Summary (реферат)

Variant 3

1. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на временную форму глагола. Выпишите сказуемое и укажите его время.

1. Firefighters rescued thousands of people in 2005.

2. When we arrived we saw that thick black smoke had poured out of the windows.

3. Colonel Popov will make a report on fire prevention measures at 11 a.m. tomorrow.

4. Carbon is a naturally abundant element present in wood and many plastics.

5. I have been to many fires since that day, both as a firefighter and an officer.

6. A pumper usually has a tank with capacities ranging from 300 gallons to 750 gallons.

7. Rescuers found only four alive people after the building had collapsed the day before.

8. Cadets were training from six till eight yesterday.

9. Computers are becoming more and more important in our lives.

2. Составьте 2 общих вопроса, 2 специальных вопроса и 2 отрицательных предложения к утверждениям из Задания 1.

3. Поставьте прилагательные, данные в скобках, в соответствующую степень сравнения. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Cadet Petrov is (clever) in our group.

2. (Common) private fire protection is the portable fire extinguisher.

3. I heard (much) about this accident than you.

4. Temperatures produced by burning metals are (high) than temperatures generated by burning flammable liquids.

5. One of (bad) flood disasters happened in November 1970 in Bangladesh.

6. English grammar is (easy) than Russian grammar.

4. Переведите слова на русский язык и определите, к каким частям речи они относятся. Укажите словообразующий суффикс или префикс.

1. detect – detector – detection

2. dense – density

3. require – requirement

4. transform – transformation – transformer

5. hazard – hazardous – hazardless

5. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните модальные глаголы или их эквиваленты. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The boy was to be in hospital for a week.

2. Combustible wall and floor covering can produce enough combustion gases through heat.

3. A boy fell into the river but fortunately we were able to rescue him.

4. People should respect the environment.

5. All officers in the UK must start their career in the rank of fireman.

6. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык. Подчеркните сказуемое в страдательном залоге.

1. Many houses were destroyed by the earthquake; most of them have been rebuilt and many new ones are being constructed now.

2. By whom was the law of preservation of matter discovered?

3. Time is measured in seconds, minutes and hours.

4. The law can be illustrated by many simple experiments.

5. Air must be let into the cylinder of the engine because no fuel will burn without air.

7. Перепишите предложения, выбрав причастие нужной формы. Укажите вид причастия. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The police are on the look-out for an (escaping, escaped) prisoner.

2. He believes in the power of the (speaking, spoken) word.

3. The floor was covered with (breaking, broken) glass.

8. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод герундия.

1. A thermometer is used for measuring temperature.

2. The man was arrested for robbing the bank.

3. The pores of unbaked clay are small enough to prevent bacteria from passing through.

4. The expansive force of water in freezing is enormous.

5. Scientists spent much time in trying to find this relationship.

9. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните инфинитив. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.

1. In order to get this book, you have to go to the library.

2. We study English to read books on our specialty.

3. She opened the door to look into the room.

4. The surface tension of water is strong enough to let a steel needle float on water.

5. The lecture to be followed by an experiment is to take place at our Institute.

6. Little or no oxygen is to be found there.

10. Прочитайте текст.

Fire Variables

We saw that fire is the result of a chemical reaction between two gases, typically oxygen and a fuel gas. The fuel gas is created by heat. In other words, with heat providing the necessary energy, atoms in one gaseous compound break their bonds with each other and recombine with available oxygen atoms in the air to form new compounds plus lots more heat.

The most flammable compounds contain carbon and hydrogen, which recombine with oxygen relatively easily to form carbon dioxide, water and other gases.

Different flammable fuels catch fire at different temperatures. It takes a certain amount of heat energy to change any particular material into a gas.

The fuel’s size also affects how easily it will catch fire. A larger fuel, such as a thick tree, can absorb a lot of heat, so it takes a lot more energy to raise any particular piece to the ignition temperature. A toothpick catches fire more easily because it heats up very quickly.

A fuel’s heat production depends on how much energy the gases release in the combustion reaction and how quickly the fuel burns. Both factors largely depend on the fuel’s composition. Some compounds react with oxygen in such a way that there is a lot of “extra heat energy” left over. Others emit a smaller amount of energy. Similarly, the fuel’s reaction with oxygen may happen very quickly, or it may happen more slowly.

The fuel’s shape also affects burning speed. Thin pieces of fuel burn more quickly than larger ones. For example, you could burn up a pile of wood splinters or paper much more quickly than you could a block of wood with the same mass, because splinters and paper have a much greater surface area.

A fire from a fast-burning fuel that produces a lot of heat will inflict a different sort of damage than a slow-burning, low-heat fire.