1 Year - students. Specialty: Pedagogics and psychology Professionally-oriented foreign language (pre-intermediate) Card 9

I. Render the text from English into Russian/Kazakh

Groupthink is a term coined by psychologist Irving Janis in 1972 to describe one process by which a group can make bad or irrational decisions. In a groupthink situation, each member of the group attempts to conform his or her opinions to what they believe to be the consensus of the group. This results in a situation in which the group ultimately agrees on an action which each member might normally consider to be unwise.

Janis’ original definition of the term was “a mode of thinking that people engage in when they are deeply involved in a cohesive in-group, when the members” strivings for unanimity override their motivation to realistically appraise alternative courses of action.” The word groupthink was intended to be reminiscent of George Orwell’s coinages (such as doublethink and duckspeak) from the fictional language Newspeak, which he portrayed in his ideological novel Nineteen Eighty-Four.

Groupthink tends to occur on committees and in large organizations Janis originally studied the Pearl Harbor bombing, the Vietnam War and the Bay of Pigs Invasion. Others have cited groupthink as a contributing factor in the Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster as well as the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster, the bankruptcy of Enron, and more recently, the decision to go to war in Irag in 2003.

Janis cited a number of antecedent conditions that would be likely to encourage groupthink. These include high group cohesiveness, directive leadership, lack of norms requiring methodical procedures, high stress from external threats with low hope of a letter solution than the one offered by the leader(s). Janis listed eight symptoms that the said were indicative of groupthink.

II. Ask 6 questions to the text

III. Write on the topic: Family problems

1 Year - students. Specialty: Pedagogics and psychology Professionally-oriented foreign language (pre-intermediate) Card 10

I. Render the text from English into Russian/Kazakh

Parts of the brain. Most of us learn basic facts about the human brain in our middle or high school biology classes. We study the sub cortex, the “old brain”, which is found in the brains of most animals and is responsible for basic functions such as breathing, eating, drinking, and sleeping. We learn about the neocortex, the “new brain”, which is unique to humans and is where complex brain activity takes place. We find that the cerebrum, which is responsible for all active thought, is divided into two parts, or hemispheres. The left hemisphere, generally, manages the right side of the body; it is responsible for logical thinking. The right hemisphere manages the left side of the body; this hemisphere controls emotional, creative, and artistic functions.

Left brain/Right brain: creativity. Psychologists agree that most of us have creative ability that is greater than what we use in daily life. In other words, we can be more creative than we realize! The problem is that we use mainly one hemisphere of our brain – the left. From childhood, in school, we’re taught reading, writing, and mathematics; we are exposed to very little music of art. Therefore, many of us might not “exercise” our right hemisphere much, except through dreams, symbols, and those wonderful insights in which we suddenly find the answer to a problem that has been bothering us – and do so without the need for logic. Can we be taught to use our right hemisphere more? Many experts believe so. Classes at some schools and books claim to help people to “silence” the left hemisphere and give the right one a chance to work.

II. Ask 6 questions to the text

III. Write on the topic: My future profession