- •Contents
- •Inflexions
- •1. Grammar as a science
- •2. Language and speech
- •1. Complete the sentences
- •Parts of speech
- •Parts of speech. The problem of classification
- •1. Complete the following sentences
- •3. Complete the chart on approaches to the problem of classification with their distinctive features
- •4. Read an extract; complete the given chart using the words out of the story.
- •1. The Verb. General notion
- •2. Classification of Verbs
- •2. Complete the chart on English stems with examples
- •1. Complete the sentences
- •2. Give a distinctive characteristic of the Verb as a Part of Speech from the following points of view
- •3. Complete the chart with your own examples
- •4. Complete the chart with your own examples
- •5. Complete the chart with your own examples
- •The Noun. General characteristic
- •Classification Of Nouns
- •Countables and uncountables
- •According to lexical meaning: common and proper
- •Possessive
- •To be treated as
- •Masculine
- •Feminine
- •2. Give a distinctive characteristic of the Noun as a Part of Speech from the following points of view:
- •Interchangeable
- •The Pronoun. General notion
- •Classification of Pronouns
- •Personal Pronouns
- •Indicate
- •I) Negative pronouns
- •1. Complete the sentences
- •2. Give a distinctive characteristic of the Pronoun as a Part of Speech from the following points of view:
- •3. Complete the chart with the examples
- •1. The Adjective. General notion
- •2. Classification of Adjectives
- •3. Degrees of Comparison
- •5. Substantivized Adjectives
- •6. The Adverb. General notion
- •7. Classification of Adverbs
- •8. Degrees Of Comparison
- •1. Complete the sentences
- •2. Give a distinctive characteristic of the Adjective and the Adverb as a Part of Speech from the following points of view
- •3. Complete the chart with 7 examples each section
- •3. Adjective or adverb? Circle the correct word.
- •1. The Numeral. General notion
- •2. Classification of the Numerals
- •1) According to form:
- •2) According to content:
- •3. The Article. General notions
- •2. Special Cases
- •1. No article:
- •2. The indefinite article
- •3. The definite article
- •1. Complete the sentences
- •2. Give a distinctive characteristic of the Noun as a Part of Speech from the following points of view
- •3. Complete the chart on the Numerals with examples
- •4. Countable or uncountable. Put in a, an or nothing (–).
- •1. The Interjection
- •1. Coordinating Conjunction
- •2. Subordinating Conjunction
- •3. Correlative Conjunction
- •3. The Preposition
- •1. Complete the sentences
- •2. Conjunctions. Choose the best conjunction to join the sentences.
- •4. Tenses with time conjunctions. Circle the correct form.
- •5. Put in for, from, to, at, in, off, on, through or under.
- •Investigate
- •1. Sentence as a unit of syntax
- •Interrogative (general, special, alternative, disjunctive)
- •Imperative
- •2. Parts of the Sentence
- •3. Word-groups
- •1. Complete the sentences
- •2. Write out of your home reading texts the examples of the different types of sentences
- •3. Read and extract, define the parts of speech in the sentences. Define the part of speech of the given words.
- •4. Read an extract; define the ways of connection among the words in the word-groups.
- •1. Composite sentences. General notion
- •2. Compound sentences
- •3. Intermediate types of composite sentences
- •Sentences with correlative clauses
- •Sentences with consecutive clauses
- •4. Complex sentences
- •1. Complete the sentences
- •2. Write out from your home reading texts composite sentences of different types.
- •3. Define the type of the following sentences and divide them into clauses (if possible):
- •A list of terms
3. Read and extract, define the parts of speech in the sentences. Define the part of speech of the given words.
There are two sublevels in syntax: non-communicative and communicative. The main syntactic unit, representing the noncommunicative sublevel is the word-group, while the sentence is the basic syntactic unit of the communicative design. Though the word-group is unanimously recognized as a separate syntactic level unit, the definition of it has not yet been agreed upon.
The word-group is a separate language unit that qualitatively differs from other language units (a word, a clause, a sentence).
4. Read an extract; define the ways of connection among the words in the word-groups.
Grammar to the prescriptivist, historian, comparativist, functionalist, and descriptivist is then the organizational part of language—how speech is put together, how words and sentences are formed, and how messages are communicated. Specialists, such as Noam Chomsky, approach grammar quite differently—as a theory of language. By language, these scholars mean the knowledge human beings have that allows them to acquire any language. Such a grammar is a kind of universal grammar, an analysis of the principles underlying all the various human grammars. Specialists called transformational-generative grammarians, such as the American linguistic scholar Noam Chomsky, approach grammar quite differently—as a theory of language. By language, these scholars mean the knowledge human beings have that allows them to acquire any language. This is a kind of universal grammar, an analysis of the principles underlying all the human grammars. Thus Chomsky says: ‘Grammar is the theory that deals with the mechanisms of sentence constructions, which establish a sound-meaning relation in this language’.
C
Predication
Clause
Syndetically
Asyndetically
Compound
Sequence
Copulative
Adversative
Disjunctive
Causative
Comma
Semicolon
Colon
OMPOSITE SENTENCES
1. Composite sentences. General notion
1. What is a composite sentence? What are the types of the composite sentence? 3. What are the types of connection between the clauses? 4. What is the difference between the compound and complex sentences?
Composite sentences are sentences with two or more predications. They are divided into 2 main types: compound and complex.
Either type of the sentence consists of two or more clauses united semantically and grammatically. Each sentence has a subject and a predicate of its own.
Clauses may be connected syndetically (with conjunctions) and asyndetically.
The difference between compound and complex sentences is in the relations of coordination and subordination.