III. Sections: Attitudes to war, Morale

1. Match the words and phrases in List A with those in List B. Learn these lexical units.

List A

List B

nationalist nationalistic warlike belligerent defeatism to demonstrate loyalty to take an oath of allegiance jingoism extreme nationalism warmongering sabre-rattling hawk dove belligerent nations high morale to boost morale to maintain morale to destroy morale to perform a heroic deed to sell out to the enemy to commit high treason to turn traitor to betray your principles bullying

a. становиться предателем b. милитарист c. дедовщина d. поднимать боевой дух e. совершать подвиг f. продаться врагу g. совершать государственную измену h. высокий боевой дух i. сторонник мира j. пораженчество k. подстрекательство к войне l. националистический m. шовинизм n. агрессивный o. крайний национализм p. воюющие государства q. поддерживать боевой дух r. подрывать боевой дух s. бряцание оружием; угрозы t. выказывать преданность u. давать воинскую присягу v. национально-освободительный w. изменять своим принципам x. воинственный

2. Give synonyms for the following words and phrases.

nationalistic, belligerent, to switch (allegiance), to take (an oath of allegiance), divided loyalties, ardent (patriotism), extreme (nationalism), belligerence, hawk, jingoistic, belligerent (nations), to boost (morale), to maintain (morale), to destroy (morale), to demonstrate (valour), to perform (a heroic feat), to betray (your ideals), betrayal, bullying

3. Suggest words and expressions that correspond to the following definitions.

1. an attitude that shows you think you will fail

2. strong feelings of love, respect, pride and duty towards their country and the willingness to defend it (used to show approval)

3. very unfriendly and wanting to argue or fight

4. the crime of being disloyal to your country or its government, especially by helping its enemies or trying to remove the government using violence

5. showing strong dislike or fear of people from other countries and cultures

6. faithful to your country, friends, principles etc

7. trying to achieve political independence for a particular nation

8. believing that your own nation is better than any other nation, and having no respect for people from other countries (used to show disapproval)

9. the quality of being faithful to a leader, country, belief etc

10. to start to support a different a leader, country, belief etc

11. to have a duty to someone

12. two strong feelings of loyalty that you must choose between; a feeling of wanting to be loyal to two people or groups that oppose each other

13. talking and behaving in a way that threatens military action

14. the quality of being unfaithful to a leader, country, belief etc

15. someone, especially a politician or a military leader, who is too keen to increase the size and power of their country's armed forces so that it can attack other countries; a politician who prefers using military force to more peaceful methods (used to show disapproval)

16. a politician who wants to use peaceful methods to solve problems rather than fighting

17. the level of confidence and positive feelings that people have, especially when in a dangerous or difficult situation

18. the ability to do something that you know is right or good, even though it is dangerous, frightening, or very difficult

19. to be disloyal to your country or a person, often by doing something harmful such as helping their enemies

20. someone who is not loyal to their country, friends, or beliefs; someone who tells secrets about their own country to a country that is their enemy

4. Match the words in List A with those in List B to form phrases.

List A	List B
fighting to improve to betray to commit to pledge to be loyal warlike warring defeatist mixed fervent to display heroic to perform to sell out	a. deed b. belligerence c. a heroic feat d. to the enemy e. morale f. patriotism g. spirit h. loyalties i. allegiance j. powers k. to the government l. attitude m. stance n. your principles o. high treason

5. Fill the gaps in the sentences with prepositions or adverbial particles if necessary.

1. He was accused ….. treason ….. the nation.

2. They swore allegiance ….. the government.

3. If Henry failed to abide ….. these terms his barons were to transfer their allegiance ….. Philip and Richard.

4. I do accept that occasionally it's necessary to promote a volunteer in order to keep ….. morale in the ranks.

5. They were awarded ….. medals ….. their bravery.

6. The young soldier was decorated ….. the Military Cross.

7. The country has sold ….. its principles in yielding ….. the demands of a small but powerful group.

8. William Joyce was convicted ….. treason ….. the grand scale.

9. He didn’t turn ….. traitor ….. the King.

10. There are people who are prepared to betray their country ..... money.

11. The officer was charged with selling out ..... the enemy.

12. Treason was a crime no greater than being disloyal ..... one who claimed to be an overlord.

6. Choose the word or phrase (from the list) that best completes each of the sentences below. Change the grammatical form of the word or phrase if necessary.

military, patriotic, charge, to command, oath, nationalist sentiment, defeatist, bellicose, to swear, political loyalties, to complete, militarism, patriotism, ardent, sell-out, xenophobia, to raise, nationalist

1. The country slipped into a dangerous mixture of nationalism and ..... .

2. Sensible and justifiable decisions, properly communicated would ….. morale rather than diminish it.

3. Several groups have decried the peace accord as a ….. .

4. He was tried on ….. of treason.

5. The death and destruction tore apart families whose ….. were also divided in what was essentially a civil war.

6. The general made some ….. statements about his country's armed forces.

7. The volunteers were fortified by their ..... belief.

8. The crisis has set off a wave of ..... feelings in Quebec.

9. Political life has been infected by growing ..... .

10. Soldiers must ..... allegiance to the Crown.

11. Much will depend on whether the government can continue ..... the loyalty of its troops and bureaucrats.

12. We live in an age when ….. is often sneered at.

7. Choose the word or phrase (from the list) that best completes each of the sentences below. Change the grammatical form of the word or phrase if necessary.

to undermine, staunch, to win, political loyalty, aggression, allegiance, to raise, chauvinist, to cause, treason, to pledge, militarist, valour, extreme, belligerent, sabre-rattling, to betray, morale

1. The leaders discussed the danger posed by an upsurge of ..... nationalism.

2. What the situation calls for is calm discussion – not ….. .

3. Television violence can encourage ..... in children.

4. They were ..... British patriots and had portraits of the Queen in their flat.

5. Religious ..... have been the main cause of trouble in the province.

6. The ….. wanted Japan to invade China.

7. ..... among the soldiers has been low.

8. He was decorated for ..... in the war.

9. In 1944, he ..... the Military Cross for bravery.

10. The new government ..... the ideals of the revolution.

11. He was now arrested, tried for ..... for his support of Jane Grey and condemned to death.

12. He decided his first task was to try ..... the battered morale of his troops.

8. Translate these sentences. Give synonymous translations if possible.

1. Военное завоевание данной территории стало возможным из-за предательства местной политической элиты.

2. Он истинный патриот, а не какой-нибудь шовинист.

3. Они вели себя агрессивно по отношению к тем, кто имел другое мнение.

4. Нельзя поддаваться пораженческим настроениям даже в самые критические моменты войны.

5. Солдаты присягнули на верность королю.

6. Ксенофобия стала широко распространенным явлением в мире.

7. Командир дивизии понимал, что надо как-то поднять боевой дух в войсках.

8. Такое решение может подорвать боевой дух среди солдат.

9. Он был награжден медалью за то, что совершил подвиг на поле боя.

10. В военное время человек, обвиненный в измене родине, может быть казнен.

11. Политическая элита страны продалась сверхдержаве.

12. Его судили по обвинению в государственной измене.

13. Он стал предателем, когда понял, что у него нет другой возможности спасти свою жизнь.

14. Не следует путать чувство национальной гордости с крайним национализмом.

15. Вопрос об отмене всеобщей военной обязанности расколол политическое сообщество в стране.

16. Волна патриотизма всколыхнула страну.

17. Пораженческие настроения правительства возмутили широкую общественность.

18. Сторонники жесткого курса находятся в большинстве в парламенте страны.

19. Сторонники мира называют его милитаристом.

20. Министерству обороны необходимо принять самые жесткие меры, чтобы положить конец дедовщине в армии.