English as a means of communication.

Any language is a systematic means of communication by the use of many sounds or conventional symbols. It is the code we all use to express ourselves and communicate to other persons. It is a communication by words and expressions. This is a system for communication. English language attracts people because of the wealth of literature and culture. Present-day English is a language, having absorbed material from many other tongues. It is spoken by more than 300 million native speakers, and between 400 and 800 million foreign users. It is the official language of air transport and shipping; the leading language of science, technology, computers, and commerce; and a major medium of education, publishing, and international negotiation.

Lesson 6 -7

1. Понятие о видо-временной системе английского языка и структуре предложения:

1. Cпряжение глаголов to be.

2. Времена группы Simple.

3. Глагол to have.

1. Английский язык: функции и перспективы.

1. Спряжение глагола to be (быть, являться, находиться) в настоящем (Present), прошедшем (Past) и будущем (Future) временах группы Simple (Indefinite)

Глагол to be (быть, находиться, являться) спрягается, т.е. изменяется по лицам и числам. В предложении выполняет функцию сказуемого (I am in Moscow (я нахожусь в Москве) или частью именного сказуемого (He is a locomotive driver). Порядок слов в английском предложении фиксированный: подлежащее + сказуемое + дополнение (обстоятельство).

1. Утвердительные предложения: подлежащее + to be.

Местоимение (подлежащее)	Present	сокращ. форма	Past	Future	сокращ. форма
I	am	I`m	was	will be	I`ll be
you	are	you`re	were	will be	You`ll be
He, she, it	is	he`s (she`s, it`s)	was	will be	He`ll be She`ll be It`ll be
we	are	we`re	were	will be	We`ll be
you	are	you`re	were	will be	You`ll be
they	are	they`re	were	will be	They`ll be

Примеры:

1. English is the language of communication, business, science and culture. It is the state language in five countries: Great Britain, Canada, the USA, Australia and New Zealand. The history of English is very rich and interesting and closely connected with the history of the whole world.

2. He was in London last year.

3. My friends will be students of Cambridge University.

2. Вопросительные предложения: to be в необходимой форме ставится в начало предложения, т.е. меняется местами с подлежащим: to be + подлежащее.

Present	Past	Future	Местоимение (подлежащее)
am	was	will be	I
are	were	will be	you
is	was	will be	He, she, it
are	were	will be	we
are	were	will be	you
are	were	will be	they

Примеры:

1. Are you sure every well-educated person should speak English?

2. Were you in Scotland last week?

3. Will you be on Trafalgar Square in London?

3. Отрицательные предложения: после требуемой формы to be ставится частица not: подлежащее + to be + not.

Местоимение (подлежащее)	Present	Past	Future
I	am not	was not (wasn`t)	will be (won`t)
you	are not (aren`t)	were not (wasn`t)	will be (won`t)
He, she, it	is not (isn`t)	was not (wasn`t)	will be (won`t)
we	are not (aren`t)	were not (wasn`t)	will be (won`t)
you	are not (aren`t)	were not (wasn`t)	will be (won`t)
they	are not (aren`t)	were not (wasn`t)	will be (won`t)

Примеры:

1. I am not from Great Britain, I am from Russia.

2. The word banana isn`t English word, it`s from one of the African language.

3. They won`t be 19, they will be 18.

1.2. Времена группы Simple (Indefinite)

1. Present Simple: Обозначает обычное, постоянное действие, свойственное подлежащему или общеизвестную истину. Образуется по формуле: подлежащее + V (Vs в 3 лице ед.числа). Употребляется с наречиями: usually (обычно), always (всегда), often (часто), sometimes (иногда), occasionally (время от времени), seldom (редко), never (никогда).

+	-	?
подлежащее + V (Vs)	подлежащее + don`t (doesn`t) + V	Do (Does) + подлежащее + V ?
I, we, you, they write. НО: He, she, it writes.	I, we, you, they don`t write. He, she, it doesn`t write.	Do I, we, you, they write? Does he, she, it write?

2. Past Simple: обозначает действие, произошедшее в прошлом.

Образуется по формуле: подлежащее + Ved (2 форма неправильного глагола). Употребляется с наречиями: yesterday (вчера), last week (на прошлой неделе), last year (на прошлой неделе), an hour ago (час назад), in 2013, the day before yesterday (позавчера).

+	-	?
подлежащее + Ved (2 форма неправильного глагола)	подлежащее + didn`t + V	Did + подлежащее + V ?
I, he, she, it, we, you, they played (went)	I, he, she, it, we, you, they didn`t play (go)	Did I, he, she, it, we, you, they play (go)?

3. Future Simple: обозначает действие, которое совершится в будущем. Образуется по формуле: подлежащее + will + V. Употребляется с наречиями: tomorrow (завтра), the day after tomorrow (послезавтра), next day (на следующий день), in a day (через день), in 2018.

+	-	?
подлежащее + will + V	подлежащее + will not (won`t) + V	Will + подлежащее + V ?
I, he, she, it, we, you, they will play go)	I, he, she, it, we, you, they will (`ll) play (go)	Will I, he, she, it, we, you, they play (go)?