4 курс Topiki_na_ekzamen_po_angliyskomu

Топик 1 Sophisticated technologies help people to communicate far more easily than even before

Sophisticated technologies have made communication more weconvenient by creating more ways to communicate. Internet communication devices have made staying in touch with people who live far away easy. Email, instant messaging, and social networking sites are examples of convenient ways to keep in touch with friends and family.

Sharing information with a large number of people is convenient with electronic communication devices. For example, many businesses and academic institutions rely on mass emailing to send information to a large number of people. One can take and leave messages and voice messages using the İnternet. Furthermore, it is possible to share information, data, files. Also it is possible to listen to music, make a booking, do online shopping etc. Nowadays young people spend their time surfing social pages such Instagram, Facebook. To my mind sophisticated technologies have many advantages and they make our life and communication with friends and family more easily. it’s really difficult to imagine our life without them today.

Топик 2

Good communication is as stimulating as black coffee and just as hard to sleep after

I absolutely agree with this quotation. Black coffee and good communication have both the invigorating effect.

First of all communication is an intercourse or communication process between individuals. Ability to communicate is the main advantage, which a person possesses. When people communicate they get an energy and an emotional charge, and moreover, they share information using body language. İt saturates the communication.

Sophisticated technologies have made communication more convenient by creating more ways to communicate, for instance, email, instant messaging social networking sites etc. People can express their mood and emotions through smileys, emojis and graphons. Although I believe that best communication is when people communicate face to face, thus, you can see the emotions and feelings of your interlocutor.

The quotation compare communication with black coffee, that stimulates, relaxes and uplifts.

After communication the person will keep it in mind for some time. To sum up I think the communication skills are an essential part and the communication plays an important role in our life.

Топик 3 Body language

Body language sometimes is an easier way of expressing feelings than spoken language. our nonverbal communication effects the impressions of people upon us.

Body language is used in our everyday conversation, yet many people do not even realize what they are really "saying" about themselves. People may give their true feelings away by not being aware of their own body language. Usually people more readily pay attention to their impressions of how a person acts through body language than what is being said through words. Three easily detected actions that reveal a persons feelings are head nodding, leg shaking, and eye contact. There are short words and noises that we make to show that we are listening to what the other person is saying. They can be neutral sounds which say 'Go on I am listening' such as 'Mm -Mm'. They can be positive to show approval such as 'Yep, yeah, exactly, absolutely'. They can be negative to show disapproval such as 'No-way, No' or incredulous to show surprise such as 'Really, Incredible or Oh'.

Sometimes people are well prepared ,for instance, an important job interview, they have practiced their answers to vital questions, their appearance is neat, they have a flowery language. However, once in the actual interview, they leaves a bad impression and do not get the job, because their body language depicts them as sloppy, uninterested, and insincere.

Thats why an appropriate eye contact, vocal expression, posture, and facial expression are important not only in job interviews, but also in every other occurrence of formal or informal communication that we experience throughout our lives, especially in first impressions.

Топик 4. The invention of the internet

In 50 years the internet has morphed from a military communication network into a global cyberspace. The mothership was the US Arpa (advanced research projects agency). Without it the internet wouldn't exist. The experts of think tank were considering a problem how could the us authorities communicate after nuclear war. Because a network would always be vulnerable to bombs. In 1970 Arpa had built a network which linked mainframes at universities and government agencies around the country. The users had warped the network into a dedicated, high speed postal service. The main traffic was news and personal massages. The internet moved out of its original base in military into schools, libraries, commercial sector and homes. Today the internet has fungal development. It bears little resemblance to the original grim plans. It's a fine and positive ending.

Топик 5. Do you agree that clothes make the man.

clothes definitely seem to impress us human beings. Nothing tells you more about a person, or makes a greater first impression, than how one is dressed. But In today`s world media influence people a lot about their body image, men constantly feel to have a muscular body, and wear new brand clothes. Moreover they encounter muscular and well dressed and modish men as example of their ideal body image. Women see skinny models with fashionable clothes, makeup, jeweler on, and then try to copy them. People think by doing all this they will be more successful and accepted by society, but they forget that all this artificial stuff could never make a real man with feeling and emotion inside him.

Clothes are just the instrument that helps us to create this or that impression on people that surround us, and they should be used only for this purpose. Caring too much about clothing is equally unwise as paying no attention to what you are wearing.

Топик 6. How mobile phones turn us into fugitives

There was a time in the past, approximately 20 years ago when we could go to lunch without having to answer calls. And there was someone that we didn't want to speak to we had the freedom not to answer. Excuses were easy: I was out, I was sleeping, the phone was off the hook, and so on. Now everything has changed. None of those defences work. When we visit a restaurant these days we will see people seated at the bar, eating a meal by themselves. Fork in one hand, phone in the other. It’s difficult to tell which they enjoy more (food or phone). The phone rules. Today? We make more eye contact with our phone’s camera lens (selfies!), while human-to- human conversation is at historic lows.

We are quick to check for the latest email and the most recent Twitter mention or Facebook or Instagram Like.

We need to seize control back from the phones who rule us. Aside from emergencies, let the phone wait! The email you received a minute ago can wait an hour. it’s not the end of the world if you reply to that email tomorrow. So, lets leave the phone in our pocket, lets enjoy afternoon weather and Appreciate our

Surroundings. Don't be technology victims.

Топик 7. Making money on the net

Nowadays There are many ways to make money on the net such as blogging, writing essays and articles, reviewing websites and software, translation of the texts . An increasingly popular way to make money is to fill out online surveys. Research companies are always recruiting new members worldwide to answer surveys and test new products. Also you can create an online course and get paid forever after as users take it up.

But I think world of today have best option to make money online.

Everyone can hear this word daily called “blog”. Blog is such thing, where one can do fast publishing work, one can do own writing and get newest things. One must prepare some unique content for the blog. To make the blog very popular, one should choose right topic for it.

One important thing to earn from blogging is to keep the audience happy, they must be happy after reading or finding some unmatched thing form the blog content.

You must update your blog time by time and keep your visitor to visit your blog repeatedly. Then you constant need to research for some fresh topic which is best for users. To sum up if you want to make money on the internet just do it!

8. Merits and demerits of genetic engineering.

is a process consisting the addition of new DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid диокси райбо'ньюклик эсид to an organism. The whole purpose of this process is to add new traits that are not already available in the organism.

The problem though behind all that, is that its really hard to predict what the results are going to be.

Genetic Engineering may or may not be beneficial. In terms of being an advantage, it can help decrease the death rate by destroying disease and has the potential to increase the lifetime of humans. Cloning is one of its biggest successful advantages which developed a whole new discovery in today’s life making life more interesting and easier.

Also, even though this process is beneficial by producing positive effects on plants, there is still a chance of it producing uncertain effects of genetically modified to the environment as well as the human health. The genetically modified organisms can contaminate our environments and we as humans are unable to stop neither the good nor bad effects. The spread of antibiotic resistance, the creation of dangerous diseases ,the loss of biodiversity in farming, unsustainable agriculture, and the creation of new viral diseases through transfer are all harmful components of genetic engineering. This process is also considered as a disadvantage because it offends religion when it questions whether man has the right to manipulate the right and coarse of nature.

9. Scientific justification for cloning.

Technology is advancing at a grater rate than anyone could have imagined.

After the first successful cloning experiment of a sheep, Dolly, scientists have looked into human cloning and the benefits it would offer mankind. Cloning of humans would give parent who are infertile ин'фётайл the possibility to have a child that would be biologically theirs. Additionally, cloning would help aid people who are sick. Thru cloning humans, doctors would be able to have a perfect organ transplant. Furthermore, the advancement эдэдвансме in cloning would generate an evolution in genetic research helping clone identical cells and tissue along with reproducing human organs identical to the patients ones with their own DNA.

Deoxyribonucleic acid диокси райбо'ньюклик эсид

Human cloning would not be good idea because the reproductive cloning is not yet a fool-proof method.

there were a large percentage of the animals born showed a high degree of abnormality and died quickly or had to be euthanized. And those that have successfully cloned have showed many health problems and none have lived to a ripe old age so far

There are many people do not agree with this procedure due to the ethical issues and dilemmas дилэмэс it would create. Cloning has been a positive development in some cases but this is where it should end.

10. Alternative practices in medicine.

Throughout the centuries alternative medicine has been effective in curing many diseases and to also aid the healing process of the body. alternative medicine is well known among many communities and cultures. Europeans were known for their herbal treatment for instance herbal tea. European alternative medicine also includes inhalants ин'хэйлентс and compresses. 'компрэсис

İn the past acupuncture and mind-body healing were considered taboo. Now, in clinics and hospitals around the country, non-traditional therapies are becoming more acceptable, as many studies prove them to be successful in treating some chronicle кроникл diseases, which couldn't be cured by holistic medicine. For

instance, acupuncture is a method involving tiny needles being inserted into at

specific points in the body. It is used to help restore the body. Also Meditation is

used to increase calmness and physical relaxation, to cope with illness, or to enhance

overall health and well-being. Traditional alternative medicine may include

Homeopathy, Naturopathy, нэйчеопэси Chinese or Oriental medicine, yoga, hipnosis etc.

Everybody is going to have his or her own opinion about alternative medicine. Some are going to favor this substitute but others are obviously going to favor the original practice of medicine.

11. The role of animal testing in saving people.

Animal testing is a long-standing problem, which bothers people all around the world. ; it’s the use of animals in experiments to explore the reactions of their bodies and biological systems to various irritants.

For instance, many famous lifesaving medicine were invented in this way, and animal experiments may help us to find more cures in the future. Indeed, possibly even a cure for cancer.

Some people say that humans have no right to subject animals to this kind of trauma, and that the lives of all creatures should be respected. İt is cruel and unnecessary. They believe that the benefits to humans do not justify the suffering caused, and that scientists should use alternative methods of research.

I am of the opinion, on balance, that the benefits do not outweigh the disadvantages, and testing on animals should not continue. Although it may

improve the lives of humans, it is not fair that animals should suffer in order to achieve this.

12. Telling a patient that he is to die: a moral dilemma.

Truth-telling by doctors to patients is a basic moral rule in developed healthcare systems. Putting a time stamp on someone's life, is something that few doctors are willing to do. The doctors employs more methodical and caring techniques of breaking the news to terminally ill patients.

Many patients fear abandonment, so doctors must be sure to take the time to remind their terminally ill patients that even though a cure might be out of the question, their health is still important to them. Doctors must be as straightforward as possible when delivering the news. The medical schools should train their students on all aspects of palliative пэлиэтив care,(spiritual support) including end-of-life conversations.

13. The influence of emotions on physical health.

Emotional health plays a hand in many parts of people’s lives. When you maintain good emotional health it can play an important role in your work, relationships and physical health. Researchers used to believe that our happiness came from being successful. To the contrary, research has since shown it is just the opposite. A person with a positive outlook is more likely to set goals and work towards them. People tend to attract people with a like-mined outlook and attitude, therefore a happy person is likely to be surrounded by other happy people. This creates a positive circle of support and healthy relationships. People with good emotional health have positive coping skills to deal with stresses in our normal life also feel good about themselves in general. Someone who is emotionally healthy has an open heart and relaxed body. Emotionally healthy people have higher self-esteem and low anxiety. you will be able to maintain a calm disposition and be patient with yourself and others.

To sum up our emotional and physical health are closely related. Therefore it is necessary to maintain both emotional and physical health.

14.. Your idea of healthy eating.

A healthy diet helps people maintain and improve their general health. It is important to intake the right nutrients н'ютриэнтс daily to obtain a healthy diet.

There are several significant advantages of eating a balanced diet. First of all, because this diet consists of the main nutrients, which are proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals, the body can gain the whole needs of them and support it to work properly. This leads to have healthy nutritious ньютришэс organs and tissues. Secondly, due to the increase number of illnesses around the world, fully

completed diet is able to protect the human’s body from the widespread diseases.

Cancers is, for instance, a common one among people. Eventually, if a person strengths his immune system from an early age by eating balanced diet every day, it is definitely difficult to be affected with these diseases or even the chronic pains. Therefore, there has been a strong connection between healthy life style and the balanced diet.

To conclude, the balanced diet has brought plenty of positives effects, so once the individual maintains on this nutritious diet, the potential cause of having any disorder would be rare.

15. Ponder on the statement: there is always inequality in life. Life is unfair. Do you agree?

Inequalities exist an all aspects of life. The nature and result of such inequalities shapes our social as well as economic lives. The racial preconception is the example of inequality.

Nowadays in our society the problem of the racial preconceptions only increase. Mixed people are bigoted against their own heredity.. There are purists that hate mixed race. Sometimes colouring people face the malicious actions. They are cling to external distinctions but forget that we are equal . People who perpetuate пепечуэйт the idea that individuals of ethnic groups they don't fit into society, perhaps through unintentional thoughtlessness, cruel. Racial preconceptions can be harmful, because a race-related stress im'pacts the physical, psychological and social well-being of mixed people. Research finds that persons who face with a such kind of stress, have more rapid development of coronary heart disease. Besides,the women who report high levels of discrimination give birth to babies who are lower лэвэ in birth weight. Advocates эдвэкетс of the 'one drop' theory) have only personal interest in the imposition of false identities. These reasons can be divided into political and/or social ones. Clinging клинин to these outmoded racial distinctions maintains the evil associated with their imposition.

None of us is exactly the same as any other most of us are blends of different ethnic groups.. Accepting this reality is the only way to prevent the imposition of the ideas of arbitrary 'абитрери, 'desirable' racial characteristics. If we can't understand this and understand each other, we, have no future worth вёс aspiring to.

16. Different groups of people are sometimes treated badly by society. What forms of discrimination do you know? (age, job, gender, appearance, financial status).

During thousands years, every civilization on the planet had elements of discrimination. Obviously, modern society is no exception. Every kind of discrimination is based on opinion that certain groups of people don’t have equal

rights and opportunities with others. These groups may be determined дитёминд by race, religion, gender, and so on. Sometimes people confuse discrimination with other social problems, such as stereotypes, or prejudice. There are such kinds of discrimination as genetic discrimination, male chauvinism шэувинизм discrimination between nationalities, xenophobia, job discrimination gender discrimination, age discrimination

Job discrimination And age discrimination - Many employers имп'лоис may feel that for older adults that they are not as useful as the younger generation and that allows the employer to reduce benefits.

Job and gender discrimination dealing with the payment of wages or benefits; whereas a man a woman can perform the same job and employers are required to give them both equal pay.

The most important cause of the xenophobia is stereotype and prejudice

People think that foreigners bring new traditions or believes to the country,

Боятся другие национальности

or they occupy their work places that lead to their lack.

There are different political, psychological, social, and economic effects of discrimination. Victims of discrimination lose their self-confidence, they feel like outsiders. Such effects often become stronger due to political and economic discrimination. Inequality, prejudices cause a lot of negative effects on many levels. Not only affects discrimination peace within a particular country, but also a world peace as well. This is a reason why many international organizations provide new instruments and laws, in order to eliminate discrimination worldwide.

, the society must support victims of discrimination, helping them to cope with consequences, as well as to integrate in the society.

17. How has the role of women changed since our grandparents' time? Think in terms of education, work, marriage and children.

The women's role has changed tremendously тримендесли in our society. Many years ago, women's contribution to society was limited and controlled by men. But now everything has changed. For example, women have attained power and have been growing in political office.

The women's rights movement is a striking example of how women have been fighting for their political, social and economical status

Women of the last century has been faced with the problem of low pay in jobs that were classed as female.

And now the situation has changed .There are changes in families. the number of housewives and children decreases in the families.There are changes in job compensation. Equal-pay-for-equal-work is a reality. Women can share the household chores and child rearing риэрин traditionally carried out only by women.

Nowadays Women work in law ooffice, science laboratory ле'боретри, board rooms, the military, outer 'аутэ space, and the ministry,

Women have the right to vote because they fought фот to get it in militant suffrage сафридж movement.

To my mind , These changes are perfect for women, because nowadays they can fulfill their potential in something new конец.

18. Vandalism as a social problem.

Vandalism has become one of the heaviest problems among teenagers nowadays.

It is considered to be a crime against beauty. But what exactly causes such behavior?

People who are responsible for vandalism do not respect the public property and do not care about the community they live in. There can be many reasons why people can do such horrible things. Some people are just angry at society and authorities. Others can be mentally ill and unable to control their own actions. The worst thing is when people do it just for fun without thinking that the smallest act of vandalism can cause a lasting effect on people who surround you.

Moreover, the majority of these teenagers believe that they do the right things. They can also do the acts of vandalism in order to get back their parents` attention who are always busy with their work and household chores and just do not care for their children and do not give them enough affection.

Teachers, parents, and authorities should explain teenagers the consequences of such bad behavior properly and make them realize that it is very important to prevent this problem. Parents should spend more time with their children and support them in order to make their self-esteem in good condition. Teenagers should know the difference between good and bad things They should become responsible for their actions. Authorities should open some sports centers, art schools and finance more to money for education is the smallest but necessary step to stop the spreading of vandalism.

To sum up, I believe that vandalism is not a problem which society can’t cope with. If parents instill a sense of responsibility and the idea to engage young people in a variety of activities especially sports and if society don’t shut eyes to this problem and do at least something, vandalism will be eradicated.

19. What steps should be taken to promote equality ик'волэти among people? Think in terms of work, family life, entertainment, travelling.

It is essential to achieve equality despite people's differences in terms of their nationality, voice, color, origin, religion, sex and age. To promote equality we need to provide equal and adequate opportunities and equal rights.

Nowadays the role of women and men is mixed. The gender equality……. There is a special type of husband who are known as stay-at-home dads. They are looking after babies and toddlers. They want to be more with their children while their spouses can climb up the corporate ladder.

Women , tend to be in the status of lower level and lower paid professions such as teachers, secretaries, receptionists and nurses. Women also measure success in the workplace differently than men because women place a higher value on their positive interpersonal relationships and feelings whereas men tend to measure success by high salaries, promotional opportunities and job titles.

I suppose that our modern world became more equally. the equality is something achieved. Women and men

20. Trafficking and slavery.

Slavery has existed since the beginning of human evolution . Although slavery is prohibited, millions of victims are forced into captivity. Victims are often kidnapped and forced into a lifetime of servitude 'сёвит'юд and prostitution. Other victims of slavery are lured льюэд by the promise of a better life. Many of the victims are young children and women. Slavery is the world’s third largest illegal business.

Every day hundreds of thousands of people are forced and lured into a lifetime of cruel treatment by their captors. Children are often the targets of gruesome грусэм and strenuous labor.

Over 250 million children worldwide are working. Some of these children are as young as five years old. Children are forced to work in many developing countries because their parents sell them or they’re kidnapped.

Social media is obviously designed to connect people however; it's easier for recruiters to connect with their next victim. There are many forms of Human Trafficking besides labor and sex trafficking. The three other forms include forced armed combat, forced marriage and the removal of organs. The trafficking of children is very popular. Human Trafficking not only destroys human rights, but victims are affected by it internally and externally.

Victims of Human Trafficking deserve their freedom and should not be obligated to do anything that goes against their rights. It's time to put an end to Human Trafficking because every life matters and they need our help to make a difference.