5. Militancy and subversion

1. to rebel (against sb / sth) | to revolt (against sb / sth) | to rise (up) (against sb / sth) | to rise (up) in (open) rebellion / revolt (against sb / sth) [intransitive] to take strong and often violent action against authority, usually with the aim of taking power away from them поднимать восстание / мятеж, бунтовать, восставать: The eastern provinces are likely to rebel if they are not given more freedom. | When senior army officers rebelled, the President was forced to flee the country. | The citizens at last rebelled against their cruel rulers, drove them from the country, and took power themselves. | If the army revolted or went over to the opposition, all was lost. | It was feared that the army would revolt against the government. | They rose up and overthrew the government. | The people rose up against the oppressor / tyrant / dictator. | The slaves rose up in rebellion. | Eventually the people rose against the oppressive regime. | The Russian people rose in rebellion in 1917. | The Bretons rose in rebellion against the King.

2. to riot [intransitive] to behave in a violent and uncontrolled way, for example by fighting the police and damaging cars or buildings бунтовать, поднимать бунт; принимать участие в бунте

to riot: Students were rioting in the streets. | Gangs of youths rioted for two nights on the streets of the capital. | At the time of the shooting the students were not rioting or causing civil disruption. | Hundreds of prisoners rioted on April 1 in the overcrowded prison.

to riot in protest at / against sth: University students rioted in protest at tuition fees. | Whole districts were rioting in protest at mass unemployment. | Prisoners in several jails have rioted in protest at their appalling conditions. | They rioted in protest against the government.

3. to mutiny [intransitive] if a group of people, especially soldiers or sailors, mutinies, they refuse to accept someone's authority or attempt to take control from people in authority поднять мятеж, взбунтоваться

to mutiny: Units stationed around the capital mutinied because they had received no pay for nine months. | The crew mutinied and murdered the ship's captain.

to mutiny against sb / sth: The troops mutinied against their officers. | At last the sailors mutinied against the captain's unjust use of his power.

to mutiny over sth: The soldiers mutinied over the non-payment of wages.

4. to plot [intransitive; transitive] | to conspire [intransitive] to make a secret plan with other people to do something bad or illegal, especially in politics устраивать / организовывать / составлять заговор; тайно замышлять; сговариваться; плести интриги, строить козни

to plot against sb / sth | to conspire against sb / sth // with sb: He suspected that the military were secretly plotting against him. | They are awaiting trial on charges of plotting against the state. | He conspired against the existing government.| There was no doubt that they were conspiring with other African guerrilla movements.

to plot to do sth | to conspire (with sb // against sb) to do sth: The men were charged with plotting to overthrow the government / to plant the biggest bomb ever in Central London. | They conspired to overthrow the government. | They are jointly accused of conspiring with others to cause an explosion likely to endanger life. | I believe he was conspiring against me to put me in prison.

to plot sth: The army is plotting the overthrow of the government. | The military were plotting a coup. | He warned that they might be plotting a coup against the administration. | It was widely believed that the outlaws had been plotting an insurrection.

5. to subvert [transitive] (formal) to try to weaken or destroy the power and influence of a government or an established system, especially by attacking it indirectly in written or spoken material заниматься подрывной деятельностью; разрушать; свергать, ниспровергать, низлагать: Smith was sentenced to 14 years for plotting to subvert the government / democratic process. | The rebel army is attempting to subvert the state.

6. to sabotage [transitive] (1) to secretly damage or destroy equipment, weapons or buildings in order to prevent the success of an enemy or competitor организовывать диверсию; заниматься вредительством; проводить / вести подрывную деятельность: The rebels had tried to sabotage the oil pipeline. | The railway line was sabotaged by enemy commandos. | The main pipeline supplying water was sabotaged by rebels. | Every single fighter plane was sabotaged.

(2) to deliberately spoil someone's plans because you do not want them to succeed саботировать: The attack is being seen as a deliberate attempt to sabotage the peace talks. | This was a deliberate attempt to sabotage the ceasefire. | He said that the opposition had done everything possible to sabotage the elections.

7. to crack / clamp down (on sb / sth) [intransitive] to make a determined attempt to stop people doing something bad or illegal применять суровые / жесткие меры; подавлять: The government is determined to crack down on terrorism / terrorists. | The police are cracking down hard on violent crime. | The government plans to clamp down on illegal militant groups. | We must clamp down now, before it's too late to stop the trouble.

8. rebellion | revolt | insurrection (formal) | insurgency (formal) [countable; uncountable] | uprising | rising (British English) [countable] an organized attempt by a group of people to take control of their country by force восстание; бунт, мятеж: In 1968, a student rebellion in Paris sparked off a nationwide general strike. | This was the best-known and recorded peasant revolt in Soviet history, yet its practical achievements were nil. | The day after that, the leaders of the insurrection surrendered. | This new party was briefly banned for arousing political turmoil that led to street insurrections in October 1993. | The government is reported to be concerned about the growing insurgency in the South. | The late President Ferdinand Marcos was overthrown by a popular uprising in 1986. | Peasant uprisings were the first signs of discontent among the people. | The short-lived uprising fizzled out in the face of strong opposition from government forces. | In December there followed the most extensive anarchist rising of the entire Republican period. | Peasant violence was generally localized and poorly organized, but there were serious risings in almost every decade of the seventeenth century.

rebellion / revolt / insurgency / insurrection / uprising / rising against sb: It was undeniably a revolt by ordinary people against their leaders. | The French Revolution began with a popular revolt against a new "salt tax." | A small but destructive minority has turned from religious zeal to crime, or to insurrection against its own governments. | So appalling were conditions that rumours spread of a possible uprising against the regime.

to incite / instigate / foment / stir up (a) rebellion / revolt / insurgency / insurrection / uprising / rising провоцировать восстание, подстрекать к восстанию: The revolt in the north is believed to have been instigated by a high-ranking general. | The day he shook off their protection they instigated a guerrilla uprising backed by their own troops. | They were accused of fomenting rebellion.

to stage / mount / launch a rebellion / revolt / insurgency / insurrection / uprising / rising поднимать восстание: A rebel army of political dissidents staged a rebellion in December 1989. | They staged a rebellion against Spanish rule in Mexico. | At least 20 of the rebel junior officers who staged the uprising surrendered by late afternoon. | They were plotting to stage an armed insurrection if negotiations with the government should fail.

to be in revolt (against sb) бунтовать, восставать: The army is in revolt (against its commanders).

to lead / head a rebellion / revolt / insurgency / insurrection / uprising / rising возглавлять восстание, руководить / управлять / командовать восстанием: The Duke of Ormond led a military rebellion against the new king. | He then led a revolt against Constantine in Gaul, which was defeated, and committed suicide at Marseilles in 310. | Louverture headed the revolt of the slaves in the French colony of San Domingo.

to mastermind / orchestrate a rebellion / revolt / insurgency / insurrection / uprising / rising тайно руководить организацией восстания: The colonel was able to orchestrate a rebellion from inside an army jail.

to put down / crush / quell / quash / suppress / repress / defeat / fight (a) rebellion / revolt / insurgency / insurrection / uprising / rising подавлять восстание: Troops were used to put down a rebellion and arrest hundreds of protestors. | Herrera knew that if his government failed to put down the revolt, it would spread to outlying areas. | The new leader put down the uprising by dispatching government troops to the area. | The army was brought in to crush the rebellion. | Troops loyal to the President crushed the revolt. | The military operation was the first step in a plan to crush the uprising. | Troops were sent in to crush the uprising at Carandiru prison in Sao Paulo. | The President took immediate steps to quell the uprising. | He was prepared to suppress rebellion by shooting down protesters. | The Confederate government provided troops to suppress slave revolts. | Force is conveniently used to suppress political uprising. | This runs parallel with the use of force to suppress uprisings in poor nations against policies of these same institutions. | Rebellions in the area were bloodily repressed by pro-government forces. | I would have thought it a proper job for the Army to fight rebellion.

a rebellion / revolt / insurgency / insurrection / uprising / rising starts / breaks out / erupts вспыхивает восстание: The rebellion started in Kilalla and spread quickly through the Western provinces.

a rebellion / revolt / insurgency / insurrection / uprising / rising occurs / materializes восстание происходит: A rebellion by radicals failed to materialize.

the rebellion / revolt / insurgency / insurrection / uprising / rising spreads to / through / across a particular place восстание распространяется на какой-то территории: The rebellion spread quickly through the Western Provinces.

a rebellion / revolt / insurgency / insurrection / uprising / rising sweeps a country охватывает / захлестывает страну: In 1880, a peasant revolt swept the country in protest at the tax on salt.

armed rebellion / revolt / insurgency / insurrection / uprising / rising вооруженный мятеж: Threats of an armed rebellion caused tightened security measures across the country. | The peasants rose in armed revolt. | The immediate sequel was an armed uprising in several cities, headed by Moscow. | The reign of civil disorder and terrorism culminated in armed insurrection.

open rebellion / revolt открытый бунт

popular rebellion / revolt / insurgency / insurrection / uprising / rising народное восстание: The regime was overthrown by a popular uprising on December 22, 1989. | Marcos was overthrown in 1986 after a popular uprising.

abortive / failed rebellion / revolt / insurgency / insurrection / uprising / rising неудавшаяся попытка мятежа: a failed uprising against French colonial rule | Recruits to the rebel cause were also thought to include students and survivors of the failed 1985 uprising led by Brig.

9. revolution [countable; uncountable] a successful attempt by a large group of people to change their government or the political system of their country, usually by force революция; восстание; переворот: The country seems to be heading towards revolution. | The colonial revolution could not by its own forces bring about the downfall of imperialism. | The period since the revolution has been one of political turmoil.

to bring about / carry out / stage / conduct a revolution совершать революцию: It needed and wanted to bring about a revolution.

to incite / instigate / foment / stir up (a) revolution провоцировать восстание, подстрекать к восстанию: They were accused of fomenting revolution.

a revolution happens / occurs совершается / происходит революция: Abandoned by her family and deserted by her servants, Elena Petrescu was incapable of grasping that a revolution had happened.

a revolution starts / breaks out / erupts вспыхивает восстание

a country erupts into revolution в стране совершается / происходит революция: Just 12 days after the emperor's death, the country erupted into revolution.

the revolution spreads to / through / across a particular place восстание распространяется на какой-то территории

to lead / head a revolution возглавлять восстание, руководить / управлять / командовать восстанием: No one can be certain what would have happened if the Communist Party had tried to lead a revolution in May 1968.

to mastermind / orchestrate a revolution тайно руководить организацией восстания

to put down / crush / quell / quash / suppress / repress / defeat a revolution подавлять восстание: The revolution was crushed within days.

10. riot [countable; uncountable] a noisy, violent and uncontrolled protest by a crowd of people бунт; беспорядки: Ethnic tensions led to a massive race riot. | Riots during the election were dealt with by the police. | A peaceful rally turned into a riot after police fired into the crowd.

riot against sb / sth: Last autumn's riots against President Mobutu saw a repetition of this panic. | We met on the streets of Whitehall, central London, during the now infamous riots against capitalism earlier this year.

to incite / instigate / foment / stir up a riot подстрекать к бунту: He has blamed the police for causing the May Day riot, siding with the Front. | There were not enough of them to start a riot.

to cause / provoke / spark (off) / trigger (off) / touch off a riot вызывать / провоцировать бунт: The new laws sparked prison riots across the country. | His murder triggered vicious race riots.

to put down / crush / quell / quash / suppress / repress / end a riot подавлять бунт: The army was called in to put down the riots. | The riot was put down by force. | Seven people were hurt as police tried to quell the riot. | It was said that armed mounted troopers were grouped outside the oval to quell a possible riot. | More than 150 officers battled to end the riots outside the embassy.

a riot starts / breaks out / erupts вспыхивает бунт: A riot broke out after a police shooting of a local man. | Riots erupted in the capital after police banned two anti-government demonstrations. | Inner-city riots erupted when a local man was shot by police.

race riot расовые беспорядки: In 1943 there were violent race riots in Detroit in which 25 black people died. | These groups have also been accused of plotting to trigger more race riots in Oldham and Bradford.

riots spread to / through / across a particular place бунты распространяются на какой-то территории: Racial tension boiled over in the inner city riots which spread across the nation last week.

riot gear protective clothes and equipment: Police in riot gear lined up at the end of the street.

11. unrest | rioting [uncountable] | disturbance [countable; uncountable] (formal) angry or violent behaviour by people who are protesting against something (массовые) беспорядки, волнения, бесчинства, неповиновение, акция неповиновения: The government blamed the unrest on the activities of several small left-wing groups intent on creating general instability. | The government is afraid of further serious rioting today. | They needed more troops to quell the ever-rising tide of rioting. | The election passed without any disturbance. | Israel was reported to be offering guidance to the army on controlling civil disturbances. | Violent disturbances have left at least ten people dead. | Some say that the rising number of people in an area is bound to create occasional disturbances.

growing / mounting unrest усиливающиеся беспорядки / волнения: There is growing unrest throughout the country. | There is growing unrest among students in several major cities. | There was a growing unrest among the younger residents. | In the face of mounting political and industrial unrest, Asquith may have been anxious to head off further confrontation with feminists.

to be in a state of unrest: For several weeks students at the university have been in a state of unrest.

to incite / instigate / foment / stir up unrest / disturbance(s) подстрекать к беспорядкам / волнениям: Along with hate crimes, police violence and abuse continued to incite racial disturbances in the early 1980s. | There is a certain amount of evidence to suggest that local Tory leaders played a part in inciting the unrest.

to cause / provoke / spark (off) / trigger (off) / touch off / lead to / fan / create unrest / disturbances вызывать беспорядки / волнения: A defector was quoted in January as saying that hunger had even caused unrest in the army. | The tensions generated by the Gulf war have not caused as much unrest as December's strikes and riots. | The raising of fuel prices by 36 percent in June led to widespread unrest. | In their existing forms, reforms looked likely to lead to social unrest and further disturbances. | He said students were fanning social unrest with their violent protests.

unrest / disturbance(s) start(s) / break(s) out / erupt(s) вспыхивают беспорядки / волнения: Social unrest, never far below the surface in Brazil, has erupted over the last few days.

unrest / disturbance(s) spread(s) to / through / across a particular place беспорядки / волнения распространяются на какой-то территории: The unrest then spread to secondary schools in Conakry.

to put down / crush / quell / quash / suppress / repress unrest / disturbance(s) подавлять беспорядки / волнения: Troops eventually quelled the unrest. | The security forces counter-attacked the following day and quelled the unrest. | In New Orleans in May 1861, disturbances among the slave population were suppressed by the militia.

civil unrest / disturbance(s) гражданское неповиновение: The Foreign Office is advising people not to travel to the area, because of civil unrest. | It is feared that the civil unrest we are now witnessing in this country could lead to full-scale civil war. | He chose November 5 as a traditional day of civil disturbance.

political unrest / disturbance(s) политические беспорядки: In times of political unrest, the danger that extreme measures will be taken increases. | The capital city is facing growing political unrest.

social / popular unrest / disturbance(s) социальные волнения, общественное недовольство: He is acutely conscious that this transition will bring with it the risk of social unrest. | There are growing signs of more broadly-based popular unrest.

labour / industrial // peasant unrest / disturbance(s) волнения среди / в среде рабочих // крестьян: A faltering economy and a recent wave of labour unrest have affected the new party's popularity. | In addition, peasant unrest in areas where there was significant private landholding had reached serious proportions by May. | But the sharp decline in peasant disturbances in the pre-war years pointed to peaceful development. | The Tambov revolt and other peasant disturbances were soon contained and squashed.

student / campus unrest / disturbance(s) студенческие волнения: The student unrest of 1988 needs to be addressed next. | Such isolated incidents of student unrest rapidly became a mass movement.

racial unrest / disturbance(s) расовые волнения / беспорядки: Along with hate crimes, police violence and abuse continued to incite racial disturbances in the early 1980s.

12. mutiny [countable; uncountable] a refusal by a group to accept someone's authority and / or an attempt to take control from people in authority, especially a group of soldiers or sailors мятеж, восстание, бунт: There were rumours of mutiny among the troops. | Thirteen soldiers were sentenced to life imprisonment for mutiny. | The mutiny will not take place. | A series of coup attempts and mutinies within the armed forces destabilized the regime.

to incite / instigate / foment / stir up a mutiny | to stir sb to mutiny подстрекать к мятежу: Discontented men stirred the crew to mutiny.

to provoke / spark (off) / trigger (off) / touch off / lead to a mutiny вызывать мятеж, приводить к мятежу: Dissatisfaction, exacerbated by the non-payment of the usual bonuses, led to a mass exodus and mutiny.

to put down / crush / quell / quash / suppress / repress a riot подавлять мятеж: Soldiers and police killed 250-300 prisoners while crushing mutinies in three jails.

a mutiny breaks out / erupts вспыхивает мятеж

to lead / head a mutiny возглавлять мятеж, руководить / командовать мятежом: He led a mutiny against the captain.

13. coup (d'état) | takeover [countable] an occasion when a group of people takes control of a country, usually by means of military force (государственный) переворот; захват власти: Haiti's first elected president was deposed in a violent military coup.

to plot a coup готовить (государственный) переворот

to stage / launch / mount / wage a coup (against sb) организовывать / осуществлять (государственный) переворот: A band of young disillusioned officers staged a coup. | Seif says he spent most of last year coaxing his father into transforming his 35-year-old revolution, which Gaddafi has led since he waged a military coup in 1969.

to lead a coup возглавлять (государственный) переворот: He led a successful coup against the government of Iraq.

to attempt a coup совершить попытку (государственного) переворота

coup attempt | attempted coup попытка (государственного) переворота: The coup attempt was followed by police brutality, executions, and torture. | He was jailed for his part in the attempted coup.

failed / abortive coup (attempt) неудавшийся (государственный) переворот: He evaded capture after the failed coup. | It was the worst violence Moscow had seen since the failed coup of August 1991.

14. plot [countable] | conspiracy [countable; uncountable] a secret plan by a group of people to do something bad or illegal, especially in politics заговор; интриги; козни; тайный сговор: The three men are accused of conspiracy. | The bombs are almost certainly part of a much bigger conspiracy. | They were brought to trial for treasonable conspiracy.

a plot / conspiracy against sb / sth: Taken together, the taped conversations reveal a president seemingly consumed with the details of illegal plots against his enemies. | Reynolds was charged with conspiracy against the government. | The conspiracy against Castro was led by several top military men.

a plot / conspiracy to do sth: The two men are accused of a plot to bomb an American plane. | A man and a woman were charged on April 15 with conspiracy to cause explosions and with possession of explosives and arms. | He believes there probably was a conspiracy to kill President Kennedy in 1963.

assassination plot: He was responding to reports of an assassination plot against him. | Daley, as it turned out, seemed to be the only person who knew about an assassination plot.

coup plot: The government announced that it had discovered a coup plot.

conspiracy theory a belief that an unpleasant event or situation is the result of a secret plan made by powerful people: The air is thick with conspiracy theories whenever the regime feels threatened. | Did you ever swallow the conspiracy theory about Kennedy? | There were many conspiracy theories surrounding Princess Diana's death.

to hatch / devise / lay a plot / conspiracy вынашивать / подготавливать заговор: The court heard that a desperate financial crisis and debts of more than £40,000 drove Shooter to hatch his unsuccessful plot. | He has accused opposition parties of hatching a plot to assassinate the Pope.

to carry out a plot / conspiracy осуществлять заговор: The plot was discovered before it was carried out.

to mastermind / orchestrate a plot / conspiracy тайно управлять / руководить подготовкой заговора: Janis was suspected of masterminding a plot against US airlines in East Asia.

to be involved / engaged in a plot / conspiracy быть вовлеченным в заговор, участвовать в заговоре: Klein next turned up in Rome, where he was involved in a plot to kidnap the pope. | Many people were involved in this conspiracy, but three stand out.

to foil / thwart a plot / conspiracy расстроить заговор, помешать выполнению заговора: The police have foiled a plot to assassinate the president. | The plot to overthrow the military government was foiled.

to uncover / discover / expose a plot / conspiracy раскрывать заговор: Security forces have uncovered a plot to overthrow the government. | The plot was quickly discovered, and five men were arrested.

15. subversion [uncountable] | subversive activities [plural] the action of trying to weaken or destroy a political system or government by attacking it secretly or indirectly in written or spoken material подрывная деятельность; диверсия: Seventeen people were convicted of subversion following a coup attempt. | Many defectors provided the McCarthy committees with evidence of political subversion. | And the relevance of Northern Ireland to the subversion of democracy in Britain remains mystified. | They were expelled from the country for subversive activities.

to be involved / engaged in subversion / subversive activities | to engage in subversion / subversive activities заниматься подрывной деятельностью: He was involved / engaged in subversive activities.

16. sedition [uncountable] (formal) speech, writing, or actions intended to encourage people to disobey or fight against a government подстрекательство / призыв к мятежу / бунту: He was arrested on charges of sedition. | Government officials charged him with sedition. | The charges were preaching sedition in three published articles.

to incite / instigate / foment / stir up sedition подстрекать к мятежу

17. sabotage [uncountable] deliberate damage that is done to equipment, weapons or buildings in order to prevent the success of an enemy or competitor диверсия, саботаж, вредительство; подрывная деятельность: Armed soldiers patrol the airbase to guard against sabotage. | The rebels stopped their sabotage of the power distribution network. | Experts believed the crash to be due to pilot error, and sabotage was virtually ruled out of the investigation. | One of the journalists queried whether sabotage could have been involved.

industrial / economic sabotage: They began a campaign of industrial and economic sabotage. | The amnesty did not include those accused of offences relating to drugs, murder, economic sabotage or armed robbery.

backstage sabotage скрытый саботаж

act of sabotage диверсионный акт; акт саботажа: The bombing was a spectacular act of sabotage. | My insurance excludes acts of sabotage and damage done by weapons of war. | The terrorists were planning acts of sabotage to destabilize the country. | Was the explosion an act of sabotage?

to commit / carry out an act of sabotage организовывать диверсию; саботировать: Now that the partisans were well organized in the Province of Parma they committed many acts of sabotage. | It accused Mr Mandela of carrying out acts of sabotage on dates when he was in prison.

18. crackdown / clampdown (on / against sb / sth) [countable – usually singular] a determined attempt by someone in authority to stop people doing something bad or illegal применение суровых / жестких мер; ужесточение мер; жестокое преследование / подавление: They claimed to be victims of political persecution following the military crackdown on student protesters. | The new administration has promised a clampdown on corruption. | The governor has ordered a clampdown on illegal immigration.

to launch a crackdown / clampdown: They launched a crackdown on drug dealers.

19. rebel [countable] someone who tries to remove a government or leader by force мятежник, участник мятежа; повстанец, участник восстания; боевик: Anti-government rebels have seized the radio station. | The rebels took over the capital and set up a new government. | The town fell into rebel hands.

rebel forces / troops / army: A problem deserving consideration is how strong the rebel forces actually were. | Fighting between the rebels and government troops continues in the north. | Two neighbouring countries and three rebel armies have been fighting since 1998 to depose him.

rebel soldier / leader / general: Three of the rebel soldiers and one government soldier were killed. | This led rebel leaders to agree to combine their forces in one division under a unified command structure.

rebel group / movement: The interim government was not recognized by the major rebel movements.

rebel attack: The government said that a rebel attack on the town of Tchoukou-Hadje had left several dead.

20. militant [countable] someone who uses militant methods to achieve something боевик; активист, борец: According to the authorities, the militants were planning a series of terrorist acts. | The militants see no contradiction in using violence to bring about a religious state. | He ruled out any exchange of prisoners with the militants. | A crowd of militants took to the streets to protest the government's policies.

21. rioter [countable] бунтовщик, участник беспорядков: The militia dispersed the rioters. | Police and rioters clashed violently.

22. mutineer [countable] someone who is involved in a mutiny мятежник, участник мятежа, бунтовщик

23. revolutionary [countable] someone who supports or takes part in a political or social revolution революционер: The revolutionaries laid down their arms and its leaders went into voluntary exile. | All the best revolutionaries have been middle class. | Having taken control of the capital city, the revolutionaries proceeded to form a new government. | He became a professional revolutionary.

24. subversive [countable] someone who tries to weaken or destroy a political system or government by attacking it secretly or indirectly in written or spoken material ниспровергатель; человек, ведущий подрывную политическую деятельность: He was a known political subversive. | CIA agents infiltrated the group, looking for alleged subversives. | Pablo Picasso was for a long time regarded as a dangerous subversive.

25. saboteur [countable] someone who secretly damages or destroys equipment, weapons or buildings in order to prevent the success of an enemy or competitor диверсант; вредитель; саботажник: The lorries were wrecked by saboteurs. | The second possibility was that some fiendishly cunning saboteur was at work. | The saboteurs demanded money in return for revealing how they had hacked into the systems.

26. rebellious (adjective) fighting to remove a government or leader by force мятежный, восставший; бунтующий: Aristide, the elected president, was ousted by rebellious soldiers. | The rebellious officers, having seized the radio station, broadcast the news of the overthrow of the monarchy.

27. revolutionary (adjective) [only before noun] relating to a political or social revolution революционный: a revolutionary leader / movement / party / war / society | revolutionary ideas / principles | When revolutionary forces marched into Havana, Castro and Che Guevara took control of the army. | Several rival revolutionary armies were challenging the central government and each other. | Do you know anything about the revolutionary movement?

28. militant (adjective) using extreme and sometimes violent methods in order to achieve political or social change воинственный, воинствующий; активный, боевой; агрессивный: After the assassination of Martin Luther King, black leaders became more militant. | Although the court found that she was not a militant member of the guerrilla group, she received a maximum sentence. | The militant group claimed to have killed two soldiers. | The town has been the target of militant attacks. | Militant nationalism and militant revolutionism seem to be contemporaneous. | They have already been accused of appeasement by more militant organizations. | The fiery right-wing leader toned down his militant statements after the meeting.

29. subversive (adjective) intended to weaken or destroy a political system or government by attacking it secretly or indirectly in written or spoken material подрывной, антиправительственный: The play was promptly banned as subversive and possibly treasonous. | It's a challenging novel with a subversive message. | The loyalty oath was intended to protect students from so-called subversive teachers. | Most of those words are cynical, humorous and often subversive to the established order.

subversive propaganda / literature / organization: He went to prison for distributing subversive literature.

subversive organizations

subversive elements / groups in society

subversive ideas / influences

30. seditious (adjective) (formal) intended to illegally encourage people to oppose the government or not obey the law бунтарский, мятежный: seditious speeches / writings | She was arrested after making a speech that the government considered to be seditious. | He fell under suspicion for distributing seditious pamphlets.

seditious activities бунтарская деятельность