- •Contents
- •Inflexions
- •1. Grammar as a science
- •2. Language and speech
- •1. Complete the sentences
- •Parts of speech
- •Parts of speech. The problem of classification
- •1. Complete the following sentences
- •2. Complete the chart on English stems with examples
- •3. Complete the chart on approaches to the problem of classification with their distinctive features
- •4. Read an extract; complete the given chart using the words out of the story.
- •1. The Verb. General notion
- •2. Classification of Verbs
- •1. Complete the sentences
- •2. Give a distinctive characteristic of the Verb as a Part of Speech from the following points of view
- •3. Complete the chart with your own examples
- •4. Complete the chart with your own examples
- •5. Complete the chart with your own examples
- •The Noun. General characteristic
- •Classification Of Nouns
- •Countables and uncountables
- •According to lexical meaning: common and proper
- •Possessive
- •To be treated as
- •Masculine
- •Feminine
- •2. Give a distinctive characteristic of the Noun as a Part of Speech from the following points of view:
- •Interchangeable
- •The Pronoun. General notion
- •Classification of Pronouns
- •Personal Pronouns
- •Indicate
- •I) Negative pronouns
- •1. Complete the sentences
- •2. Give a distinctive characteristic of the Pronoun as a Part of Speech from the following points of view:
- •3. Complete the chart with the examples
- •1. The Adjective. General notion
- •2. Classification of Adjectives
- •3. Degrees of Comparison
- •5. Substantivized Adjectives
- •6. The Adverb. General notion
- •7. Classification of Adverbs
- •8. Degrees Of Comparison
- •1. Complete the sentences
- •2. Give a distinctive characteristic of the Adjective and the Adverb as a Part of Speech from the following points of view
- •3. Complete the chart with 7 examples each section
- •3. Adjective or adverb? Circle the correct word.
- •1. The Numeral. General notion
- •2. Classification of the Numerals
- •1) According to form:
- •2) According to content:
- •3. The Article. General notions
- •2. Special Cases
- •1. No article:
- •2. The indefinite article
- •3. The definite article
- •1. Complete the sentences
- •2. Give a distinctive characteristic of the Noun as a Part of Speech from the following points of view
- •3. Complete the chart on the Numerals with examples
- •4. Countable or uncountable. Put in a, an or nothing (–).
- •1. The Interjection
- •1. Coordinating Conjunction
- •2. Subordinating Conjunction
- •3. Correlative Conjunction
- •3. The Preposition
- •1. Complete the sentences
- •2. Conjunctions. Choose the best conjunction to join the sentences.
- •4. Tenses with time conjunctions. Circle the correct form.
- •5. Put in for, from, to, at, in, off, on, through or under.
- •Investigate
- •1. Sentence as a unit of syntax
- •Interrogative (general, special, alternative, disjunctive)
- •Imperative
- •2. Parts of the Sentence
- •3. Word-groups
- •1. Complete the sentences
- •2. Write out of your home reading texts the examples of the different types of sentences
- •3. Read and extract, define the parts of speech in the sentences. Define the part of speech of the given words.
- •4. Read an extract; define the ways of connection among the words in the word-groups.
- •1. Composite sentences. General notion
- •2. Compound sentences
- •3. Intermediate types of composite sentences
- •Sentences with correlative clauses
- •Sentences with consecutive clauses
- •4. Complex sentences
- •1. Complete the sentences
- •2. Write out from your home reading texts composite sentences of different types.
- •3. Define the type of the following sentences and divide them into clauses (if possible):
- •A list of terms
I
Investigate
Convey
Utterance
Declarative
Exclamatory
Predication
Pattern
NTRODUCTION INTO SYNTAX
1. Sentence as a unit of syntax
1. What is the object of investigation of the Syntax? 2. What is the sentence? 3. What are the principles of classification of the sentences? 4. What is a fuller?
Syntax investigates the sentences and the parts of the sentence.
The sentence is the smallest unit of speech conveying a thought and built in accordance with the laws of grammar.
Sentences can be classified either according to the purpose of the utterance or according to the structure.
1) According to the purpose of the utterance we distinguish four kinds of sentences:
declarative
Interrogative (general, special, alternative, disjunctive)
Imperative
exclamatory
2) According to the structure may be simple and composite.
Sentences with only one predication are called simple sentences. Sentences with more than one predication are composite.
Simple sentence may be complete or incomplete in form.
A fuller is a sentence with full predication.
Incomplete sentences are called elliptical.
2. Parts of the Sentence
1. What pattern is used for most English sentences? 2. What are the principle parts of the sentence? 3. What are the secondary parts of the sentence? 4. What part of speech is subject/predicate/object/AM represented by?
English sentence follow a subject-predicate-object format that means that all sentences are built in accordance with a pattern existing in the language.
The subject-predicate structure is characteristic of most sentences.
The subject and the predicate are the principal parts of the sentence. The secondary parts of the sentence are attributes, objects and adverbial modifiers. They are divided into verb complements (objects, adverbial modifier) and noun complements (attributes).
Subject |
Predicate |
Object |
Adverbial modifier |
A noun |
Verb |
A noun |
An adverb |
Substantivized word |
Linking verb + a noun |
A noun-pronoun |
Preposition + pronoun |
A numeral |
|
An infinitive |
A noun word-group |
An infinitive |
|
A gerund |
Several modifiers (how? Where? When?) |
A gerund |
|
Complex object |
|
T
Word-group
Sentence
Head-word
Coordination
Subordination
Agreement
Government
Adjoinment
Adjunct-word
Prepositional government
Adjoinment
he subject and the predicate with their complements make up respectively the subject group and the predicate group.The secondary parts of the sentence may have their own modifiers and thus form their own syntactical groups (the object group, the attributive group, the adverbial group).
Thus most sentences consist of two or more syntactical groups.