1. Pay attention to the pronunciation of the following terms.

[ai] slightly, provide, high

[Λ] production, recovery, pump, redundant

[i:] depleted, field, leak

[ǽ] diameter, migration, sands, fracture, jack

2. Pay attention to the stress in the following words. Pronounce them.

´reservoir	re´dundant	re´covery
arti´ficial	´fracturing	permea´bility

3. Read the text and fulfil the exercises. Drilling

The well is created by drilling a hole 5 to 30 inches (13–76 cm) diameter into the earth with an oil rig which rotates a drill bit. After the hole is drilled, a steel pipe (casing) slightly smaller than the hole is placed in the hole, and secured with cement. The casing provides structural integrity to the newly drilled wellbore in addition to isolating potentially dangerous high pressure zones from each other and from the surface. This process is all facilitated by a drilling rig which contains all necessary equipment to circulate the drilling fluid, hoist and turn the pipe, control downhole pressure, remove cuttings from the drilling fluid, and generate onsite power for these operations.

After drilling and casing the well, it must be 'completed'. Completion is the process in which the well is enabled to produce oil or gas. In a cased-hole completion, small holes called perforations are made in the portion of the casing which passed through the production zone, to provide a path for the oil to flow from the surrounding rock into the production tubing.

After a flow path is made, acids and fracturing fluids are pumped into the well to fracture, clean, or prepare and stimulate the reservoir rock to produce hydrocarbons into the wellbore. Finally, the area above the reservoir section of the well is packed off inside the casing, and connected to the surface via a smaller diameter pipe called tubing.

In many wells, the natural pressure of the subsurface reservoir is high enough for the oil or gas to flow to the surface. However, this is not always the case. Installing a smaller diameter tubing may be enough to help the production, but artificial lift methods may also be needed. Common solutions include downhole pumps, gas lift, or surface pump jacks. The use of artificial lift technology in a field is often termed as "secondary recovery" in the industry.

4. Find the Russian equivalents to the English terms. There is one extra answer.

1) cuttings	A. заканчивание скважины
2) production zone	B. буровой шлам
3) drilling site	C. подъем
4) completion	D. буровая площадка
5) hoist	E. продуктивная зона
6) produce	F. излишний
7) production tubing	G. эксплуатационная колонна

5. Agree or disagree with the following statements.

1) Completion is the process in which the well is able to produce oil or gas.

2) The perforations provide a path for the oil to flow from the surrounding rock into the production tubing.

4) The drilling rig has everything to circulate the drilling fluid, hoist and turn the pipe.

5) Hydrocarbons are produced by the smaller diameter of the tubing in order to overcome the hydrostatic effects of heavy fluids.

6. Match the words in the left column with the definitions in the right one.

1) well completion	A. cylindrical hole drilled without entering of people and having a diameter significantly less than its length.
2) production well	B. well preparation for oil production after drilling that includes such operations as perforation jobs, acid and fracture jobs.
3) well	C. pipes run into the hole and cemented during drilling in order to consolidate well bore walls and prevent their collapse.
4) formation pressure	D. operations to consolidate casing in a well after it was run in the hole during drilling.
5) drilling	E. a process of well construction by means of rock destruction with a bit.
6) cementing	H. pressure at the bottom of a well that is shut in.