- •Contents
- •Inflexions
- •1. Grammar as a science
- •2. Language and speech
- •1. Complete the sentences
- •Parts of speech
- •Parts of speech. The problem of classification
- •1. Complete the following sentences
- •2. Complete the chart on English stems with examples
- •3. Complete the chart on approaches to the problem of classification with their distinctive features
- •4. Read an extract; complete the given chart using the words out of the story.
- •1. The Verb. General notion
- •2. Classification of Verbs
- •1. Complete the sentences
- •2. Give a distinctive characteristic of the Verb as a Part of Speech from the following points of view
- •3. Complete the chart with your own examples
- •4. Complete the chart with your own examples
- •5. Complete the chart with your own examples
- •The Noun. General characteristic
- •Classification Of Nouns
- •Countables and uncountables
- •According to lexical meaning: common and proper
- •Possessive
- •To be treated as
- •Masculine
- •Feminine
- •2. Give a distinctive characteristic of the Noun as a Part of Speech from the following points of view:
- •Interchangeable
- •The Pronoun. General notion
- •Classification of Pronouns
- •Personal Pronouns
- •Indicate
- •I) Negative pronouns
- •1. Complete the sentences
- •2. Give a distinctive characteristic of the Pronoun as a Part of Speech from the following points of view:
- •3. Complete the chart with the examples
- •1. The Adjective. General notion
- •2. Classification of Adjectives
- •3. Degrees of Comparison
- •5. Substantivized Adjectives
- •6. The Adverb. General notion
- •7. Classification of Adverbs
- •8. Degrees Of Comparison
- •1. Complete the sentences
- •2. Give a distinctive characteristic of the Adjective and the Adverb as a Part of Speech from the following points of view
- •3. Complete the chart with 7 examples each section
- •3. Adjective or adverb? Circle the correct word.
- •1. The Numeral. General notion
- •2. Classification of the Numerals
- •1) According to form:
- •2) According to content:
- •3. The Article. General notions
- •2. Special Cases
- •1. No article:
- •2. The indefinite article
- •3. The definite article
- •1. Complete the sentences
- •2. Give a distinctive characteristic of the Noun as a Part of Speech from the following points of view
- •3. Complete the chart on the Numerals with examples
- •4. Countable or uncountable. Put in a, an or nothing (–).
- •1. The Interjection
- •1. Coordinating Conjunction
- •2. Subordinating Conjunction
- •3. Correlative Conjunction
- •3. The Preposition
- •1. Complete the sentences
- •2. Conjunctions. Choose the best conjunction to join the sentences.
- •4. Tenses with time conjunctions. Circle the correct form.
- •5. Put in for, from, to, at, in, off, on, through or under.
- •Investigate
- •1. Sentence as a unit of syntax
- •Interrogative (general, special, alternative, disjunctive)
- •Imperative
- •2. Parts of the Sentence
- •3. Word-groups
- •1. Complete the sentences
- •2. Write out of your home reading texts the examples of the different types of sentences
- •3. Read and extract, define the parts of speech in the sentences. Define the part of speech of the given words.
- •4. Read an extract; define the ways of connection among the words in the word-groups.
- •1. Composite sentences. General notion
- •2. Compound sentences
- •3. Intermediate types of composite sentences
- •Sentences with correlative clauses
- •Sentences with consecutive clauses
- •4. Complex sentences
- •1. Complete the sentences
- •2. Write out from your home reading texts composite sentences of different types.
- •3. Define the type of the following sentences and divide them into clauses (if possible):
- •A list of terms
Parts of speech. The problem of classification
What are the parts of speech? 2. What is a general classification of parts of speech? 3. What are the approaches to the problem of classification? 4. What is the difference between the Notional and Functional parts of speech? 5. What is the determiner and the connector?
According to their meaning, syntactical functions and morphological characteristics words fall into certain classes called parts of speech.
The following is a classification of the parts of speech in English:
1) nouns
2) adjectives
3) pronouns
4) numerals
5) verbs
6) adverbs
7) prepositions
8) conjunctions
9) articles
10) particles
11) parenthetical words
12) interjections
But that is not the only classification. There exist 4 approaches to the problem:
Classical – according to the Latin classification all words are divided into declinable and indeclinable.
Functional – according to Henry Sweet all words are divided into nominative parts (noun-words, adjective-words, verb) and particles (adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection).
Distributional – devised by Charles Fries it investigates the major classes and form-classes.
Complex – the principles on which the classification is bases are three in number: 1) meaning, 2) form, 3) function.
Thus, we divide Parts of speech into Notional and Structural.
Notional words have a full lexical meaning of their own.
Structural words have no lexical meaning and cannot be used as independent parts of the sentence. They are divided into connectors and determiners.
Connectors are used to connect words grammatically (prepositions, conjunctions, modals, auxiliary verbs, linking verbs).
Determiners are used to specify the meaning of the notional words they refer to (articles, particles, pronouns).
One and the same word may be as either notional or structural word in different contexts. E.g. do –do
PRACTICE
1. Complete the following sentences
Morphology is a part of …
A morpheme (morph) is …
Morphs are divided into …
A free morph can be …
A bound morph cannot be …
The roots of the words are …
The suffixes are …
Morphs can be …
Allomorphs are …
Allomorphs can be determined …
Morphemes are divided into …
Root is …
4 types of stems …
Simple stem contains …
Derivative stem contains …
Composite stem contains …
Compound stem contains …
Compound derivatives stem contains …
Affixes are …
2 types of affixes are …
Derivational affixes are …
Inflexional affixes are …
4 approaches to the problem of classification are …
Henry Sweet divided all the words into …
Complex classification is based on …
Parts of speech are divided into …
Notional words have …
Structural words have …
Structural words are divided into …
Connectors are …
Determiners are …