Билет 1. Phonetics and Phonology.

Phonetics - the science which studies the characteristic of human sounds making, especially those sounds used in speech , and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription.

• Segmental sounds (units which we can hear in speech):

• vowels and consonants

• phonetic words

• phonetic phrases

• Suprasegmental (prosodic)

• pitch (pitch movement, melody)

• force (loudness)

• duration (length, tempo)

• voice qualities (resonance VS non-resonance/breathiness, huskiness, nasality, harshness, pectoral voice, whisper)

• voice qualifications (laughter, giggle, sigh, tremulousness)

Why study phonetics?

• for communication

• to be understood

The branches of phonetics:

• Articulatory phonetics studies the way people perceive speech sounds; investigates the hearing process; establishes the relationships between spoken sounds and heard; deals with the brain activity.

• Acoustic phonetics (physical) studies the physical properties of speech such as the sound as vibrations in the air and captures its physical characteristics: frequency (pitch), strength (amplitude), and duration.

• Functional phonetics (phonology) studies the function of sounds in language (term “phonology” was introduced by Boudein de Courtenay)

Phonology:

Phonology is mostly interested in phonemes or abstract cognitive units. Phonology cannot be separated from phonetics.

Phonology is the part of linguistics, which studies the sounds’ structure of language and realizing sounds in language system.

The main term of phonology is phoneme. It is a minimal unit of speech. Physically, phonemes are sounds, but those differences between which aren’t conditioned by alone. The manifestation of phonemes in speech – background, a specific segment of speech that has certain acoustic properties. Backgrounds, which belongto the same phoneme are called allophones.

The need for transcription.

Ordinary spelling doesn’t reliable indicate actual pronunciation.

Degrees of exactitude in phonetics writing:

• for the highest scientific use requiring a great many special symbols;

• for describing and teaching a foreign language in which some new letters, though not very many are needed.

Narrow VS broad transcription.

• BT indicates only the most noticeable phonetics features of an utterance; it represents the phonemic structure of an utterance.

• NT encodes more information about the phonetic variations of the specific sounds in the utterance.

Билет 2. Phonology as a linguistic discipline.

Phonology is mostly interested in phonemes or abstract cognitive units.Phonology cannot be separated from phonetics.

Phonology is the part of linguistic which studies the sounds’ structure of language and realizing sounds in language system.

The main term of phonology is phoneme. It is a minimal unit of speech. Physically, phonemes are sounds, but those differences between which aren’t conditioned by alone. The manifestation of phonemes in speech – background, a specific segment of speech that has certain acoustic properties. Backgrounds, which belong to the same phoneme are called allophones.

The differences between phonetics and phonology.

Phonetics studies the concrete realizations of sounds of a language and is focused on the way sounds are created, perceived and transmitted.

Phonology is mostly interested in phonemes or abstract cognitive units.

Phonology cannot be separated from phonetics because phonology studies the sounds’ structure while phonetics studies correct pronunciation of words and sounds. (это чисто моя формулировка, написала так, как я понимаю, если что, можете изменить))