, it has a dining table with six chairs, two sofas

in the living room, a bed, and... let's see... Oh, yes,

a stove and a refrigerator. Caller: Uh-huh. And, um, six hundred and eighty dollars a

month •— does that include electricity? Woman: Yes, it does. Caller: Oh, good! Well, I think I'd like to come and see it

When would be a good time?

Woman: How about this evening around seven o'clock? Caller: That'd be fine.

A. Roleplay the conversation.

358

2. Man: (Phone rings) Hello?

Caller: Hello. I'm calling about the studio apartment you're

advertising in the paper. Man: Yes, what would you like to know? Caller: Well, how big is it exactly? Man: Uh, it's about three hundred square feet. Caller: Oh, that's very small! Man: There's one room and then there's a separate small

kitchen.

Caller: Mm, well, what floor is it on? Man: It's on the thirty-fifth floor. It has a lovely view of

the city. Caller: Well, I think eight seventy-five is a bit too much

for my budget. Thanks anyway, bye.

A. Describe the apartment to let. Roleplay the conversation.

3. Woman: Hello, 224 6818.

Man: Hello, I'm phoning about the flat.

Woman: Of course. What would you like to know?

Man: Well, first, can you tell me where it is please? Is it

near some shops and the tube? Woman: Well, the flat is in Islington. We're only 100 metres

from the shops and a five minute walk from the

tube.

Man: That's a nice location. And how much does it cost? Woman: Three hundred and sixty pounds a month. And you

have to pay a month's deposit.

Man: I see, and is it a big flat? How many square metres is it? Woman: Oh, I don't know. There are two bedrooms and a

very large living room. Would you like to see it? Man: Yes, when can I come, please? Woman: Mm. Can you come this afternoon? About four?

It's number 2, Canbury Road. Man: Yes, that's fine. I'll see you then. Goodbye.

4. Questions

1. Why is the man phoning? 2. Where is the flat? 3. How much does it cost? 4. Is the flat large? 5. Does the man want to see the flat? 6. What time is he going to come?

359

B. Give a brief account of the conversation.

C. Roleplay the conversation.

D. Situation: You've read an advertisement for a flat to let. You need a small flat for yourself not far from the centre of the city. At the moment you are phoning to make some inquiries about the flat.

4. Mr Andrews: Hello?

Max Ripley: Hello, Mr Andrews? This is Max from Rip.

ley's Realty.

Mr Andrews: Hi. Have you found a house for me yet? Max Ripley: Yes, I have a great house to show you on Pad-ley Drive. It's only $ 200,000. Mr Andrews: Oh, that's too expensive for me. Max Ripley: I have another one on Bank Street. It's only

$85,000. But it only has one bedroom. Mr Andrews: Oh, that's not big enough. Max Ripley: Well, how about a house in the country? Mr Andrews: That sounds interesting. Max Ripley: Yes, it's fairly old, so it needs a little work.

But it's really nice, and has a lovely view. Mr Andrews: Well, what about the yard? Max Ripley: Oh, it's quite large. There's a beautiful apple

tree in the front yard. Mr Andrews: Sounds good! Uh, we have a dog. Is there a

fence around the yard? Max Ripley: Yes, there's an old-fashioned picket fence around

it. Very beautiful. Mr Andrews: Is there a big garage? And is there plenty of

room in the backyard?

Max Ripley: Well, yes. And it's within your price range. Mr Andrews: It sounds nice! My wife and I would like to

see it.

A. Questions

1. Who is Mr Ripley calling? Why? 2. How much is the house on Padley Drive? 3. Does the price suit Mr Andrews? 4. Wh} doesn't the house on Bank Street suit Mr Andrews? 5. Why does the house in the country sound interesting to Mr Andrews?

360

g. Give a brief account of the conversation. C. Roleplay the conversation.

E. Flat to let. Centre of town. Three rooms, central heating. Short let only. Tel: 544 9011 evenings.

Luxury flat to let. Short stay only. Three bedrooms, living room, dining room. Central heating, double glazing, TV, video, micro-wave, etc. Tel: 569 2927 days only.

House, town centre. Two large bedrooms. Near shops and bus station. Suit two couples or family. Only £65 per week. Tel: 0220 317991

Bedsit. Spacious bed-sitting room with small kitchen and bathroom. Suit one person or couple. £30 per week. Tel: 071432 023

Situation: You and your partner want to stay in a flat. Look at the advertisements above. Now telephone and ask for details about the flat. Ask also for an appointment.

5. Kelly is looking for a place to rent. She is talking to an agent.

Kelly: (Dials)

Agent: Good afternoon. Victoria Home Rentals. May I help

you? Kelly: Uh, yes. Hi. My name's Kelly McDonald and I'm

looking for a place to rent.

Agent: All right. Are you looking for an apartment or a house? Kelly: A house.

Agent: OK. And what's your price range? Kelly: Umm, about eight hundred to a thousand dollars a

month. My husband and I need a pretty big place for

our family... at least three bedrooms. Agent: OK. And do you have your own furniture? Kelly: Yes, we do.

Agent: Are you interested in a particular part of town? ⁴ Kelly: Well, both of our children are going to Webster High

School, so we'd like to find a place somewhere near

there.

Agent: All right. Anything else?

Kelly: Uh yes. We want a big yard because we have two dogs. Agent: Hmmm. Well, let me tell you what I have here.

361

Kelly: OK.

Agent: I think I have a place you and your family will like.

It's a nice four-bedroom house that's unfurnished, but

it's about five miles from the high school. Kelly: Oh! Well, that shouldn't be a problem. I'm sure there

are school buses. Agent: Oh, yes. And the house has a large yard. It even has u

fence around it, which would be perfect for your dogs. Kelly: Wow! It sounds too good to be true! It must be awfully

expensive. Agent: No, the rent is only seven hundred and fifty dollars a

month.

Kelly: That's wonderful! Agent: Would you like to see it? Kelly: Definitely! When could we come? Agent: How about four o'clock this afternoon? We can meet

at the house. The address is five-seven-two Bush Road...

A. Questions

\. What is Kelly looking for? 2. What is their price range? 3. Do they want a furnished house? 4. What particular part of town would they like? 5. Why do they want a big yard? 6. What sort ot house does the agent offer Kelly? 7. Is she going to see it?

B. Give a brief account of the conversation.

C. Roleplay the conversation.

D. Make up a similar conversation.

6. Landlady: 447 4716.

Student: Hello. Is that Mrs Davies?

Landlady: Speaking.

Student: Good afternoon. My name's Stephen Brent. I was given your address by the student accommodation agency. I understand you have a room to let.

Landlady: Yes, that's right. I've just got one room still vacant It's an attic room, on the second floor. It's rather small, but I'm sure you'll find it comfortable.

Student: I see. And how much do you charge for it?

Landlady: The rent's £25 a week. That includes electricity, but not gas.

362

Student: Has the room got central heating?

Landlady: No, it's a gas fire which keeps the room very warm.

Student: I see... And what about furniture? It is furnished, isn't it?

Landlady: Oh yes... Er... There's a divan bed in the corner with a new mattress on it. Er... Let me see... There's a small wardrobe, an armchair, a coffee table, a bookshelf...

Student: Is there a desk?

Landlady: Yes, there's one under the window. It's got plenty of drawers and there's a lamp on it.

Student: Oh good... Is there a washbasin in the room?

Landlady: No, I'm afraid there isn't a washbasin. But there's a bathroom just across the corridor, and that's got a washbasin and a shower as well as a bath. You share the bathroom with the people in the other rooms. The toilet is separate, but unfortunately it's on the floor below.

Student: Oh, that's all right... What about cooking? Can I | cook my own meals?

j Landlady: Well, there's a little kitchenette next to your room. \ It hasn't got a proper cooker in it, but there's a gas

! ring and an electric kettle by the sink. I find my

students prefer to eat at the university.

Student: I see. And is the room fairly quiet?

Landlady: Oh yes. It's at the back of the house. It looks onto the garden and it faces south, so it's bright and sunny, too. It's very attractive, really. And it's just under the roof, so it's got a low, sloping ceiling. Would you like to come and see it? I'll be in for the rest of the day.

Student: Yes, I'm very interested. It sounds like the kind of room I'm looking for. Can you tell me how to get there?

Landlady: Oh, it's very easy. The house is only five minutes' walk from Finchley Road tube station. Turn right outside the station, and then it's the third street on the left. You can't miss it. It's got the number on the gate. It's exactly opposite the cemetery.

363

A. Ask detailed questions on the text. Answer the questions

B. Describe the room to let.

C. Roleplay the conversation.

E. Flats to let. In centre of London. Two rooms, kitchen and bathroom. Central heating, double glazing. Short let only. Tel: 6043221.

Large flat. In good area N.I. Four rooms and balcony. Suit professional couple. Good location for shops and underground. Tel: 224 8818.

House to let. Walton-on-Thames. (30 mins from London) Short let only. Tel: 0932 41120

Situation You're looking for a good flat or a house to rent. Look at the advertisements above. Now telephone and ask for details. Also ask for an appointment.

(I=Interviewer; Mrs R.=Mrs Robinson)

I: Mrs Robinson. You live in Milton Keynes.

MrsR.: Yes, that's right.

I: Do you live in a house or in a flat?

MrsR.: I live in a house.

I: Is it an old house?

Mrs R.: No, it's new. Milton Keynes is all new.

I: Is it a large house?

Mrs R.: No, it's not very large.

I: How many bedrooms are there?

Mrs R.: There are three. Two large bedrooms and one small bedroom.

I: How large is the kitchen?

Mrs R.: I think it's eleven square metres.

I: Is there a garage?

Mrs R.: Yes, there is.

I: And do you like Milton Keynes?

Mrs R.: Yes, I do. I like it a lot. I live in a semi-detached house, with three bedrooms, two living rooms, a kitchen and one bathroom. It's also got a large

364

garden. The two living rooms are very large, and two of my bedrooms are also large, fifteen square metres, nine square metres and eight square met­res, I think. The kitchen is ten square metres.

A. Questions

1. Where does Mrs Robinson live? 2. Does she live in a house or in a flat? 3. Does she seem to like her house or not? 4. Is the house old or new? 5. How many bedrooms are there? 6. Are they large? 7. How many living rooms are there? 8. Are they large? 9. Is there a garage?

B. You are Mrs Robinson. Speak about your house.

C. Roleplay the conversation.

D. Find out which of your classmates lives in a house. Ask him/ her questions about the house.

Mr Tard: Good morning, Mr Menning. How are you?

Mr Menning: Fine, thank you. How are you?

Mr Tard: Fine, thanks. I am on my way home. Do you

want to see my new house? Mr Menning: Yes, I do. Is it far? Mr Tard: No, I walk to the college every morning. It takes

about 10 minutes. Mr Menning:! like this street.

Mr Tard: It's Maple Street. Here is our house now. Mr Menning: You've got a beautiful yard, Mr Tard.

Mr Tard: Thank you. My family enjoys it very much. We spend a lot of time here in the summer. Please, come in. Mr Menning:Your living-room is very attractive. I like your large windows. Mr Tard: We like plenty of light.

Mr Menning:Is your furniture new? It seems quite modern. Mr Tard: Yes, it's new. My wife and I like modern furni- ture. It's very comfortable. In fact we have a com-

fortable house.

365

Mr MenningiDo you have a bedroom downstairs?

Mr Tard: No, our three bedrooms are upstairs. Downstairs we have a living-room, a dining-room and'a kit­chen. We have a bathroom downstairs too. We have a toilet and a wash-basin.

Mr Menning:Do you have a bathroom upstairs too?

Mr Tard: Yes, the upstairs bathroom has a tub and a shower. And, of course, it has a toilet and a wash basin.

Mr Merming:Do you have a large family, Mr Tard? -

Mr Tard: We have three children. Our two boys have their room and the baby-girl has her room. They use the yard for their play-room in the summer.

Mr Menning: Do they have a play-room in the winter?

Mr Tard: They use the boys' room. It's quite large.

Mr Menning: I like your living-room very much. Do you own your home?

Mr Tard: No, we rent our house but we want to buy a house soon. We enjoy ours. Please, drop in again.

Mr Menning: Thank you very much.

A. Questions

1. Is Mr Tard's house far from the college? 2. In what street is his house? 3. Has he got a beautiful yard? 4. Is the living-room attractive? 5. Is the furniture old or new? 5. How many bedrooms are there? 6. Are they downstairs or upstairs? 7. Is Mr Tard's family large? 6. Where do the children have their play-room in the summer and in the winter?

B. You are Mr Tard. Speak about your new house.

C. Roleplay the conversation.

D. Situation: You are at your friend's house. It is large and comfortable, it is also well furnished. You compliment your friend on the flat and the furniture.

E. Have you ever been to the USA? What is a typical American house like?

Tom: Have you moved to your new apartment yet, Fred?

Fred: Yes, we moved in last Saturday.

Tom: So, how do you like it?

Fred: Oh, it's great! There's plenty of room, and it's quiet, too.

Tom: Yeah? Uh, what's the building like? Does it have a pool?

Fred: No, it doesn't have a pool, but there's a big yard for the

kids to play in. Tom: It sounds nice.

Fred: It is. Why don't you come over this weekend and see it? Tom: So, Fred, tell me about your new neighbourhood. What's

it like? Fred: Well, the location is really convenient. We can walk

everywhere ... to the post office, the bank, the grocery

store... Tom: Great!

Fred: And we're only a ten-minute walk from downtown. Tom: Hey, that's nice! But, uh, isn't there a lot of traffic? Fred: No, not really. Uh, even though we're close to down­town, our apartment is on a side street, so it's quiet...

there's not much traffic at all. Tom: Mm, that's good! Fred: And besides all those conveniences, the neighbourhood

has another big advantage... Tom: Oh? What's that? Fred: There's a terrific Chinese restaurant right across the

street from our apartment. You know how my wife and

I both hate to cook! Tom: (Laughs) I sure do.

366

A. Ask and answer questions on the text.

B. You are Fred. Speak about your new apartment.

C. Roleplay the conversation.

D. Pair work: Talk about the place where you live. Ask these and other questions of your own.

Your home

Do you live in a house or an apartment? 367

How long have you lived there?

How big is it?

Does it have...?

Do you like it there?

Is there anything you don't like about it?

Your neighbourhood

What are your neighbours like?

What kind of neighbourhood is it?

Do a lot of families with young children live there?

Are there many older people living there?

Are there any shops in the neighbourhood?

Is there good transportation nearby?

What do you like most about the neighbourhood?

Is there anything you don't like about it?

E. Write a paragraph like this about your home and neighbour­hood.

I live in a two-bedroom apartment. It's on the tenth floor of a large apartment building near the downtown area, and the rent is fairly reasonable. It's quite a nice area to live in because there are lots of shops and restaurants neafby. However, sometimes it is too noisy at night because of all the buses and cars that go by. Even though it isn't perfect, I wouldn't want to move. I can easily walk to work in ten minutes, and my neighbours are very friendly.

Andy and Rose live in Bristol. One evening they invite their friend, Mike, to visit them.

(Door chime)

Andy: Come in Mike.

Mike: Hello. Sorry I'm late Rose.

Rose: What's the matter Mike? You don't look too good.

Mike: Oh, I'm all right. I'm just a bit tired, that's all.

Rose: Come and sit down. Would you like a glass of wine?

Mike: Yes ... thanks, (drinks) Oh, that's delicious.

Andy: Why are you so tired Mike?

Mike: I've got a new flat. I'm busy getting furniture for it.

Andy: That's great! Where is it? Is it near your work?

368

Mike: It's in Clifton. It's a long way from the office but there's

a good bus service. It only takes half an hour. Rose: Tell us about the flat. Is it nice?

Mike: Yes, it's on the top floor of a house in Belldock Ave­nue ... er ... number 34.

Rose: How big is it? I mean... how many rooms?

Mike: Well, it's got a lovely sitting room... There's a big win­dow in it.,. I can see Elsley Park. Then there's a nice bedroom at the back.

Rose: What about the kitchen and the bathroom ... what are they like?

Mike: The bathroom's rather small... but... er... the kitchen's nice and big.

Andy: What sort of furniture have you got?

Mike: Well, I haven't got very much furniture yet. I bought a fridge and a cooker today. They were very expensive!

Andy: Where did you get them? Did you buy them in a shop?

Mike: Yes, at Curry's in the High Street.

Andy: Why don't you look in the newspaper? I was looking at some advertisements this afternoon. There were lots of advertisements for furniture.

Mike: Yes, that's a good idea. I want to buy some furniture for the sitting room.

Rose: Andy, would you like some more wine?

Andy: No, thanks. And why don't we go out and eat?

Rose: Oh, I don't know ... er... what do you think Mike? Are you feeling better?

Mike: Yes, I'm fine. I'd love to go out and eat.

Andy: Good. Where shall we go? Any suggestions?

Rose: There's a new Chinese restaurant in South Street...

Mike: I'm not so keen on Chinese food... There's an Italian restaurant near my new flat... How about going there?

Rose: Yes, I love Italian food.

Andy: So do I.

Mike: Good. Let's go then. I can show you my new flat after the meal.

Andy: Fine, where are my car keys...

A. Questions

1. Why does Mike look tired? 2. Where is his new flat? 3. Is it far

369

from his office? 4. How many rooms are there in his flat? 5. What are the rooms like? 6. What furniture has Mike got? 7. Is he going to buy any more furniture? 8. What are the three friends going to do?

B. Give a brief account of the conversation.

C. Roleplay the conversation.

D. Situation: Your friend is moving to a new flat. He says he likes it very much. You want to know where his new flat is, whether it's large or small, whether it's high up, if the layout of the rooms is nice and the like.

E. Where do your classmates live? Find out about their homes.

The bell rings. Susan's mother is at the door.

Mother: Hallo dear. Oh! I see I've arrived too late. You've

almost completely settled in.

Susan: Not quite. By the way, I didn't expect you to come

here to work. Come in! I'll show you the flat. This

is the living room, which isn't completely furnished

* yet, but it's comfortable enough to receive my friends,

isn't it?

Mother: Well of course! And that balcony is really very use­ful. You should plant some flowers there. Susan: Don't worry mother. I'll plant some soon. But come and have a look at my bedroom. For the moment there's only a bed and a cupboard, but you'll see, when I've got some bookshelves and a desk I'll be able to work quite nicely. Mother: And what's more, a tiled bathroom! Susan: I must say I looked for nearly six months. I asked estate agents and friends and went through adver­tisements.

Mother: I hope the rent isn't too high. Susan: No. It's quite reasonable. But I've been lucky be­cause most of the flats I was offered were less com­fortable and the rents were too high. Mother: You've done very well! You're really very lucky.

370

A. Questions

1. Was Susan expecting her mother to help her settle into the new flat? 2. What does Susan say about the room? 3. What is the balcony like? 4. What suggestion does Susan's mother make regarding the balcony? 5. What furniture is there in the bedroom? 6. What pieces of furniture is Susan planning to get? 7. Had Susan been looking for a flat for a long time? 8. What did she do in order to find a flat? 9. Is the rent of the flat expensive? 10. Why does Susan believe she has been lucky?

B. Here is a reported version of the conversation. Study and practise it.

The bell rings.

Susan's mother is at the door.

They say hello. Susan's mother is surprised to see that Susan has almost completely settled in. Susan says she will show her the flat. They look into the living room, which is not completely furnished yet, but is comfortable enough to receive friends. Susan's mother comments on the balcony which is very large and sunny. She suggests that Susan should plant some flowers there. Then they look into the bedroom. For the moment there is only a bed and a cupboard there but, as Susan says, when she has got some bookshelves and a desk she'll be able to work nicely. Her mother is very impressed with the tiled bathroom. Susan mentions that she looked for a flat for nearly six months. She asked estate agents and friends and went through advertisements. Her mother enquires about the rent. Susan reassures her and tells her it is quite reasonable. She also thinks she has been lucky because most of the flats she was offered were less comfortable and the rents were too high. Her mother congratulates her and says Susan is really very lucky.

Note: enquire = inquire . C. Roleplay the conversation.

I D. Situation: You are showing your friend your flat. Both you and i your guest make some comments on the flat, the furniture, etc.

| E. How often have you moved in the last five years? In your life-¹ time?

371

F. Imagine you are about to move to a new neighbourhood. Find out all the details about it.

G. Situation: You talk about your new flat and compare it with the old one.

Listening

Judson Webb was an American businessman. He had a comfortable flat in New York but in summer he left the city and went to the country. There he had a cottage of three rooms, a bathroom and a kitchen. In one of the rooms there was a big closet where he kept his guns, fishing-rods, wine and other things. He liked his cottage very much, especially his own closet and he got very angry when anybody else entered his closet and touched his things.

It was autumn now and Judson was packing his things for the winter. When he looked at the shelf on which the whisky stood his face changed. All the bottles were unopened except one. The bottle was less than half full. As he took it from the shelf, Helen, his wife, came into the room carrying her suitcase. She stopped and looked in surprise as she saw the bottle of whisky in her husband's hand. She watched her husband take small white tablets out of his pocket and put them one by one into the bottle. Helen's face became pale. She looked at her husband in horror. "What are they?" she asked at last. "Will they make the thief sick?"

"Not only sick. They will kill him," he answered with satisfaction.

He closed the bottle and put it back on the shelf. He looked pleased.

"Don't do it Judson," Helen cried. "It's murder. What right have you to punish the man if he steals a little whisky?"

"It's my house and I make my laws here. A thief is a thief."

She knew it was useless to argue with him. He had always been ruthless. She went to the door.

"I'll walk down the road and say good-bye to the caretaker's wife," she said quietly. She made up her mind to tell the caretaker's wife about it. Someone had to know.

"All right, my dear," he smiled, "and don't worry about your poor little thief. No one will be hurt unless he drinks some whisky."

372

Helen went down the road and Judson started to close the closet door. He suddenly remembered he had not packed his hunting boots lying on the table in the garden. He left the door open and went to the garden to fetch them. But when he wanted to take his boots he suddenly slipped on a stone and his head struck the heavy table as he fell.

Several minutes later he felt a strong arm round him and the caretaker's voice was saying: "It's all right, Mr Webb. Take this — it'll make you feel better."

A small whisky-glass was pressed to his lips. Half-conscious, he drank.

A. Questions

1. Where did the Webbs spend the summer? 2. What did Judson notice when he was packing his things? 3.What did he do? 4. Did his wife approve of that? 5. What did she decide to do? 6. What happened some time later?

Reading

Over half the people in Britain live in their own houses, about a third live in property rented from the local council and one in eight live in privately-rented accommodation. The total number of dwellings is more than 22 million and houses are much more common than flats (the ratio is approximately four to one). More than 40 per cent of families live in a home built after 1945.

Although the number of houses built during the 1980s went down (especially in the public housing sector traditionally provided by local authorities) the number of people owning their own homes has more than trebled in the last thirty-five years: in 1951 only 4 million dwellings were owned by the people who lived in them; by 1988 it was more than 13 million and still rising. Under the Conservative government many people who previously rented their homes from the local council were given the opportunity to buy them. There are tax incentives for people who buy their own homes.

Buying a house is a large financial investment for many people and the majority buy their homes with a mortgage loan from a

373

building society or bank. The loan is repaid in monthly instalments over a period of twenty years or more. Some people rent or buy accommodation through housing associations which provide a financial alternative to the mortgage system. There has also been an increase in the amount of accommodation for older people, as the number of pensioners increases. Accommodation known as "sheltered" housing provides homes (with some degree of assistance) for elderly and disabled people.

The standard of housing has improved but while most of the old slum areas in cities have been cleared, many of the large square blocks of flats which replaced them as part of the high-rise housing programme of the 1960s have been criticized as being badly designed and built. Some have been pulled down and replaced with low-rise housing. However, because fewer houses were built and more council property was sold off, there were fewer houses available, especially for young people and those who could not afford a mortgage. House prices tend to adjust according to how much money people are earning (with occasional "booms" in property prices): in Britain the cost of buying somewhere to live varies considerably according to the area.

A. Questions

1. What are the three types of housing mentioned? 2. What is the ratio of houses to flats in Britain? 3. What has happened to home ownership in Britain? 4. What is happening to housing rented from local authorities in Britain? 5. Explain the following, "sheltered" housing, a mortgage, a slum area. 6. What differences are there between housing in Britain and in your country?

There are many different types of housing in Britain, ranging from the traditional thatched country cottage to flats in the centre of towns. Houses are often described by the period in which they were built (for example, Georgian, Victorian, 1930s, or post-war) and whether they are terraced, semi-detached or detached. As well as preferring houses to flats, for many people a garden is also an important consideration. Although Britain is relatively small the areas where people live vary considerably: there are new towns and inner cities, suburbs, commuter belts and the open countryside.

374

Paying for the home you live in is the biggest single item in the budget of most families and getting on the housing "ladder" can be difficult. First-time house buyers on an average salary may have to borrow 90 or even 100 per cent of the value of the property they want to buy. It is possible for people to borrow up to three times their annual income or sometimes even more. As prices vary, the cost of a six-bedroom farmhouse in a remote part of Scotland is about the same as a small flat in an expensive area of west London. People moving from the north to the south of Britain have to pay a lot more for the same type of house.

The average family moves once every seven years and the process of moving involves an estate agent (responsible for advertising houses for sale), a building society, bank or insurance company for the finance, and a solicitor to handle the legal aspects of the buying and selling. The size of a house or flat in Britain still tends to be measured by the number of bedrooms rather than the area in square metres. In keeping with a nation of home owners, gardening is a popular spare time activity.

A. Questions

1. What are the main types of houses in Britain? 2. How much do some people borrow to buy a house? 3. What does the text say about the differences in house prices in Britain? 4. How often do people move house? What other people are involved if you want to move house? 5. How is the size of a house still measured in Britain? 6. What type of house would you prefer to live in? Give your reasons.

Terraced houses Terraced houses are usually found in inner cities. They can be anything up to 150 years old and were often built by industries to house their workers near the factories. They are built in long rows where each house is attached to the ones on either side. The back of this type of house faces the back of another identical row of houses, so they are often known as "back to backs". In recent years many terraced houses have been renovated: central heating has been added and other improvements made to what was originally a simple and sometimes primitive home with an outside toilet and no bathroom.

375

Semi-detached houses Semi-detached houses have been built in large numbers since the 1930s when Britain's towns and cities expanded into suburbs. Each house is part of a pair and is joined on one side to its partner. The semi usually has a small back and front garden, three bedrooms and a small bathroom. It is the most popular type of house in Britain and could be called the home of "Mr and Mrs Average". Towns in Britain have areas which contain streets and streets of semis, often with well-kept gardens.

Detached house The detached house stands by itself, usually with a garden all around it. These houses are much more expensive than semis and are often owned by professional people. Most detached houses are to be found in affluent suburbs or in the "green belt" — a strip of protected open countryside around a city, where no industrial development or major building schemes are allowed. Some large cities (particularly London) also have a "commuter belt" — so called because the professionals who live there travel (commute) every day to work into the city by train or car. London is surrounded by miles and miles of "commuter belt". Some commuters travel up to three or four hours a day to get from their homes to the inner city.

Country cottages Britain is famous for its country cottages which were often built on the country estates of wealthy landowners. The workers on the estate rented the cottages from the landowner and worked on the land. Cottages were also frequently built around a village green. Cottages have low ceilings, wooden beams and sometimes a thatched roof. In recent years some cottages have become second homes, bought by professionals during the economic boom of the 1980s.

Tower blocks In the 1950s and 1960s local councils cleared a lot of slums in the inner city areas and knocked down terraced houses in very poor areas. The people were re-housed in tower blocks on the outskirts of the city or in the centre of the city. Tower blocks can vary from 3-5 storeys high up to 10-20 storeys high. Each storey contains 5 or 6 flats for families. In recent years local councils have tried to improve the areas around tower blocks by creating "green space" children's playgrounds and facilities for the community to use. Some tower blocks in large cities like London can be very dangerous at night and they have been criticized for their long dark corridors, which encourage crime and vandalism.

Self check

I. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

A. Am (look) for a bed-sitter. She (see) an advertisement in the local paper and (ring) up Mrs Smith, the owner of the house. Mrs Smith (answer) the phone.

Ann: Good afternoon. I (ring) about the room you adver-

tised,

Mrs Smith: Oh yes.

Ann: The advertisement (say) "Share bathroom and

kitchen". How many other people (use) the bath­room and kitchen?

Mrs Smith: Only one other — an Italian girl. And she (use) the kitchen very little. She (eat) out most of the time. I (not think) she (like) cooking.

Ann: That (suit) me all right. I (like) cooking.But how

we (arrange) about paying for the gas we (use) in the kitchen?

Mrs Smith: The rent (include) gas for cooking, also hot water and light. But it (not include) heating. Each room has its own fire and meter.

Ann: I(see). And the room (face) the front or the back?

Mrs Smith: It (face) the front. It (look) out on the garden square; and it (get) a lot of sun.

Ann: That (sound) very nice. Could I come and see it

this evening?

Mrs Smith: Yes, the earlier the better.

Ann: 7 p.m. (suit) you? I (not be able to) come before

that as I usually (not get) away from the office till 6 p.m.

Mrs Smith: 7 p.m. (be) all right. I (not think) you (have) any difficulty in finding us. The 14 bus (pass) the house and (stop) a few doors further along, out­side the Post Office.

Ann: I'm sure I (find) it all right. I (see) you at 7.00

then, Mrs Smith.Goodbye.

At 6.30 Mr Smith (come) home from work. He (ask) his wife about the room.

377

376

Mrs Smith: I haven't let it yet but a girl (come) to see it at 7.00. Mr Smith: She probably (come) at 7.30 just as we (sit) down

to supper. People coming here for the first time

always (get) lost. I (not think) you (give) proper

directions. Mrs Smith: Oh yes, I (do). But nobody (listen) to directions

these days. Anyway I'm sure this girl (be) in time.

Just then the doorbell (ring). Mrs Smith (look) at her husband and (smile).

"You see," she (say), and (go) to open the door.

B.

Dear Sir

I (be) interested in the furnished cottage near Dedham which you (advertise) in yesterday's "Telegraph", for my husband and I (come) to England in June and (require) accommodation for three months. You please (tell) me exactly where it is and give me details of bus and train services in the area. I also (like) to know about the local shops. I (be able) to shop without a car? My husband (hope) to hire a car, but I (not drive) and he (not be) free very often to take me shopping, so we (need) a cottage on a bus route. The local shops still (deliver)? I (know) they (do) ten years ago. I also (like) to know whether you supply sheets etc. and whether a laundry (call) at the house. The rent you (ask) (sound) reasonable for the size of the cottage. How you (like) it paid? Weekly, monthly or in advance?

My husband and I (be) abroad for ten years, but before that we (live) near Dedham, that's why we (want) to spend our holidays there. My husband also (write) a book about Constable and (like) to finish it in the area where he, Constable, (paint) most of his pictures. Mr Jones, the bank manager, (know) us since we (live) in the area and I (be) sure he (recommend) us as suitable tenants. I of course (be willing) to send a deposit.

I (be) grateful for an early reply and (enclose) a stamped addressed envelope.

Yours faithfully, Pamela Smith

378

КЛЮЧИ К УПРАЖНЕНИЯМ

Unit I Exercise I, p. 12

1 does Mary have, she does, has 2 is it raining, it isn't, don't think 3 do you like, I don't, like 4 do your friends write, they do, get 5 are the students taking, they aren't, are doing 6 do you know, I don't 7 does your desk have, it does 8 is Jean studying, she isn't, is, is playing, does Jean play, she doesn't, usually studies, is she, she is, plays, do you know, I do, am not

Exercise II, p. 13

1 hear, do you hear, I do 2 is, it isn't, doesn't belong, belongs, don't you ask 3 are you listening, am, want 4 do you see, am talking, is wearing, do you know, don't think, don't know 5 is the baby sleeping, is taking, don't want 6 are you thinking, am thinking, don't think, don't believe

Exercise III, p. 13

I doesn't take, walks, do you take, do you walk 2 isn't raining, is shining, does it rain 3 am looking, see 4 need, don't know 5 like, prefer 6 are, are having, have, are playing, like, are sunbathing, are trying, are listening, hear 7 am thinking, think 8 is sitting, is writing, is using, doesn't belong, belongs, is looking up, wants 9 do you prefer, like, am reading, prefer, are, value, means, is, loves, sounds 10 do you believe, are you talking, exist 11 are you writing, am making, do you always prepare, always try 12 is always interrupting, is always asking 13 are you doing, am tasting, tastes 14 is raining, is standing is holding, is waiting 15 am looking, looks, has, isn't having 16 costs 17 don't own, wear 18 is putting, are rewiring, is building 19 do you hear, is blowing 20 do you see, am looking, don't see 21 are you walking, usually walk, am hurrying, am meeting, doesn't like 22'do you recognize, think, don't remember 23 wonder, are waiting 24 don't you see, see, am not wearing, does it say, says 25 do you need, do you feel 26 does

379

it save, take, doesn't matter 27 am saving, am going 28 think, are getting 29 are looking at, is just taking off 30 does, is always working, is he doing, think, is polishing 31 is coming, do you want 32 is Peter getting on, seems 33 does Mrs Pitt look, is smoking and dropping 34 are leaving, arriving, spending, setting out, sounds, get 35 makes, finds, goes, doesn't forget, returns, looks, finds, recognizes, coils, kills, does the snake feel, don't know, ends 36 do you end, begins, put, prefers 37 does the word "catastrophe" mean, means 38 are you waiting, am waiting, doesn't open, know, want, starts/is starting 39 are you smoking, don't smoke, am smoking, want, says, removes 40 owns, don't know, is using, knows, owns 41 do you mind, ask, depends, concerns, refuse 42 leaves 43 are you enjoying, am enjoying, want 44 do you get, go, am going 45 are you putting on, am going, are you coming, do you mind 46 do you belong, do you read, do you change, change 47 do you like, am giving 48 are always complaining 49 are you writing, always write, do you want 50 are having, wonder, are talking 51 do you believe, don't believe, do you read 52 is making, do you think, doesn't matter, makes 53 is smoking, expect, are building, don't you put, does, doesn't seem 54 are doing, are cutting 55 are you waiting, am waiting, is just getting 56 are saying, is making 57 is always losing and asking 58 is knocking, am coming, am just washing 59 are you doing, am going 60 are having, is catching 61 are digging, are they doing, are looking 62 is making, are repairing 63 are you sitting, hope, are studying, have, doesn't include, are trying, regard 64 hope, are enjoying, sunbathe, go, are going 65 is taking, goes, are sitting, are arguing 66 are you going, am going, do you want, are always buying, do you smoke, don't smoke, smokes, do, spends 67 sees, are you waiting, am waiting, usually go, belongs, wants, is using, go, takes, passes, is working, am queuing, are you coming, are you waiting, think, wait, are, looks 68 are waiting, is dialling, do you know, phones, does he come, comes, speaks, wonder, is speaking, comes, suppose, is speaking 69 are having, are both opening, writes, get, do you have, says, is coming, wants 70 do you have, don't think, don't see, does a traffic warden do, walks, stays, parks, sticks, is putting, sees, hates 71 happens, does the teacher give, gives, shows, discusses 72 is that man standing, is trying, is waiting, doesn't he use/isn't he using, don't bother, prefer 73 are wearing, do you like, suits, doesn't fit 74 are you

380

doing, am packing, am catching, are you staying 75 am just going, is pouring, don't you wait, stops 76 writes, know, is doing, does your son write, seems 77 am seeing, am changing, are always changing, don't you leave 78 look/are looking, are you thinking, am thinking, are only just starting, know, am reading, says, starts

79 are you staying, am leaving, am going, are you coming, are you going, depends, agrees, expect, is seeing, don't you come

80 are all those people doing, are they wearing, are making, are working, sounds, do you think, don't know, see, finish, are still taking, does Ann act, does not act, imagine, knows 81 are you looking, am looking, am always looking, puts, put, don't you try

82 are travelling, is reading, is doing, is looking, stops, falls

83 hear, am not living, are still working, is taking, think, take, expects

Exercise IV, p. 20

1. Ring him up now. I think he is not sleeping yet. 2. I'm working hard now. I'm taking my exams. 3. He doesn't see that I'm looking at him. He's reading something with great interest. 4. Where's Nina? — She's having an English class. She always has an English class on Fridays. 5. Let's go for a walk. It is not raining. 6. My brother works as an engineer at a plant. He says he likes his work very much. 7. Does your daughter go to school? — Yes, she is in the fifth form. — Do you help her with mathematics? — Regularly. 8. My father knows English very well. He reads English books without a dictionary. 9. Listen. The telephone is ringing. 10. My son doesn't do very well at school. He spends too much time on sports and too little time on his homework. 11. Where do you usually spend your holidays? — In Belarus. My parents live there. — Is there a river or a lake there? — There is a big and beautiful lake there. I have a good time there. 12. My brother lives far from me. I don't often see him. 13. Where are you hurrying? •— To the cinema. My friend is waiting for me outside the cinema. 14. Who does this house belong to? — It is my uncle's house. 15. How much does this tape recorder cost? — 200 dollars. 16. Who is she talking to? — Her boss. 17. My brother is a diplomat. He often goes abroad. 18. The man is staring at you. Do you know him? 19. What are you listening to? — I'm listening to folk songs. I like them very much. 20. My brother has a car,

381

but I never use it. I want to buy my own car. 21. Phone the railway station and find out, when the train from Berlin comes/is coming. 22.1 don't like her. She is constantly grumbling. 23. Do you often write to your parents? — Every week. 24. Don't take this book My brother is reading it. 25. It is getting dark. Switch on the light. 26.1 never drive to work. I always walk. 27. Are you going to the university? — No. I'm going to the library. 28. She is very absent-minded. She is constantly losing things. 29. My sister is living in Moscow now. She is studying at Moscow University. 30. Is it still raining? — Yes. 31. We are leaving on Friday at 8 a.m. We are meeting at the station at 7.30. 32. What does she like him for? — She says he's kind and clever. 33. Do you remember me? We were at the institute together. 34. Why don't we go to the country on Sunday? — Good idea. 35. Tom is very busy now. He's building a garage. 36. When is your father coming? — In a week. 37. What do you think of this film? — It is a bit boring. 38. What are you thinking about? — I'm thinking about my childhood. 39. What time does the shop close?—At eight. 40. When does the performance begin? — At 7 p.m. 41. What goods does your country export? 42. What are you laughing at? — Tom has told us a funny story. 43. He never misses classes without a good reason. 44. My parents are at the seaside now. They are having a-good time. 45. What are you looking for? — My car keys. 46. Why aren't you listening to me? It is very important. 47. Don't you like football? It is such an exciting game. 48. I'm meeting Ann tomorrow. We're playing tennis. 49. What are you doing here? — I'm looking through the new magazines. I do it every week. 50. Why are you learning English? — I'm going abroad for some months. Besides, I need English for my research work. 51. What are they talking about? — I think, they are discussing the results of the conference. 52. You may switch off the TV set. I'm not watching it. 53. Who looks after your children when you're at work? As a rule, my mother does. She is not working/doesn't work now. 54. Why are you so angry? Why are you crying at me? 55. She doesn't like meat, she prefers fish. 56. There are a lot of mistakes in her dictation, though she usually makes few mistakes. 57. The conference begins on the 8 th of June and finishes on the 14 th of June. 58. Where is Ann? — She's taking a shower. 59. Why don't you write to her? — I don't know her address. 60. She doesn't know when her brother is coming. 61. You often see Ann, don't

382

you? •— No, she lives/is living in the country now. 62. How many foreign languages does John know? — Two, if I'm not mistaken. And now he's learning Arabic. — Really? Does he need it for his work?—Yes. He is going to Egypt. 63. The next train starts/is starting _at 10 o'clock. You may catch it, if you hurry up. 64.1 wonder what she is doing now.

Exercise I, p. 37

1 didn't hear, was sleeping 2 was shining, was blowing, were singing 3 were arguing, walked 4 got, opened, found 5 was climbing, tripped, fell, didn't hurt 6 was reading, fell, closed, tiptoed 7 enjoyed, was snowing, was shining, were shovelling, was lying 8 finally found, was already, were busily talking, were speaking, were conversing, sounded, were just sitting, chose, sat, walked, stopped 9 arrived, was having, apologized, lunched 10 always wore, carried 11 shared, was always complaining/always complained 12 realized, was travelling 13 was playing, threw 14 was just opening, blew 15 was opening, heard, put, crawled 16 were playing, heard, hid, took 17 didn't allow, was blowing 18 was making, was saying 19 was standing, was waiting 20 heard, went, opened, didn't recognize, wasn't wearing 21 were dancing, broke, stole 22 was always buying 23 told, was spending/spent, listened 24 woke, got, went, bought, had, was usually grazing, didn't chase, made, was crossing, went, annoyed, began, was carrying, was raining, threw, ran, stopped, began, was doing 25 did you interrupt, was having 26 were walking, heard, turned, held, stopped 27 was making, felt, brought, was able 28 saw, were you using, was using, were you riding 29 did you damage, ran, were driving, were going 30 was just writing, remembered, had 31 said, was building, thought 32 did you lend, was still reading, didn't know, you were still reading 33 did you hear, said, wasn't listening, was thinking 34 weren't you, was waiting 35 was she wearing 36 did you break, slipped, was crossing 37 decided, chose, looked, were getting, was mixing, was washing, were, asked, was doing, replied, was going, went, knew, were looking, began, found, were, were waiting, remembered, had, started, was telephoning, did, came, grumbled, was always telephoning, retorted, was always complaining, worked, were starting, rang, was, wanted, was playing, stayed, went, left, returned, came, wasted, said, thought,

383

was just climbing, rang, said, got, went, opened, was, was coming, was arriving 38 didn't get, were having, rang, said, were making, pointed out, was, had 39 did you do, got, worked, did you stay, stayed, left, went, became 40 did you break, fell, was putting, was, was, was going, didn't go, cancelled, spent 41 looked, said, was leaving and going, said, was, was going, told, was getting on 42 was running, struck 43 was snowing, woke, remembered, was coming, decided, lost 44 was, was, was raining, was getting, heard, looked, noticed, was turning, rushed, turned, asked 45 introduced, shook, smiled 46 hurt, cut

Exercise II, p. 40

I. It was raining hard yesterday evening, so we couldn't go to the stadium. 2.1 didn't expect to meet you here. When did you come? 3.1 missed the 10 o'clock train so I had to wait for the next one the whole hour. 4. We misunderstood each other. I was waiting for him inside the university, while he was waiting for me outside. 5. The stewardess asked the passengers to fasten seat belts, as the plane was landing. 6. Were you at home yesterday evening? — No, I went to the theatre. I enjoyed the performance. The acting was superb. 7. When were you on holiday last? — Last winter. — How did you spend it? — Very well. I went skiing and skating. 8. When you phoned yesterday, I was busy. I was translating our new contract. 9.1 was late for my English class yesterday. When I came, the students were writing a composition. 10. Ann swept the floor, washed up the dishes and began to do her homework.

I1. Yesterday we swam, lay in the sun, went boating, played tennis. We had a lot of fun. 12. Was it raining when you left home? 13. He was walking downstairs, when I saw him. 14. Who were you talking to when I met you in the corridor? 15. What were you doing when I rang you up yesterday evening?—I was making supper. 16. Were you at home at 5 o'clock yesterday? — No, I was at the university. I was taking my exam in Grammar at that time. 17. While I was looking for the keys in the sitting-room, my wife was looking for them in the dining-room. 18. She was constantly breaking the dishes. 19. She was always complaining. 20. Why weren't you at the meeting yesterday? — I had to meet my sister at the station.

21. When did you see him last? — A week ago in the library.

22. While I was making dinner, my husband was repairing the

384

car. 23. When did you last write to your parents? — A month ago. 24. We lived in Moscow for ten years, then we moved to Minsk. 25. When I entered the hall, the students were still discussing the first report. 26. The boy was fishing, when he fell down into the water. 27. Fiveyears ago I used to get up early. 28. A week ago I lost my glasses, but two days later I found them. 29. It was a fine summer day. The sun was shining and the birds were singing. 30. He was very busy, when I saw him, because he was going away on business on the next day. 31. Why were you so angry with him? 32. Last Saturday my father went fishing and caught a lot of fish. 33. Why didn't you phone me? — I came home too late. 34. Who saw Helen yesterday? — I did. 35. What journals did he want to show me? — I don't know. 36. The whole evening yesterday they were discussing their plans for summer holidays. 37. Did you work at this plant three years ago? 38. Did you look through the documents yesterday? 39. We were having supper when my elder sister returned from the university. 40. Whe­re did you meet Ann? — I met her outside the library when I was going home. 41. Who bought the present for Jane? — Nick did. 42. How many letters did you type yesterday? — Twenty. 43. When the clock struck twelve, we went to bed. 44.1 was having dinner when he called me. 45. Where did you go after our classes? — To the department store. 46. When did he come back from London? — A week ago. 47. He showed you his new flat, didn't he? 48. It was raining from five to seven. 49. Peter was looking through the newspapers, while Ann was watching television. 50. You were translating the article the whole evening, weren't you? — Yes, the article was rather difficult and I had to look up many words in the dictionary. 51. When I came, the typist was still typing my documents. 52. Was there much snow last year? —• Yes, there was. 53. When did you get this letter? — Yesterday mor­ning. 54. The weather was nice, and the children asked me to take them to the park. 55. At our English lesson the teacher asked questions and we answered them. 56. I read my sister's composition. There were some mistakes in it. 57. Where did you see him last week? — We saw him at the theatre. 58. Who visited you yesterday? — My son's friends. 59. Where were you this afternoon? I came to see you. but you weren't at home. CO. What time did you have dinner toda/? -— At two o'clock. 61. He shook niy hand and wished me success in my work.

¹³Зак in

385

Exercise I, p. 61

A. have you worked, I've worked, I worked, were you, I moved, I've had, I had, I sold, I came

B. I we've been working 2 I've been cleaning 3 he's sitting 4 have you been 5 have you known 6 I've been learning 7 they live, they've been

C. I I've read 2 they've been repairing 3 I've broken 4 Sally has saved 5 have you lost 6 I've always worked 7 has eaten

Exercise II, p. 62

1 bought, haven't sold 2 was, began, ran, made 3 have you been waiting 4 rang, said, said, haven't had, didn't you tell 5 met, said, didn't see, did you miss, didn't miss, replied, haven't missed, gave 6 have been standing 7 went, worked, went 8 have been working, haven't been getting 9 tried, heard, called, have you been, has been 10 has she been doing, has been playing 11 has been, did she go, went 12 met, offered, said, have just had 13 read, enjoyed 14 has stopped 15 hasn't smoked 16 arrived, started 17 has been 18 did you lock, left 19 did you wear, insisted, left, cut, has worn 20 have been going out 21 began, lasted, enjoyed 22 have missed 23 broke 24 worked, retired, went 25 have you been, spent, did you have, stopped 26 haven't seen, told 27 did you find, found, didn't you leave 28 have lost, have you seen, haven't, did you last wear, wore, left 29 left, did he go, didn't see, went 30 haven't you brought, haven't you typed 31 have you been sunbathing, has been raining 32 have you finished, have done 33 did you get, got 34 have been making 35 didn't know, knew, have you known, have known 36 did you hear, did, did you think 37 didn't know, were, have you been, have been, have you been, went 38 have you ever tried, tried, found, started 39 you've been telephoning, haven't you nearly finished, haven't got, have been trying, has been engaged 40 have you seen, has anything interesting happened, have escaped 41 has Mary fed, fed, did she give, gave 42 have you known, have known, did he do, came, was 43 has failed, has been practising, has got 44 haven't seen, hasn't been, bought 45 has that horrible monument been, has been, have written, has been 46 have been searching, haven't seen 47 have you been

have just started, did you find, answered 48 has been, has been looking, hasn't found 49 lost, has been, did he lose, was 50 has been ringing 51 have just been, have you seen, haven't, haven't read, read, was, did Tolstoy write, wrote, has he written 52 have been bathing 53 ha\c you booked, wrote, haven't answered 54 has Mary been crying, hasn't been crying, has been peeling 55 have been drinking 56 have you seen, went, saw, did you like, loved, didn't understand 57 hasn't Tom come, came, went, didn't hear 58 have you been, was, did you go, hitch-hiked 59 was, started, did you get, haven't got, have only been 60 have been playing, haven't played 61 has been standing, has already gone 62 has happened, have been waiting, has often kept, he has never been 63 have you met, met, did you talk/were you talking, talked/ were talking 64 haven't seen, have you been, have been, meant, hadn't/didn't have, did you have, did you stay, have just got, enjoyed, skied, danced, skied, was, broke, haven't done 65 have you been, went, were, did you go, went, hired, have you been, came, have been, have seen, did you go, went, took, did you see, were, saw, walked, asked, had, said, has just returned, have you been, have been, haven't been 66 was, did you see, took, was, said, needed, haven't been able, haven't watched 67 have you visited, have been, have never been, were you, have also visited, took, have you visited, have always wanted, haven't had. went, haven't gone 68 haven't seen, saw, didn't see, was, have moved, found, have been, have you passed, passed, haven't bought, has anything... happened, hasn't been, did he leave, didn't do, hasn't found, have just given 69 have you been working, has known, have been typing, haven't finished, haven't had, haven't smoked, have you started, have you been smoking, started 70 have read, have you been waiting, have been waiting, have only been, didn't make, just dropped in, has been giving, have you been, have ever been, have been coming, have you just come in, have lost/lost, have you filled in, have already given 71 have met, has travelled, was, decided, has changed, went, was, took, hitch-hiked, has visited, was, made, has never forgotten, was, stole, lost, had, made/ has made, has returned, went, worked, has made, has learnt, has had, has often been sick, has never thought, went, has changed, have wanted

Exercise III, p. 68

1. You won't have to go to the booking-agency. I have already booked the tickets by telephone. 2. Where's your brother? I haven't seen him for a long time. — He lives (is living) in France now. They emigrated three years ago. 3.1 saw this play long ago. I've already forgotten it. 4. Have you translated the text yet? — Not yet. There are too many unknown words in it. 3. You know the city very well. How long have you lived/have you been living in London? — Since 1985. 6. Can I speak to Mr Smith? — He has just gone out. 7. I've been calling her since three o'clock, but she is out. 8.1 have never been to Rome and I'm looking forward to going there in May. 9. Why did you miss your English class on Thursday? — I went away on business. 10. Has the train from Warsaw come yet? — No, it is coming in half an hour. 11. How long have you lived/have you been living in the hostel? — For two years. 12. The whole evening my wife has been writing letters. She has already written five letters. 13. Have you ever been to Washington? — Yes, I went to Washington five years ago. There was a conference on human rights there, and I made a report. 14. Where's Ann? — She went out for a walk an hour ago and hasn't come back yet. 15. There were a lot of people in the library, and I decided to go there in the evening. 16. She looks very tired. — No wonder. She's been working very hard lately. 17.1 wanted to see this film last week, but I was able to see it only yesterday. 18. How long have you been here? — Since five o'clock. 19. I haven't seen Helen lately. — Neither have I. 20. What are you reading? — "Gone with the Wind". It is a very interesting book. Have you read it? — Not yet. 21. Where's Nick? I've been waiting for him for an hour. — I saw him in the library about ten minutes ago. 22. I haven't seen Victor since we were at the theatre last time. 23. When did the children come back from school? — About three hours ago. — Have they done their homework yet? — Not yet. They are having a rest now. 24.1 have lost my keys. Haven't you seen them? — Look at that desk. There are two keys there. Perhaps, they are yours. 25. Let's go out for a walk. — I'm sorry but I can't. I haven't written my composition yet. 26. Nina looks upset. — Yes, she has been preparing for the exam for a week, but she has got a satisfactory mark. 27. Where were you yesterday evening? — I went to see my friend. He has been ill for two

388

weeks. 28. Once or twice a month I get letters from my parents. But last month I didn't get any letters from them and I'm worried. 29. We're leaving early in the morning. I've booked a taxi in

order not to miss the train. 30.1 have found the reference book at last. I've been locking for it everywhere. 31. Have you packed the things yet? We're leaving in an hour. 32. We have been doing the laboratory work for half an hour already. Some of the students have already finished it. 33. Have you moved to your new flat yet? — No, we're moving next week. 34. Who are you waiting for? — Mary. — Have you been standing here long? — About twenty minutes. 35. While Miss Green was writing a letter, Mr West was looking through the documents. 36. When are you leaving for Rome? — In a week. I have already booked a ticket for the 15th of May. 37.1 have never been to China, but I've been to Japan. Last year I went there on business. 38. I've been typing the documents for an hour already, but I haven't finished typing them. 39. Have you lived/ Have you been living in Minsk for a long time? -— No, we moved to Minsk two years ago. 40. What are you doing? — I'm doing my homework. 41. When did they come back from Moscow? — Yesterday evening. — They took part in the exhibition, didn't they? — Yes, and they liked the exhibition very much. 42. Have you been here before? — Yes, I spent my holiday here last year. — Did you have a good time? — Yes, the weather was nice, we had a lot of fun. 43. I'm sorry I'm late. Have you been waiting long? 44. Victor isn't at work today. He has been ill for two weeks already. 45. Do you know whether they have booked a room at the hotel? — I think they have. 46. What have you been doing all morning? — I've been working in the garden. I've just come in. 47. Have you seen Robert today? — Yes, he came here not long ago and soon left. 48. Have you bought the foodstuffs I asked you to buy? — Yes, I went shopping after dinner. 49. The examiners have come already; three students are getting ready to answer. 50. I shall never forget your kindness. You have always been so considerate to me. 51. I've known him for many years; he has always been my good friend. 52. Where did you buy this wonderful carpet? — I've had it since I moved to this flat. I bought it at the Central Department Store three years ago.

389

Exercise I, p. 81

1 had never flown 2 were you, saw, had just had 3 tried, was, had changed, knew, had moved 4 had been standing, realized, was 5 was, was first driving, had not driven 6 heard, knew, had spoken, remembered, had already met, remembered, didn't like 7 was, hadn't been waiting 8 moved, did he live 9 had just started, rang 10 got, had started 11 waited, was, started 12 did you catch, had already left, got 13 had done, found 14 didn't laugh, had heard 15 found, discovered, had taken 16 felt, had been standing 17 had been playing, was feeling 18 had been swimming 19 hadn't been feeling, went 20 were not eating, went, had just finished 21 invited, had already arranged 22 hadn't seen 23 had been driving, realized, were lost 24 was, had gone 25 was, had broken, was trying, stopped 26 was looking 27 had been walking, stopped, offered 28 arrived, was sitting, were eating 29 arrived, was waiting, was, had been waiting 30 had already begun, got, quietly took 31 had never seen, visited 32 saw, hadn't seen, didn't recognize, had lost 33 have been studying 34 had been studying 3 5 have been sleeping 3 6 were waiting, had been standing, decided 37 had been, became 38 felt, had taken 39 was raining, was, had stopped 40 had been listening/was listening , arrived, turned, finished, turned, have been dancing and singing 41 has been training 42 had been trying, found, has been teaching 43 had been running, collapsed, received 44 have been waiting, hasn't arrived

45 gave, thanked, said, had enjoyed, knew, hadn't read, were

46 had seen, returned, didn't have, didn't have, had already done, was, didn't have, did, left, had, was, decided, picked, went, slammed, felt, had reminded, had searched and (had) found, remembered, was, had left, remembered, were 47 returned, saw, had broken, was, was, were, had just left, was still burning, had heard, had run, had helped, was, poured, wondered, had found, hoped, had been given, had died, hadn't had, hadn't liked, seemed, had taken 48 put, took, had forgotten/forgot, had put 49 came, said, had just swallowed 50 thought, left, was, arrived, learnt, had just left, found, had been using/had used 51 parked, rushed, came, was, wondered, had stolen, had driven 52 opened, saw, had clearly been listening, wondered, had heard, asked, had been doing/was doing, said, had dropped, had been looking/was looking

390

Exercise II, p. 84

1 When I came home the children were sleeping already. My mother said that they had been sleeping since 9 o'clock. 2. Call the children to dinner. They've been playing in the yard since early morning. 3. Last year we rested in Yalta. By the end of June I had passed all the exams and was free. My parents had booked the tickets in advance and at the beginning of July we started for the Crimea. 4. He asked what we had done since we began (had begun) to work at this problem. 5. While (as) we were going from the station, he managed to tell me about everything that had happened since my departure. 6. Has Victor come yet? — Yes, he has been here for two days already. He came on Friday. 7. Dinner was already ready; everybody had got hungry, but two of the guests were missing. 8. The girl was crying. She had lost her way. 9. The bus was late, and I was sorry that I hadn't taken a taxi. 10. As soon as I booked (had booked) a room at the hotel, I went to the plant. 11. She gave me the letter only after I had told her my name. 12. The teacher said that his pronunciation had improved after he had worked in the sound laboratory. 13. The sun had not risen yet, when we started. 14. He couldn't take part in the expedition because he hadn't recovered yet. 15. We had been sightseeing all day long. In the evening we returned to the hotel, tired but happy. 16. When I woke up, it had already got dark. I looked at the clock. I had been sleeping for three hours. 17. The teacher said that I had missed a lot of classes and I would have to work hard. 18. He had sent the telegram before we phoned him. 19. When I came he was sitting by the fire-place looking through a magazine. 20. The students have been writing the test almost for two hours. So far only two of the students have handed in their papers. 21.1 returned home at 5 o'clock. By that time my wife had already packed our things and was waiting for me. We called for a taxi and half an hour later we were at the airport. We had hardly come to the airport, when they called our flight. 22. The artists have been working since morning, as we want to put up the wall newspaper tonight. 23. The morning was sunny, but the weather has changed since 11 o'clock and it is raining now. 24. She looks tired. I think she has been reading at night again.

391

Exercise I, p. 94

I shall/will recognize 2 will Mrs Pitt say, will not/won't mind 3 will be 4 are having 5 starts 6 am not going, are you going 7 will grow 8 are going, will you come 9 does the next train leave 10 are you meeting, am meeting 11 will not forget 12 opens, finishes 13 are getting 14 will succeed 15 shall/will know 16 will arrive 17 will still be 18 will drive 19 are you doing, am going 20 will present 21 is giving, are you going 22 will not be 23 shall we do 24 are celebrating 25 shall we go 26 shall we do 27 will you hear, shan't/ won't hear 28 shan't/won't have 29 shall I put 30 am going, is taking 31 shall/will see 32 shall/will put on 33 am catching, are you leaving, am not taking 34 will you turn off 35 are you going, shall/will probably go 36 are having, is leaving 37 am seeing, will refuse 38 shall/will probably come, shall/will give, am coming 39 will not know, shall/will leave 40 are you meeting, are meeting, is taking 41 shall I wait, will take 42 am flying, are you taking 43 am ringing, shall I ask, shall/will be, shall/will write 44 are going, are having and going, will come, is coming, shall/will ask

Exercise I, p. 97

1 shall/will go 2 shall/will come 3 am going to faint 4 shall/will get 5 are going to crash 6 will pay 7 am going to make 8 will get 9 am going to buy 10 will do 11 am going to wear 12 am going to spend 13 are going to move, will help 14 are going to get married 15 will walk, will meet you 16 shall/will probably see 17 am going to be 18 are you going to paint, are going to paint 19 am going to make 20 will take 21 will telephone 22 are you going to buy, am not going to eat, am going to eat 23 are you going to put 24 will you open 25 are you going to do 26 will you lend, will not lend 27 am going to give up 28 aren't you going to answer 29 is going to sink 30 aren't you going to climb 31 will you lend, are you going to fish 32 are you going to eat, shall I tell 33 are you going to bath, will you help 34 are going to sail, will complete, will set, will be, will probably be 35 will take, is going to take 36 are we going to spend, shall run, am going to stop, are going to get stuck, shall have, will give, is going to rain, shall/will wave, is going to stop 37 are going to go, am going to work, will be, will be, will certainly be/it's certainly going to be, are you going to leave,

392

shall be, won't be, will be sad, shall be, won't be/aren't going to

be, are going to visit, shall see 38 is going to give, is he going to speak

Exercise I, p. 100

I are going to miss 2 are you going to eat 3 is going to crash 4 am not going to do 5 am playing/am going to play 6 are you going to tell, I'm going to tell 7 are you going to do 8 am going to read 9 are going to be 10 am not going to finish 11 is not coming 12 are giving, are inviting 13 is going to ask 14 is he going to wash 15 is singing /is going to sing 16 is going, is he flying, is going 17 are you going, am not going, am going to stay, am going to write 18 are you doing, are coming, am showing, are you going to take, am going to take 19 are you going, am going, are you going to do, am going to fish 20 are starting, are going, are you going to climb, is going to climb, am going to sit 21 are going, are you going to sail, are taking, are going to try 22 aren't you going to ask, am leaving, are you going to do, are you going to have, am starting 23 is going, is going to have, is going to look, is coming 24 am going to send, am seeing 25 am going to buy, is going to be 26 am moving, are you going to have, am going to paint 27 is going to fall off 28 are you going to do, are you going to sell, am going to learn, am having 29 are going to break 30 is not coming 31 are going to hurt 32 is going to snow

Exercise I, p. 102

I will still be having 2 will walk 3 will not do 4 will meet, will forget 5 will be watching, will ring 6 will be able, won't be teaching, will be 7 shall be doing, shan't be eating 8 will get, will do 9 will you have, shall/will be doing 10 shall we meet, won't be coming 11 will be coming 12 shall/will be working, will be 13 will have 14 will be looking 15 will be fishing 16 will meet, shall I recognize, will be wearing 17 will do, shall/will be thinking 18 shall/will go 19 will be working 20 shall/will post, will be going 21 will be dancing 22 shall/will be sitting, won't be reading, will be looking 23 will cook, won't clean 24 will be changing 25 will come 26 will be teaching 27 won't/shan't be showing 28 won't/ shan't be washing, will/shall be having 29 will bring

393

30 won't/shan't be wearing, will/shall be wearing, won't recognize

31 will you be using 32 will drive 33 shall be entering 34 will be arriving/will arrive 35 won't lend 36 will be leaving 37 will get, will still be, will be going, will ask 38 will write, will try, will type 39 will just be coming 40 will be seeing/will see 41 will tell, won't believe 42 will be reading, will be ringing 43 will you be using 44 will be rising

Exercise I, p. 105

I will have already risen 2 will/shall have been listening 3 will/ shall have been riding 4 will have smoked 5 will/shall have been flying 6 will have saved 7 will have taught 8 get, will have already arrived 9 will/shall have been sitting 10 will have been running

II will have had 12 will/shall have been married 13 will have repaired 14 will have done 15 will/shall have had 16 shall have been working 17 will have lost 18 will have finished 19 will/ shall have passed 20 will have taught/will have been teaching 21 shall/will have been sleeping

Exercise I, p. 107

1 will break 2 won't write,write 3 will understand, are 4 will/ shall believe, see 5 will be able, have/have had 6 runs, won't catch 7 will lend, ask 8 go, shan't/won't have 9 will be, don't invite 10 will have, is 11 leave, will fall, fall, will sue 12 will your father say, hears, won't say, won't lend 13 get, will give 14 will be, sees 15 hear, will let 16 won't start, press 17 will stay, strikes 18 begin, will become 19 get 20 will pay, get 21 rains, won't/ shan't go 22 goes, brushes 23 goes, will write 24 get, drink 25 will meet, arrives 26 am, will stay 27 will go, is 28 is watching, is over, will cut 29 get, run 30 go, am, see 31 don't study, shan't pass 32 will get, will be, doesn't get 33 am not 34 won't/shan't start,arrives 35 come 36 will you be, am 37 leave 38 will be, passes 39 need, will/shall ask 40 will be, are 41 do, will/shall come 42 watch, will/shall write 43 cat, will/shall/probably take 44 stops, will/ shall walk 45 arrive, will be waiting 46 get, will be shining, will be singing, will still be lying 47 are, will/shall stay' be staying 48 returns, will start 49 will be, is 50 are you going to stay, am planning, hope, are you going to do, leave, will return

394

and get, will/shall be, return and get 51 begins, 52 are, will take 53 will/shall send, receive 54 won't take off, lifts 55 are doing 56 saves, retires, will have saved 57 have read

Exercise II, p. 108

1. As soon as I come to London I'll write to you. 2. If the weather is nice we'll be able to go to the forest to pick mushrooms. 3. If you go to the south, book a return ticket. 4. If he is sleeping when I come I'll wake him up. 5. I'll go for a walk before I go to bed. 6. I'll look through the newspapers after we have had (have) supper. 7. While I'm doing the flat you'll be making dinner. 8. I'll come if I don't fall ill. 9.1 don't know whether Nina will come. 10. He will be punished if he doesn't keep his promise. 11. As soon as you pass your examinations we'll go to the south. 12. I wonder whether he will take part in the expedition. 13. What will you do-if nobody meets you at the station? — I'll leave my things in the cloakroom and go by bus. 14. We'll discuss this question after the director returns. 15. Please, look after my son until I return. 16. We'll go fishing on Saturday if it doesn't rain. 17. I'll call for you as soon as I'm free. 18. She doesn't know when her brother will come. 19. Let's drop in at the cafe after the meeting is over. 20. If he phones me today I'll ask him to book tickets for the plane. 21. Before I leave I'll speak to the manager. 22. I'll stay here until I settle everything. 23. If Peter is late we'll have to wait for him. 24. When you see Mr Smith, ask him to give me a call. 25. If you stay here another three days I'll be able to take you sightseeing. 26. Before I leave I have to buy some presents formy friends. 27. If I don't catch the train, I'll spend the night at the hotel. 28. I'll come as soon as I have done (do) my homework. 29. Do you know when he will come? — When he comes I'll tell you. 30. I'll buy him a present if I don't spend all my money on books. 31. When is your next German class? — On Wednesday. — Are going to attend it? — No, on Wednesday morning I'm going t° London on business. — How long will you stay there? — About two weeks. I'm very sorry that I'll have to miss my German Basses. 32. Let's go to the cinema tomorrow. They are showing a good detective at the October..— Will you be able to buy tickets? — *^es, certainly. Shall we go to the cinema in the daytime or in the ^evening? — I'd prefer an evening show. — Then I'll buy tickets

395

for the eight o'clock show. I'll phone you as soon as I buy the tickets. — Thank you. — And what are you going to do tonight? -— Tonight I'll be writing letters to my relatives. And you? — I'll be watching TV the whole evening. 33. Ann, would you like to play tennis on Saturday morning? — I'm sorry. I'm going to the hairdresser's on Saturday morning. — And what about Sunday ~> Why don't we go cycling? — On Sunday I'll be getting ready for my exam in physics. 34. Tomorrow I'm giving a party. — Ho\\ many people are coming/will come to the party? — About ten people. — Shall I stay and help you? — Oh, do please. That s very kind of you. 35. How long have you been married? — Next year I'll have been married for ten years. 36. How long have you been working at this plant? — I'll have been working here for five years in May. 37. How long have you known Mr Smith? — At the end of the year I shall have known him for five years. 38. How long have you been studying English? — I'll have been studying it for two years m July. 39. (At) what time does the plane take off? — At 8 a.m. — How long does the flight last? — About t\\ о hours. — When do we arrive in Moscow? — At 10 a.m. 40. Wheie are you going on holiday? — I'm going to Brighton. — When aic you leaving⁹ — On the 1 Oth of August. — Are you going by train? — Yes. — How long are you going to stay/are you staying there? — (For) two weeks. — Where are you going to sta\' where are you staying⁹ — At a hotel. —I wish you a nice holida_» 41. Are you going to stay at school next year? — No, I'm fed up with school. — What are you going to do? — I'm going to look for a job. — What sort of job? — I'm going to work in a bank. -1 think it's a boring job. — I don't agree with you. 42. What aic you doing/are you going to do/will you be doing tomorrow morning? — I will be doing/am doing/ am going to do/ m> homework. — And what are you doing/will you be doing/ arc you going to do/tomorrow afternoon? — Tomorrow afternoon I'm playing/will be playing football. It's a very import <nt match. — What a pity! — Why? — We're going to the Fair tomorrow. I wanted to invite you to come with me. — I'm sorry but I can't Thank you for your invitation.

Unit 2 Exercise!, p. 166

д..— My cousin Mary's staying with us at the moment, and she's a bit bored. I was going to the cinema with her to­night, but my boss asks me to work overtime. Mary and I arranged to meet outside the Odeon at 8 o'clock. The film begins at 8.30. Could you take her to the cinema?

— I'm not sure. How old is she?

— Fourteen. Oh, go on, Nick! She's very nice.

— But how shall I recognize her?

— She's tall, and she's got long brown hair.

— I see. And what's she wearing?

— She's wearing a dark blue raincoat.

— Is she wearing boots or shoes?

— I'm sorry, I can't remember.

— Oh well, never mind. I think I'll recognize her.

B. — My brother got married not long ago.

— What's his wife like?

— She's a pretty, slim girl with fair hair and large blue eyes. She has regular features and a good complexion. Besides, she's clever and kind. I like her very much.

— I have never met your brother. What does he look like?

— He's medium height, well built and quite good-looking. He has brown hair and black eyes. He's good-natured. He's open and easygoing. Besides, he's very hardwor­king and helpful, he can be relied on.

С

D. E.

396

C. — What do you think of the new engineer?

— I think he's clever and talented.

— I agree with you. Besides, he's very tactful and polite.

D. — What is Ron's wife like?

— She's quite plain, short and a bit shy.

E. — Mum, look at that girl over there. She's Nick's new

girlfriend.

— Which girl¹? What does she look like?

— That girl with black curly hair.

— Black curly hair... And what's she wearing?

397

— That girl in the red jacket and the blue dress.

— That's Rita Smith, isn't she?

F. — How did you like Dick's sister?

— She's a very attractive girl. She's friendly, and she has a good sense of humour.

— Yes, I agree with you. She isn't like her brother. He's a bit rude and boring.

G. My sister has three children: two boys and one girl. Her elder son's name is Robert. He's eighteen years old. He's a tall young man with grey eyes and fair hair. Robert is very friendly He's a merry, sociable man, but he's a bit absent-minded. Her younger son's name is Victor. He's ten He goes to primary school He's a capable boy, but he's a bit lazy. Victor, unlike Robert, is not very sociable. He's a quiet child and likes to spend his time at home. My sister's daughter's name is Kate. Kate is sixteen. She's a student. Kate is a very charming slim girl. She's honest and open. Kate is very hardworking and serious.

H. — How do you like your son-in-law?

— I don't like him at all. He has a bad temper, he's selfish and ambitious.

Unit 3 Exercise I, p. 171

I will give 2 stand 3 eats 4 will telephone 5 will arrest 6 reads 7 will steal 8 doesn't open 9 washes 10 needs 11 don't go away 12 makes 13 is late 14 hears 15 will make 16 will bury 17 won't be 18 doesn’t start 19 won't let 20 goes 21 sells 22 will you repay 23 rises 24 works 25 turns 26 burns 27 don't like 28 will have 29 see 30 will you promise 31 don't believe 32 likes 33 won't be able 34 knows 35 find, will give 36 isn't working, will have 37 leaves, will be 38 freezes, will be 39 don't take, will have 40 takes, will have 41 don't feel 42 isn't working 43 write 44 will write 45 don't eat 46 will get 47 don't know 48 refuses 49 doesn't help 50 hate, don't you change 51 hear 52 rings

Exercise I, p. 173

I would type 2 knew 3 would look 4 wouldn't make 5 were 6 had 7 would you visit 8 gave 9 would buy 10 would you be able 11 won 12 would you do 13 knew 14 gave 15 stopped 16 wouldn't come 17 saw 18 had 19 did 20 would grow 21 would keep 22 lived 23 would offer 24 got 25 painted 26 changed 27 wasn't/weren't 28 gave, would sell 29 went, would lose 30 worked, would finish 31 saw, would climb, wouldn't be, would climb 32 rang, would be 33 bought, would lose 34 had, would bring 35 were/was, would still be 36 were/was, wouldn't be staying/wouldn't stay 37 kept, wouldn't be running/wouldn't run 38 had, would now be sitting 39 were/was, would take 40 was/were, would not exist 41 were/ was, would not want 42 consisted, would be 43 were, would call and talk 44 studied, would get 45 would take, were/was 46 grew, would be 47 would be, had 48 were, would tell 49 would eat, were/was 50 were not, would go 51 had, would write 52 bought, would drive 53 weren't/wasn't, would go 54 were, would go 55 were/ was, would look 56 could, would open 57 had, would take up 58 were, could

Exercise I, p. 176

I would have visited 2 had arrived 3 had been 4 hadn't seen 5 wo­uld have fallen 6 would you have accepted 7 had had 8 had known 9 would have offered 10 wouldn't have lent 11 had put 12 wouldn't have tried 13 had spoken /had been speaking 14 wouldn't have been 15 had tried 16 wouldn't have got 17 wouldn't have put 18 had been 19 wouldn't have turned 20 had looked 21 had tried 22 would have taken 23 would have saved 24 had paid, wouldn't have been sent 25 had told, would have cooked 26 had had, would have been 27 had known, would have lent 28 hadn't had, would have fallen 29 had realised, wouldn't have accepted 30 wouldn't have been, hadn't knocked 31 had been, would have been able 32 had known, wouldn't have thrown 33 would have refused, had offered 34 would you have done 35 hadn't rained, would have been 36 hadn't been wearing, would have recognized 37 had been, would have phoned 38 had played, would have had 39 had booked, would have had 40 had been, wouldn't have been arrested 41 had read, would have refused 42 wouldn't have

known, hadn't told 43 had been sitting, would have been killed 44 had gone, would have been 45 had been wearing, wouldn't have been hurt 46 hadn't been, hadn't been, wouldn't have met, wouldn't have got married, wouldn't have been born 47 had told, would have given 48 had used, would have received 49 had realized, wouldn't have made 50 had known, wouldn't have voted 51 had read, wouldn't have washed 52 would have come and washed, had asked, would have come, had called 53 had brought, wouldn't have had 54 had been invented, would have been interviewed

Exercise I, p. 179

I would still be alive, hadn't taken 2 had been lit, would be 3 hadn' t rung 4 had been waiting, would be 5 had turned, would be 6 were practical, wouldn't have bought 7 were careful, wouldn't have got 8 hadn't been working, wouldn't look

Exercise I, p. 180

1 will/shall have 2 will happen 3 didn't talk/weren't talking 4 wouldn't have bought 5 will you stay 6 would you choose 7 gets 8 had read 9 comes 10 would you do 11 will sit 12 wouldn’t have 13 had worn/had been wearing 14 had 15 comes 16 leave 17 don't change 18 would be able 19 would have brought 20 wouldn’t have printed 21 wouldn't buy 22 want 23 would jump 24 would answer 25 had made 26 had known 27 will bake 28 would bake 29 would have baked 30 will/shall go 31 would go 32 would have gone 33 were, would know 34 had studied, would пал passed 35 were, would tell 36 had had, would have taken 37 haven’t will give 38 wouldn't have got, had remembered 39 would change, were 40 is 41 were , would accept 42 stays, will be 43 didn't know, wouldn't understand 44 were not 45 don't you sell, had. would sell 46 leaves, will steal 47 hadn't loved, wouldn't have waited 48 would you like 49 would have been, had become 50 had, would make 51 were, would get 52 do, remind 53 had, would grow, would be 54 spend, won't have 55 hadn't been, wouldn't have been

Exercise XII, p. 187

Type I conditionals

1 If it is frosty tomorrow we shan't go skiing. 2.1 wonder whether he will come. If he comes he will be very surprised. 3. She'll be worried if you don't phone her. 4. If I find her address I'll write to her. 5. They'll get the letter on Monday if it is sent today. 6. He will be delighted to come if he is invited. 7. If I'm free tomorrow evening I'll visit my parents. 8. If he is still working when you come, tell him to go to bed. 9. If he doesn't come tomorrow send him a telegram. 10. She'll get angry if you do this. 11. If you have some time, phone Ann. 12.1 think that if she is offered this job, she'll accept it. 13. If you work hard you will have finished the work by the end of the day. 14. You won't become a good sportsman if you don't train hard. 15. His parents will be happy if he marries her. 16. If I get my salary tomorrow I'll buy this suit. 17. If I have time I go fishing every week. 18. If I buy the tickets today I'll give you a ring. 19. What will you do if you don't get the documents? 20. If the weather doesn't change we'll go boating tomorrow. 21. If the bus is overcrowded they'll walk to the station. 22. You'll get into trouble if you don't follow his advice. 23. If I work hard I get very tired by the end of the day. 24. I'll call on you tonight if you don"t mind. 25. If you wish, I may ask her about it. 26. If he comes tell him that I'm at the barber's. 27. If she doesn't book accommodation at the hotel she will stay at her friends'. 28. I'll write to her if you send me her address. 29. What shall we do tomorrow if the weather is nice? 30. If you don't catch the 10.30 train there's a train at 10.50. 31. If he is in a good mood he's always joking.

Type 2 conditionals

1. If you knew grammar better you wouldn't make so many mistakes in your exercises. 2. He would certainly help us if he were here now. 3.1 would phone her if it weren't so late. 4. If she Were more patient she would be easier to deal with. 5. If I had more time I would call on you next week. 6. If I were you I would spend the holiday in the south. I'm sure it would do you good. 7. You Would feel better if you spent more time in the open air. 8. If you Were really fond of reading you would always find time for

reading. 9. If he were having his classes now we would have to wait long. 10. You wouldn't be late for your classes if you left home ten minutes earlier. 11. If he were no so lazy he would be one of the top pupils in his class. 12. If we had less luggage we could go to the station on foot because we have enough time to catch the train. 13. She wouldn't lose things so often if she were not so absent-minded. 14. If I were you I would accept this offer

15. If you knew him better you wouldn't think so badly of him.

16. If I were you I would give up this idea. It is difficult to realize

17. What would you say if he asked you for advice? 18. If she went to the library just now she would still find the librarian there. 19. If the film were colour, it would make a better impression. 20.1 like this watch very much. If it were/was cheaper I would buy it. 21. There are too many unknown words in this text. If I had a dictionary I might be able to translate it. 22. If women didn't have to do housework they would save a lot of time. 23. You would feel better if you didn't keep late hours. 24. It is too cold. We might go to the skating-rink if it weren't so cold 25. If it were not raining we might go to the country now. 26. If I were you I would consult a doctor. 27. She wouldn't feel so lonely if the children were with her.

Type 3 conditionals

1. If you had left a message for me I would have called on you yesterday. 2. We wouldn't have missed the train if we had taken a taxi. 3. If I hadn't been so busy last week I would have joined your excursion too. 4. If he hadn't refused to help us we would have completed the work already. 5. If she had been asked she would have sent these books long ago. 6. If it hadn't been so cold yesterday we might have gone to the skating rink. 7. We might not have lost our way if the night hadn't been so dark. 8. If you had come to the meeting yesterday you would have heard an interesting report. 9. If I had known that you needed this book I would have taken it with me. 10.1 wouldn't have made this mistake if I had been more careful when I was writing the dictation. 11. Even if you had phoned me yesterday I wouldn't have been able to come. 12.1 wouldn't have fallen down if it hadn't been so slippery. 13. He wouldn't have come if you hadn't invited him. 14. It took me a long time to translate this article. If you had given me a good dictionary I would have spent

less time. 15.1 would have been delighted if you had called on us yesterday. 16. This wouldn't have happened if you had been there. 17. If I had been told about it before I would have done all I could to help you. 18. If you had come here between two and three o'clock you would have seen him. 19. Why didn't you ask him to come? I'm sure he would have come if you had asked him to. 20. If I hadn't been so excited I would have answered better. 21. If he had wound the alarm clock he wouldn't have overslept and he wouldn't have missed his plane. 22. If I hadn't had a swim yesterday I might not have caught cold. 23. If I hadn't missed so many classes I would have done my test better. 24.1 would have visited you yesterday if I had had more time. 25. If we had booked tickets in advance we might have seen that exciting match. 26.1 would have helped you if you had asked me to. 27. If I hadn't been so busy yesterday I would have gone to the station to see him off. 28. Even if you had warned me beforehand I couldn't have come because I was very busy.

Type 2 and type 3 conditionals mixed

1. If he had been studying regularly all through the term he wouldn't be afraid of his exams now. 2. If we knew his address we would have informed him about the results of his exams yesterday. 3. He wouldn't be making so many mistakes now if he hadn't missed so many classes. 4. You would be feeling well today if you had taken the medicine yesterday. 5. You would know the language better if you had read some English books in summer. 6. If we had worked harder yesterday our work would be finished now. 7. If he were no so a., sent-minded he wouldn't have left his suitcase in the train. He's constantly losing things. 8. If we had sent the letter yesterday they would receive it tomorrow morning. 9. If we hadn't been walking so quickly we wouldn't be so tired now and we could continue our way. 10. If I had brought my dictionary with me I could translate this document now. 11. If I hadn't called on them yesterday we wouldn't know about it even now. 12. If he had a sense of humour he wouldn't have got offended. 13. If the train had If' the station on time it would reach the destination early in the morning tomorrow. 14. If you had followed the doctor's instructions you would have recovered long ago and you would be working together with us now. 15. If they loved each other they would have got married long ago.

402

403

Mixed conditionals

1. If you had been at the stadium yesterday you would have seen the best sportsmen. 2. If the nights are warm we shall be sleeping in the open air. 3. You would have enjoyed yourself greatly if you had taken part in our excursion. 4. If I were you I would hurry up. If you don't hurry up you will miss your train. 5. If h_e had been taken to hospital at once he wouldn't have lost so much blood. 6. If I were you I would buy a tape-recorder. 7. If you had reminded me of it yesterday I would have brought you these books today. 8. If I had a holiday now I would travel about the Caucasus. 9. You might go to the country for a couple of days if you finished the work in time. Everything depends on you. 10. If you had a telephone I would have warned you beforehand. 11. If it doesn't rain tomorrow we'll go to the Botanical Gardens. 12. If I were you I would apologize to her. 13. If you enjoy the film I'll also go to see it. 14. Why didn't you ask me? I would have looked after your children if you had asked me. 15. I wouldn't have missed the train if I had packed my things in the evening. 16. If he were/ had been more careful he would have written the dictation better. 17. You would speak English better if you (had) regularly studied in the sound laboratory. 18. If the coffee is not sweet enough, add some sugar. 19. If they hadn't trained/hadn't been training so hard they wouldn't have won. 20. I would willingly take you sightseeing if I were not so busy. 21. I'll wait for him if he isn't at home when I come. 22. I'll be very disappointed if they don't come. 23. If I am there and see him I'll tell him about it. 24. If I don't feel better I'll go to the doctor's tomorrow. 25. If he were an honest man he wouldn't have done that. 26. If I were you I would persuade her to go to the south. It would do her a lot of good. 27. If I knew his address I would immediately write to him. 28. If he were not capable he wouldn't have done this work. 29. If the documents had been signed we would send them today. 30. if I'm in trouble I always tell my sister. 31. If you had visited me last week you might have seen my brother. He came to Minsk с n business. 32. If I were you I would send him a telegram. 33. Where would you go if you were free now? 34.1 would visit my parents in the country if I weren't so busy now. 35. If you hurry up you' ;1 catch the 7 o'clock train. 36. If you were me you would have' done the same. 37. If I had known that my parents would come to

404

_see me I would have made a cake. 38. What would you do if you lost your money in an unknown city?

Exercise XII, p. 228

1 would change 2 had 3 had 4 had done 5 knew 6 had asked 7 would shave 8 is/were/was addressing 9 were 10 would send 11 would end 12 had tied 13 hadn't given 14 had known 15 is/were/was 16 had been insured 17 had never been invented 18 had kept 19 hadn't said 20 had taken 21 had never set 22 hadn't tried 23 had never got 24 would pick 25 were, were 26 had come, had come, would have had 27 were not, were not, would go 28 had paid 29 did 30 had 31 didn't have, were 32 would go 33 were made 34 would change and decide

Exercise XIII, p. 229

Wish, if only

1.1 wish she were not so light-minded. 2.1 wish you had come earlier. You would have met my sister. 3.1 wish I had followed his advice. 4.1 wish I could see this film again. 5.1-wish she were with us. 6.1 wish I had a telephone. 7.1 wish he wouldn't spend so much time on sports. 8.1 wish it were spring now. 9.1 wish I had told him about it yesterday. 10. I wish you had visited us yesterday. 11. She wishes she had known about it before. 12. I wished I hadn't asked him about it. 13.1 wish you would think over my offer again before finally rejecting it. 14. I wish you would read this book. 15. If only my parents lived in Minsk! 16. I wish I could read this book in the original. 17.1 wish I could come to your lecture tomorrow. 18.1 wish she were not so hot-minded. 19.1 wish we would settle down here for ever. 20. She wishes she could speak English. 21.1 wish she had a sense of duty. 22.1 wish I could join you. 23. He wished he hadn't lost his temper and shouted at them. 24. I wish I had borrowed some money then and bought the dictionary. It isn't on sale now. 25. If °nly you had seen him at that moment! 26. I wish it were not raining. I wish the weather were nice so that we might go to the country. 27.1 wish it were summer now! 28.1 hear you can play the piano very well. I wish you would play for me. 29. The weather

405

was so bad that I wished I hadn't left home. 30. I wish ynг wouldn't be so absent-minded and wouldn't ask the same question several times. 31.1 wish you would stop interrupting me. 32. wish you would stay with me. 33.1 wish I had taken part in thaе excursion, they say it was very interesting. 34.1 wish you would keep your things in order. 35.1 wish I could follow your advice but it's impossible. 36. They wished they had gone to Moscow by plane, they would have saved a lot of time.

As if/as though

37. He always looks as if he were hurrying somewhere. 38. She behaved as if she were quite indifferent. 39. She looks as if she had been ill. 40. You treat me as if I were a child. 41. It looked as if the letter had been written by a child. 42. She had a feeling as if she had known him all her life. 43. They looked as if they were brother and sister but not husband and wife, so much alike they were. 44. He introduced her to his brother as though they had never met before

45. He was looking at us as if he were surprised at seeing us there

46. It had been raining for some days and it looked as if the rain would never stop. 47. She behaved as if she were the hostess. 48. You're so sunburnt as if you had spent the whole summer in the south. 49. He looks tired as if he hadn't rested for a long time.

50. He spoke German as if he had lived in Germany all his life.

51. It looked as if nothing had happened. 52. He spoke French as if he were a real Frenchman. 53. The girl was looking at me with such surprise as if she saw me for the first time in her life. 54. He looks as if he had never heard about it.

Unit 4 Exercise I, p. 264

doesn't seem, arrived, has flown, have now adjusted, was, have to work, am, go, am, came, haven't saved, have saved, am really looking forward, am, have never been skiing, shall get by, shall be skiing, are you coming, come, have run out, is, have picked, arrived, shall be speaking, forgot, do, won't be, wonder, is, shall see, am coming

Exercise 2, p. 265

had, would open; wouldn't be, would be, lived, saw, would help and make; wouldn't be, existed, might, promised, would know; would be; had; would stick; hadn't wished, wouldn't have wished; would fall

Units Exercise I, p. 304

1 driving, being driven 2 arguing, working 3 reading, being read 4 crying 5 seeing 6 being seen 7 holding 8 speaking 9 sending 10 being sent 11 putting 12 knowing 13 being impressed 14 being interrupted 15 breaking 16 leaving and going 17 being invited 18 rea­ding, smoking 19 being introduced, talking 20 discussing 21 being installed 22 considering 23 losing 24 living, talking 25 reminding, being reminded 26 breaking 27 being made 28 buying 29 deciding 30 being given, being offered 31 putting 32 working, finishing

33 making 34 disturbing, being disturbed 35 keeping 36 working, going 37 doing, doing 38 being punished 39 being 40 borrowing 41 talking, convincing 42 reading and thinking 43 speaking

Exercise II, p. 305

1. in looking 2 about leaving 3 of doing 4 for being 5 to having 6 from completing 7 about (of) having 8 of studying 9 for helping 10 on knowing 11 by drawmg 12 of living 13 for not going 14 in searching 15 for making 16 for not wanting 17 for washing and drying 18 to going 19 from speaking 20 to going 21 of clarifying 22 of stealing/having stolen 23 of taking, keeping 24 to wearing 25 to eating, sleeping 26 for being 27 about missing 28 to driving 29 from going 30 for being 31 working 32 opening 33 (on) driving

34 having 35 about/of inviting 36 laughing 37 going 38 doing 39 rea­ding 40 making 41 going 42 taking 43 being 44 sailing 45 of asking 46 to seeing 47 of washing 48 for breaking 49 from coming 50 of talking 51 like having 52 to killing 53 about finishing 54 of practising 55 of becoming 56 watching 57 in getting 58 at organizing 59 of collecting 60 on being given 61 mending 62 be­ing washed 63 of doing

406

407

Exercise III, p. 307

Gerund as subject, complement of subject

1. Crossing the river in this place is dangerous. 2. Sleeping in the open air is very useful. 3. Playing tennis is interesting. 4. Smoking is dangerous for health. 5. Their leaving before the end of the concert attracted everybody's attention. 6. Learning a foreign language takes a lot of time. 7. Meeting new people is interesting. 8. Arguing with him is a waste of time. 9. Teaching requires patience and skill. 10. Spending money is easier than making it. 11. Listening to his stories is interesting. 12. Doing this work is not easy at all. 13. Your bothering him will make him still more angry. 14. Going in for sports did her a lot of good. 15. Doing morning exercises is important. 16. My favourite sport is swimming. 17. Her dream is becoming an actress. 18. Her hobby is knitting. 19. The only way to get there at this time of the year is going by plane.

Verb + gerund

1. The rain prevented me from coming in time. 2. You should stop swimming in the sea because the weather has got cold. 3 I thanked him for buying/having bought such interesting books. 4 I remember being/having been asked about it. 5.1 think of going 1 о the Crimea in autumn. 6. The doctor told her to avoid sitting m the sun. 7. He risks losing all his money. 8.1 regret having tol'l/ telling her my secret. 9. He kept (on) looking at his watch and >t 3 sharp he said he must be going. 10. Would you mind my usir j your telephone? 11. When we heard the end of the story v.: couldn't help laughing. 12. You may rely on his giving you ехаЛ information. 13. The doctor insists on his spending the holidf / in the south. 14. Go on telling your story. 15. He didn't like beir j, read to. 16. The floor needs painting. 17.1 can't bear standing i queues. 18. She denied having met/meeting him before. 19. T! • child deserves praising. 20. I remember buying this book but I don't remember where I put it. 21. My sister is coming in Mav I'm looking forward to meeting her. 22. Your suit needs pressin z (ironing). 23. Thank you for looking after my child. 24. Excuse my bothering you again. 25. In spite of being late he went on working. 26.1 think you'll enjoy living in this hotel. 27. We can't rely on his completing this work in time. 28. She likes being

408

nraised. 29. He objected to being taken to hospital. 30. I don't feel like going to a restaurant. I would rather go to the cinema. 31.1 remember hearing/having heard something about this play. j_s it worth seeing? 32. Everything depends on their winning this match. 33. He was accused of having stolen/stealing the money. 34. And now I must start packing. We're leaving tomorrow morning. 35. I suggest recording this passage. 36. Would you mind waiting for a while? Your documents aren't ready yet. 37. He tried to give up smoking, but he didn't succeed in doing this. 38. Excuse my being late. 39. Students can't help being excited before exams. 40. They dream of their son's (son) becoming a doctor. 41. I'm looking forward to having a good rest during my holidays, or I anticipate having a good rest during my holidays. 42. He admitted having met/meeting her before. 43.1 don't recall/ recollect meeting/having met him before. 44. Where's Ann? — She's stopped to talk to Helen. 45. Don't forget to post the letter. 46. We succeeded in getting tickets for the concert. 47. He apologized for having kept/ keeping me waiting. 48. Excuse my not writing to you. 49.1 want to stop him from going to Siberia.

50. I congratulated him on having passed/passing his exam.

51. She insists on his being allowed to take part in the competition.

52. Did you forget giving me your cassettes? or Don't you remember your giving me your cassettes? 53.1 don't know where to find a job. — Why don't you put an ad in a newspaper? 54. Stop asking her foolish questions. 55. He succeeded in finishing the work by the end of the week. 56.1 postponed/put off reading that unpleasant letter till the very last moment. 57. They have just finished writing their composition. 58. The storm prevented the ship from landing on time.

Adjective + gerund

1. He's used/accustomed to getting up early. 2. She was afraid of being operated on. 3. He's keen on fishing. 4. We were surprised at seeing her. 5. He's responsible for the work being completed in time. 6.1 was disappointed at their having refused to help me. 7.1 was tired of waiting for her. 8. When I came he was busy (in) translating an article. 9. She was not used to getting presents and she was surprised at seeing beautiful roses on the table. 10. He's good at drawing. 11. He's proud of having become/becoming a

409

student. 12. My friend is keen on collecting stamps. 13. I'm pleased at my son's (son) having taken up/taking up art. 14. She's good at swimming. 15. He was indignant at hearing this. 16. Are you interested in figure skating? 17. The children were excited about going to the country. 18. He's sure of passing his exam. 19.He was afraid of being misunderstood. 20. She was disappointed at not meeting him there again. 21. He was found guilty of stealing. 22.1 think he is not capable of cheating.

Noun + gerund

1.1 have no hope of seeing him soon. 2. The idea of spending our holidays on the Volga belongs to my brother. 3. He understands the importance of learning foreign languages. 4. He expressed great surprise at hearing that. 5. The other day I had the pleasure of meeting your father. 6. He has a bad habit of smoking before breakfast. 7. You have no reason for suspecting him. 8.1 have no intention of going to the south this summer. 9. Do you think he has a chance of passing his exam? 10.1 don't mind their coming here. 11. He has little experience in teaching English. 12. He had a feeling of being watched. 13. What modern methods of teaching foreign languages are used at your university? 14.1 have no hope of being given this role. 15.1 hear you gave up the idea of travelling about Europe. 16. We have a good chance of winning the match.

Preposition + gerund

1. You can improve your pronunciation by reading aloud every day. 2.1 won't be able to translate this text without looking up a few words in the dictionary. 3. We shortened our way by crossing the river. 4. I'll visit you before leaving Minsk. 5. On coming home I started doing my homework. 6. He entered the room without knocking. 7. He sent a letter instead of sending a telegram. 8. After spending a month in London he left for Warsaw. 9. At hearing the news she turned pale. 10. In looking through the journals he came across an interesting article on the English economy. 11. He looks cheerful and gay as usual in spite of having spent a sleepless night in the train. 12. At hearing the baby's cry the mother rushed into the nursery. 13. He left without making an appointment. 14. Before going to bed he decided to write a letter to his parents. 15. At seeing a bus at a distance I rushed to the bus

410

stop. 16. On (after) finishing school she began to work as a secretary. 17. She tore the letter without reading it. 18. (In) checking the an­nual report the accountant found a mistake. 19. Instead of going by bus they went on foot and were late for the concert. 20. He came without being invited.

Expressions + gerund

1. Watching detectives is a waste of time. 2. It's no use discussing this question in his absence. 3. His advice is useful. It is worth following. 4. This film is worth seeing. 5. It's no use going there now. 6.1 had difficulty in finding his house. 7. Yesterday we went fishing and we are going boating today. 8. This event doesn't deserve mentioning. 9. It's no use phoning him, he is never at home at this time. 10. Is this book worth reading? 11.'I had difficulty in translating the text. 12. The station is not far from here. There's no point in taking a taxi. 13. It's no use arguing with her. She's sure she's right. 14. This morning we went swimming.

Unit 6 Exercise I, p. 377

A. is looking, sees, rings, answers; am ringing; says, use; uses, eats, don't think, likes; would suit/suits, like, would we arrange/ do we arrange, use; includes, doesn't include; see, does the room face; faces, looks, gets; sounds; would 7 p.m. suit/will 7 p.m. suit; wouldn't be able to, don't get; will/would be, don't think, will have, passes, stops; I'll find, I'll see; comes, asks; is coming; she'll probably come, are sitting, get, don't think, give; do, listens, will be; rings; looks, smiles, says, goes

B. am, advertised, are coming/shall be coming, (shall) require; would you please/could you please tell me; should/would like; would I be able/ could I, hopes, don't drive, won't be/wouldn't be, need/shall need/ should need; do the local shops still deliver; know, did; should/would like, calls; ask/are asking, sounds; would you like/do you like; have been, lived, want; is also writing, would like, painted; has known, lived, am, would/will recommend; should/would of course be/am of course willing; should/would be, enclose

411

ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЙ СПРАВОЧНИК

УрокЗ § 1. Mood (Наклонение)

Наклонение — это форма глагола, которая показывает от­ношение действия к реальности. Это отношение устанавли­вается говорящим. Он может с помощью формы глагола пред­ставить действие как реальное, проблематичное, нереальное или как просьбу или приказание.

Действия, представленные как реальные, выражаются в форме изъявительного наклонения (the Indicative Mood), которое существует в виде всех видовременных форм, которые были описаны выше.

I worked at a plant at that time. В то время я работал на заводе.

I only met Peter six months Я познакомился с Петром толью

ago. шесть месяцев тому назад.

I'm going to London next На следующей неделе я еду

week. в Лондон.

Просьбы и приказания выражаются в форме повели­тельного наклонения (the Imperative Mood).

Be careful! Будьте осторожны!

Don't be late! He опаздывайте!

Действия, представляемые говорящим как нереальные или проблематичные, выражаются различными способами в со­временном английском языке, что объясняется причинами исторического характера.

Раньше в английском языке для выражения нереальных или проблематичных действий использовались особые формы — формы сослагательного наклонения (the Subjunctive Mood). Но в ходе своего исторического развития английский язык утратил большое количество окончаний, и в результате этого процесса многие формы бывшего сослагательного на­клонения совпали с формами изъявительного наклонения.

Употребление форм выражения нереальности необходи­мо в целом ряде случаев, в частности, в сложноподчинен­ных предложениях с придаточными нереального условия.

412

Subjunctive Mood (Сослагательное наклонение) § 2. Conditional Sentences (условные предложения)

В английском языке имеется 3 типа условных предложений.

1. В условных предложениях I типа сказуемое употребле­но в изъявительном наклонении и обозначает реальное дей­ствие или реальный факт действительности.

If he sends me a telegram Если он пришлет мне телеграмму, мне

I'll have to go to the station придется поехать на станцию, чтобы

to meet him. встретить его.

We shan't go to the country Мы не поедем за город, если завтра

if it rains tomorrow. будет дождь.

2. В условных предложениях II типа сказуемое употребле­но в сослагательном наклонении и выражает предполагаемое или желаемое действие, которое может относиться либо к на­стоящему, либо к будущему времени. В этом случае в прида­точном предложении употребляются формы, совпадающие с Simple Past и Past Continuous, а в главном — сочетание should или would + простой инфинитив для 1 -го лица ед. и мн. числа и would + простой инфинитив для остальных лиц, например:

I should (would) wnte to him Я бы написал ему, если бы знал if I knew his address. его адрес.

Не would lend you his Он бы дал тебе свой словарь, если

dictionary if you asked him to. бы ты попросил его об этом.

Примечания:

а) Глагол to be в условных придагочных предложениях имеет форму were для всех лиц. Однако в современном анг­лийском языке наблюдается тенденция употреблять was для 1-го и 3-го лица единственного числа.

If I were (was) not so tired Если бы я так не устал, я бы по-

I should (would) go with you. шел с тобой.

If he were (was) not so tired he Если бы он так не устал, он пошел

would go with you. бы с тобой.

б) Формула If I were you, I should (would)... часто употребля­ется, когда говорящий советует, как поступить собеседнику.

413

w

If I were you I'd order beefsteak. Будь я на вашем месте, я бы заказал

бифштекс.

3. В условных предложениях III типа сказуемое обозначает предполагаемое или воображаемое действие, которое относится к прошлому Это невыполнимое или невыполненное действие.

If I had seen him yesterday Если бы я видел его вчера, я

I should (would) have asked спросил бы его об этом.

him about it.

Nothing would have happened Ничего не случилось бы, если бы он

if he had kept silent. промолчал.

If he hadn't phoned me I Если бы он не позвонил, я бы не

wouldn't (shouldn't) have come, пришел.

4. В условных предложениях так называемого "смешан­ного типа" условие может относиться к настоящему или бу­дущему времени, а следствие к прошедшему времени и на­оборот. В этом случае в одной части предложения может упот­ребляться форма II типа, а в другой — III типа.

If he had taken my advice (III), Если бы он последовал моему

he would be a famous singer совету, он был бы знаменитым

now(II). певцом сейчас.

If I hadn't missed the plane Если бы я не опоздал на самолет

yesterday (III) I'd be bathing in вчера, я бы сейчас купался

the sea now. (II) в море.

If he were not so lazy (II), Если бы он не был так ленив

he would have done it long (вообще), он бы давно сделал это.

ago (III).

5. Если сказуемое главного или придаточного предложе­ния содержит глагол сап или may, то в сложноподчиненном предложении с придаточным нереального условия в любой его части употребляются could/might + простой инфинитив для действий, относящихся к настоящему времени, и could/ might + перфектный инфинитив для действий, относящих­ся к прошедшему времени, например:

If I could write poems I would Если я бы мог писать стихи, я бы

dedicate them to you. посвятил их тебе.

If he could paint he might Если бы он умел рисовать, мы, мо-

find a job with us. жет быть, нашли бы для него работу.

414

If we could have talked with him Если бы мы смогли поговорить с ним

that night, he wouldn't have в тот вечер, он бы не уехал.

gone away.

If his father hadn't been there Если бы там не было его отца, могло

something serious might have бы случиться что-нибудь серьезное.

happened.

6. Если одна из частей условного предложения II и III ти­па имеет дополнительное предложение, то его глагол-ска­зуемое употребляется в одном из прошедших времен (т.е. со­блюдаются правила согласования времен).

If he phoned you now I Если бы он позвонил тебе сейчас, я

would tell him you were out. бы сказала, что тебя нет дома.

If I were you I would ask Если бы я был на вашем месте, я бы

him if she would come. спросил его, придет ли она.

If I met him I would tell Если бы я встретил его, я бы сказал,

him that she had arrived. что она приехала.