12 Format of a scientific paper: Explain what is proofreading.

Proofreading: Always spellcheck your paper and carefully proofread your paper before submission. In addition to checking for errors and typos, read your paper to yourself as if you were reading it out loud to ensure that the wording and sentence construction is not clumsy.

14 Explain what is “Conclusion” as the part of a scientific paper

Conclusion 1

Conclusions to be drawn from the results

Conclusions about the hypothesis

Implications of the research and results

Additional research proposed

This section covers the following two forms of conclusions:

• the conclusion to an article

• the conclusions to a scientific and a technical paper

28 Explain how to write the title of a scientific paper

Title:

A name for your report and a list of authors.

An effective title is brief, but informative; a concise description what a report is about.

Elements in a title

In technical and scientific writing the title is a precise description of the contents. It should include

specific words to indicate the following:

• the topic, that is, the main, general subject you are writing about

• the focus, that is, a detailed narrowing down of the topic into the particular, limited area of your research

30 Explain how to use the Present Tense and the Past Tense in a scientific paper.

Past and present tense. Results described in your paper should be described in past tense (you’ve done these experiments, but your results are not yet accepted “facts”). Results from published papers should be described in the present tense (based upon the assumption that published results are “facts”).

38 Explain why clarity is necessary in your writing

Clarity

Simplicity of text and of text composition are important prerequisites to readability. You should always try to write in a plain, clear and straightforward manner. Overlong sentences or lengthy chains of clauses and groups of words can easily prevent your reader from understanding what you want to say. As a rule, you should not add more than 2 to 3 clauses of any sort to form one sentence.

First, use only one idea per sentence. Second, write your sentences as direct or straightforward statements.

In short: Simplicity is important for readability. You should use clear, plain language. Too long sentences can confuse your reader. Use only one idea in one sentence. Write sentences as direst statements.

39 Explain why to use positive sentences.

Write positive sentences

What is the difference between positive and negative sentences? Negative sentences contain words such as “no”, “not”, “none”, “nor”, “nothing” and “never”. Positive sentences lack these words. Generally, positive sentences are easier to understand . Positive sentences are more simple to construct than negative ones. Keep negative sentences to minimum.

37 Explain why writer should be concise in his writing

40 Make reference to a book.

Authors: D. Boud and G. Feletti.

Title: The Challenge of Problem Based Learning.

Year: 1997

Publisher: Kogan Page

Place: London

Автор. (год). Назв. Город: Издательство

Authors. (Year). Title. Place: Publisher

Boud, D., & Feletti, G. (1997). The Challenge of Problem Based Learning. London: Kogan Pag

41 Make reference to an article from a journal

Author: P.G. Taylor

Title of the article: Preparing students for Flexible Learning

Journal: The International Journal of Academic Development

Year: 2000

Number: 5 (2)

Pages: 107-115

Автор. (год). Название. Журнал, Номер, страница.

Authors. (Year). Title of the article. Journal, Number, Pages.

Taylor, P.G. (2000). Preparing students for Flexible Learning. The International Journal of Academic Development, 5 (2), 107-115.