- •1. Syntax. The definition of the phrase. Types of phrases and ways of expressing syntactic relations
- •2. The Direct Method
- •3.The Information gap technique
- •Homonymy: definition and classification
- •The Natural Approach
- •1. Simple sentence. Types of sentences according to their structure. Communicative types of sentence
- •The Silent Way
- •2.Communicative competence and its elements
- •3. The Concept of Polylingual Education in the Republic of Kazakhstan
- •Composite sentences. Types of composite sentences according to their structure
- •Backward Build-up. Expansion Drill
- •The Suggestopedia method
- •3. The Repetition Drill
1. Simple sentence. Types of sentences according to their structure. Communicative types of sentence
A simple sentence contains a single subject and predicate. It describes only one thing, idea or question, and has only one verb - it contains only an independent (main) clause.
Types of sentences according to their structure . A simple sentence comprises only one clause (main or independent clause). A main clause has both the subject and the verb and expresses a complete meaning. Hence, a simple sentence is simply a main clause. It has no dependent clause.
A compound sentence has two independent clauses joined by a linking word (and, but, or, so, yet, however). Each independent clause could be a sentence by itself, but we connect them with a linking word: I‘m happy, but my kids are always complaining.
A complex sentence has one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.
A dependent clause cannot be a complete sentence by itself.
I’m happy, even though I don’t make much money.
A compound-complex sentence contains 3 or more clauses: 2 independent and at least 1dependent clause.
I’m happy, even though I don’t make much money, but my kids are always complaining since we can’t afford to buy the newest toys.
Independent clauses: “I’m happy” and “my kids are always complaining” Dependent clauses: “even though I don’t make much money” and “since we can’t afford to buy the newest toys” Linking word: “but”
Communicative types of sentence
Term |
Explanation |
Russian equivalent |
Declarative sentence |
The declarative sentence is the sentence containing a statement which gives the reader of the listener some information about various events, activities or attitudes, thoughts and feelings. |
Повествовательное предложение |
Interrogative sentence |
The interrogative sentence is the sentence containing a question. The communicative function of such a sentence is asking for information. |
Вопросительное предложение |
General question |
The general question is the question about the whole sentence which can be answered either positively or negatively.In the case of such a question the speaker is interested to know whether a phenomenon/event asked about exists or not. |
Общий вопрос |
Pronominal question |
The pronominal question is the question asked to get more detailed and precise information about the phenomenon/event known to the speaker/reader. The question opens with an interrogative pronoun or a pronominal adverb. |
Местоименный вопрос |
Tag question |
The tag question is a short “yes-no” question added to a statement. |
Подтверждающий вопрос |
Alternative question |
The alternative question is the question which implies a choice between two or more variants of answer. it can take the form of a general question or a pronominal question. |
Разделительный вопрос |
Rhetorical question |
The rhetorical question is the question containing a statement disguised as a question. Usually no answer to the rhetorical question is expected. |
Риторический вопрос |
Imperative sentence |
The imperative sentence is the sentence which expresses a command which conveys the desire of the speaker to make someone (the listener) perform a certain action. Besides commands as such, such sentences can express (depending on the situation, context, wording and intonation). |
Побудительное предложение |
Exclamatory sentence |
The exclamatory sentence is the sentence which shows strong or sudden feeling. |
Восклицательное предложение |