V. Ways of defining international words in Ukrainian and English languages
In Ukrainian and English languages we can often define international words by:
Prefixes: anti- / анти-, ex- / екс-, inter- / інтер-, trans- / транс-, ultra- / ультра- ("antibody" / "антитіло", "export"/ " експортувати" , international" / "інтернаціональний", "transmission" / "трансмісія", "ultraviolet" / "ультрафіолетовий");
Suffixes: - ar/ - ap, - er / - ep, - ist / -іст / -ист, -ssion / -ciя, -tion / ("quasar" / "квазар", "actor" / "актор", "Volunteer "/ "волонтер", "humanist" / "гуманіст", "constitution" / "конституція", "aggression" / "агресія", "humoris" /"гуморист").
End: - um / - yм, - us / - yc, - a /, for example "memorandum"/"меморандум", "radius" / "радіус", "formula"/ "формула". [http://oplib.ru/random/view/178371]
Despite the large number of genuine internationalism, there is another group of international vocabulary, which is called translated or borrowed lexical units. They also have a common common structural form, but they are rarely similar in spelling or sound form. The borrowed internationalisms are basically different terms that denote the scientific and technical concepts: "brake" / "гальмо", "citric acid" / "лимонна кислота", "Specific gravity" / "питома вага", "non conducting" / "непровідність", "agreement"/ "узгодження", "government" / "керування".
A separate subgroup of genuine internationalism is proverb, sayings, and steel phrases used in their foreign form (dominated by Latin, French, English, German origin). Due to centuries of use, they have become familiar with the words related to bar barias: "status in statum" / "держава у державі", "finite la commedia"
(Ital.) / "настав кінець", "O.K., all right" (Engl.) / "усе гаразд", "c'est la vie" (Fr.)
/ "таке життя". [http://oplib.ru/random/view/178371]
We define them as international in the following ways:
they express the concepts of various sciences, technology, politics;
they are known not only in English, but also in a number of other European languages (French, German, Ukrainian, etc.);
they have a common language - source: Greek - antithesis, problem, economic, basis, antagonism, system; Latin - industry, expropriation, credit, consolidation, collective; French - exploitation, capitalism, socialism, class.
in all the languages in which they exist, they have the same meaning, that is they are international in meaning. []
VI. Classification of international words from the point of view of an interpreter
Unfortunately, there are no accurate criterion for defining the concept of internationalism, and therefore different scholars interpret this concept in different ways. The scientific definition of the notion of lexical internationalism is trying to give, arguing that internationalisms in linguistics should be called especially important forms of lexical community, which is an interlingual synchronous category, which manifests itself only when colliding or comparing languages [2; 13]. Белодед И.К. Интернациональные элементы в лексике и терминологии. — Харьков: Вища школа, 1980. — 208 с.
From the perspective of an interpreter international words can be divided into two groups:
actual international words
pseudo-internationalisms
Pseudo-internationalisms are also words that were formed from international morphemes and did not go beyond the specific language of the producer, that is, they were not borrowed in other languages (such as the Russian elevator) [; 63] Дайк Т.А., ван. Язык. Познание. Коммуникация/Пер. с англ.: Сб. работ/сост. В. В. Петров под ред. В. И. Герасимова; Вступ. ст. Ю. Н. Караулова и В. В. Петрова.- М.: Прогресс, 1989.- 312 с..
Such units are often an insurmountable problem for inexperienced translators. No wonder they are called "false or fake friends of the translator" (translator's false friends). []
Conclusions
To sum up, we can note that internationalism is an inter-language category, which appears only by comparing languages. Comparative study of international words is conducted mainly on the material of two or three languages.
However, an important feature of internationalisms is their vector character, i.e. a particular word can be considered as international only in terms of the particular language. The particular importance of internationalism in the development of modern languages is due to the fact that they are generally recognized forms of lexical-semantic expression of the most important concepts of modern culture. Undoubtedly, their importance is in overcoming the language barrier, either in language training or in translation, and the creation of international auxiliary language. []