1. Translate words and word combinations in brackets into English. Translate

the sentences:

1. Each petroleum product is an assortment of different molecules, selected and (смешивать) so that the finished mixture has the appropriate properties.

2. Work done on the gaseous (смесь топлива) and air during (такт сжатия) raises its temperature, so the mixture may be ignited spontaneously before (запальная свеча) fires.

3. Some hydrocarbon molecules are more (летучий) than others - converting eas­ily into a gas.

4. At any given moment, the two molecules have (небольшие разноименные заряды) that pull them towards one another.

5. (Устойчивость к детонации) is normally characterized by a gasoline’s (октановое число).

6. In formulating a gasoline, (нефтеперегонный завод) blends various hydrocar­bons to achieve an octane number of about 87 for regular.

7. In a diesel engine (жидкое топливо впрыскивается в цилиндр) filled with very hot, high pressure air.

8. (Машинное масло и твердый парафин) are even less volatile than fuel oil and contain molecules of between 20 and 50 carbon atoms.

9. The (непредельный парафин) molecules are able to joint together to form crys­talline solids.

j) The molecules in oil do slide across one another quite easily and it is (эта подвижность).

2. Give equivalents to the following word combinations:

Petroleum product, refinery plant, летучий, knocking, branched paraffin mole­cules, diesel fuel, at room temperature, топочный мазут, volatility, electrical dipoles, непредельные парафины, operating temperature, motor oil, research octane num­ber, сырая нефть, antiknock compounds, jet fuel, paraffin wax, semi-solid material, машинное масло, good lubricant, to pave roads, oxygen, odorless gas, плотность.

3. Translate the following text:

Crude Oil and Its Characteristics. Oil produced directly from wells is called crude. When oil is extracted from an oil reservoir it contains rock particles, water as well as salts and gases dissolved in it. These impurities cause equipment corrosion and serious problems when crude oil transporting and processing. Thus for oil export or delivery to refineries located far from productive oil fields oil is to be processed, that is water, mechanical im­purities, salts and waxes are removed, gas is evolved. Gas and the most light hydrocarbons are to be evolved from oil composition as they are valuable products that may be lost in the process of oil storage. Besides when transporting oil via pipeline the presence of light gases may result in gas bags formation in high pipeline parts. Oil purified from impurities, water and gases is supplied to refineries where after oil processing different oil products are obtained. Both crude oil and oil products quality is defined by composition, that defines also oil processing direction and influences on the kind of final products.

4. Translate into English:

Первичная добыча сырой нефти осуществляется под естественным давлении и позволяет извлечь от 25% до 30% нефти.

Вторичная добыча увеличивает эффективность до 35%, путём закачки воды в месторождения.

Третичная добыча предполагает дополнительное извлечение нефти с исполь­зованием новых технологий.

Сырая нефть - это маслянистая жидкость, представляющая собой в основном смесь углеводородов (75%) трёх типов: парафины, нафтены (naphtnen) и аромати­ческие углеводороды.

Сырая нефть не используется ни в качестве топлива, ни в качестве сырья для химии. Она должна быть переработана.

Переработка делится на первичную - атмосферно-вакуумную, и вторичную

• крекинг.

Главной задачей переработки нефти является ее перегонка, которая позволяет разделить нефть на фракции.

Методы переработки нефти так же можно подразделить на физические и хи­мические. Физические методы основаны на различии температур кипения.