IV. Section: Defence

1. Match the words and phrases in List A with those in List B. Learn these lexical units.

List A

List B

to withstand an attack to repel an attack to be on the defensive to retaliate (against sb) to reduce defence spending to strengthen one's defences to put up resistance to meet with resistance to break down resistance armed resistance to withdraw troops to resist an enemy to hold out defence policy missile defence anti-missile defence defence cuts line of defence defences to develop one's defences to maintain one's defences to overcome sb's defences pocket of resistance massive retaliation to make a withdrawal defensive war

a. выводить войска b. ракетная оборона c. линия обороны d. очаг сопротивления e. оборонная политика f. оборонительные сооружения g. оборонительные военные действия h. отражать нападение i. создавать оборонный потенциал j. осуществлять отвод войск k. держаться l. поддерживать обороноспособность m. сдержать наступление n. сокращать расходы на оборону o. встречать сопротивление p. наносить ответный удар q. сокращение расходов на оборону r. обороняться s. укреплять обороноспособность t. сломить сопротивление u. сопротивляться врагу v. преодолевать оборонительные укрепления w. противоракетная оборона x. массированный ответный удар y. вооруженное сопротивление z. оказывать сопротивление

2. Give synonyms for the following words and phrases.

to defend, to withstand (an attack), to repel (an attack), to reduce (defence spending), resistance, to put up (resistance), to meet with (resistance), to break down (resistance), to withdraw (troops), defence (cuts), to develop (one's defences), to overcome (one's defences), pocket of (resistance), fierce (resistance), withdrawal, complete (withdrawal), to make (a withdrawal), defences

3. Suggest words and expressions that correspond to the following definitions.

1. to defend oneself successfully against people who attack you

2. to do something bad to someone because they have done something bad to you

3. all the armed forces, weapons, structures etc that are available to defend a place

4. the act of moving an army, weapons etc away from the area where they were fighting

5. to protect someone or something from attack

6. an organization that secretly fights against an enemy that controls their country

7. the organization of a country's armies and weapons, and their use to protect the country or its interests

8. to continue to successfully defend a place that is being attacked

9. to do something bad to someone because they have done something bad to you

10. to force someone who is attacking you to move back or stop attacking

11. all the armed forces, weapons, structures etc that are available to defend a place

12. fighting against someone who is attacking you

13. to be in a state or position of defence

14. action against someone who has done something bad to you

4. Match the words in List A with those in List B to form phrases.

List A	List B
to hold out defence to put down to be to resist to drive to retaliate to pull to withdraw troops anti-missile line to build resistance centre massive act partial to implement defensive retaliatory	a. erupts b. retaliation c. measures d. capability e. pullback f. warfare g. of resistance h. of defence i. for several years j. on the defensive k. a pull-out l. an attack m. from a battle area n. against an enemy o. defence p. off an enemy q. one's defences r. out troops s. of retaliation t. resistance

5. Fill the gaps in the sentences with prepositions or adverbial particles if necessary.

1. The army prepared to defend the nation ….. attack by the enemy.

2. The army drove ….. the enemy with much effort and loss of life.

3. The army began to retaliate ….. the civilian population.

4. Defence spending has risen ….. 10% in the current budget.

5. The government was committed ….. further major reductions ….. defence spending.

6. In the end the Kurds surrendered without putting ….. any resistance.

7. This action was undoubtedly ….. retaliation ….. last week's bomb attack.

8. The militia in Lebanon has agreed to pull ….. ….. Beirut.

9. He replied that the UN had passed two major resolutions calling ….. a complete withdrawal.

10. The British government retaliated ….. breaking off diplomatic relations.

11. He pulled ….. forces from Mongolia, and he withdrew ….. Afghanistan.

12. It was also important to demonstrate the ability of nuclear forces to ride ….. a surprise attack.

13. The war has ended but government spending ….. defence is still increasing.

14. There is always the risk of possible retaliation ….. peacekeeping soldiers.

15. They provided defence ….. further attacks ….. their enemy.

16. The rebels held ….. in the mountains for several years.

6. Choose the word or phrase (from the list) that best completes each of the sentences below. Change the grammatical form of the word or phrase if necessary.

to withstand, to defend, defence, to resist, to repel, civil, to hold out, to retaliate, to put up, to develop, defensive, to withdraw, withdrawal, to pull out, to ride out, purpose

1. These are purely ….. weapons, not designed for attack.

2. In those impregnable mountains, the guerrillas could ….. for years.

3. Troops ….. from the north of the country last March.

4. Troops ….. of these troubled areas.

5. It is unlikely that his forces could ….. an allied onslaught for very long.

6. The ….. of troops will begin after the treaty is signed.

7. The city ….. the enemy onslaught for two weeks.

8. But the fact remains that the safeguards themselves do not prevent the government using civil plutonium for defence ….. .

9. The rebels ….. fierce resistance with small arms and rocket-propelled grenades.

10. Militant students hurled firebombs and riot police …… with tear gas.

11. Guerrilla fighters were soon able ….. the army's attack.

12. Thousands of young men came forward, willing ….. their country.

7. Choose the word or phrase (from the list) that best completes each of the sentences below. Change the grammatical form of the word or phrase if necessary.

defence, to encounter, missile, budget, to reduce, spending, civil, to maintain, defences, resistance, to breach, to erupt, centre, stout, to implement, retaliatory

1. Government troops offered no ….. to the rebels.

2. The invasion was held up by unexpectedly ….. resistance.

3. There's been talk of a ….. blockade to prevent supplies getting through.

4. We didn't let down our ….. unilaterally.

5. The government is planning ….. a second pullback from the area.

6. The infantry divisions mopped up remaining ….. of resistance.

7. Bush's ….. policy will not work, will cost too much and will destabilize the world.

8. The latest example concerns the controversial ….. defence system proposed by the United States.

9. Almost immediately a fierce nationalist resistance ….. directed by a fiery prophet in the hills of Galilee.

10. The country has made few preparations for ….. defence.

11. The government revealed the exact levels of defence ….. .

12. There was an attempt ….. the defence budget.

8. Translate these sentences. Give synonymous translations if possible.

1. В течение двух дней они сдерживали наступление врага.

2. Войска были размещены в этом районе с целью отражения возможного наступления противника.

3. Правительство собирается сократить на 5% расходы на оборону.

4. Сокращение в этом году расходов на оборону на 3% маловероятно.

5. Президент должен обеспечить укрепление обороноспособности государства.

6. Противник оказывал яростное сопротивление наступающим частям нашей армии.

7. Наша армия встретила упорное сопротивление со стороны противника.

8. Нам необходимо в кратчайшие сроки сломить сопротивление противника.

9. Израиль должен вывести свои войска со всех оккупированных им арабских территорий.

10. Тысячи молодых людей выразили желание защищать свою Родину от захватчиков.

11. Мятежники продержались в горах еще несколько лет.

12. Президент заявил, что вооруженные силы его страны нанесут ответный удар любому агрессору.

13. Правительство Великобритании ответило разрывом дипломатических отношений.

14. Президент заявил, что вывод войск из неспокойного региона начнется после подписания соглашения о прекращении огня.

15. Эти материалы будут использованы в целях обороны.

16. Оборонная политика правительства подверглась резкой критике.

17. США намерены продолжать работу над созданием всеобъемлющей противоракетной обороны.

18. Ядерные силы нам необходимы для поддержания обороноспособности страны на уровне, достаточном для отражения любой агрессии.

19. Его подразделению было приказано подавить оставшиеся очаги сопротивления.

20. Дж. Даллес рассматривал массированный ответный удар в качестве основного инструмента политики сдерживания.