1. Identify the parts of a scientific paper

In articles and essays, ideas shall be presented smoothly in logical order. Structurally arteicles consist of the following three parts:

1. The introduction

2. The main body

3. The conclusion

There are the following basic sections to a scientific report:

1) Title and Author(s)

2) Abstract

3) Introduction

4) Methods

5) Results

6) Discussion

7)Conclusion

8) Literature Cited

9) Tables and Figures

2. Define what is “Abstract” in a scientific paper

A brief overview of the report

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Abstracts are called ‘summaries’ by some journals, though strictly speaking the terms are notexactly the same.

• A summary restates the main findings and conclusions of a paper and is written for people who have already read the whole thing.

• An abstract is a shortened version of the paper written for people who may never read the full version. Since abstracts are often reprinted in abstracting journals separated from the original paper, they need to be self-explanatory.

An abstract normally appears at the top of the page in front of the actual paper it outlines. The purpose is to inform readers as concisely as possible what is in the article so that they can decide whether to read it in detail.

13 Explain what is “Annotation”.

35 Explain how to write the “Abstract”

How long should an abstract be?

There is no fixed length. It is important to write enough for what the reader needs to know rather than summarising everything in the paper. A typical length is between 100 and 250 words, or between 5% and 10% of the original.

What should an informative abstract contain?

The informative abstract will contain a selection of these elements, depending on how you

perceive the reader’s needs

• an expansion or explanation of the title

• the purpose of the research

• how the research was conducted

• what the main findings were

• what the findings mean

• what recommendations can be made, e.g. for further research

• what the limitations of the research were

3 Define what is “Introduction” in a scientific paper

Includes the purpose of the research

States the hypothesis

Gives any necessary background information

Provides a review of pertinent literature

This section covers two forms of introductions:

• introduction to an article

• introduction to a research paper

The introduction does more than tell the reader what the subject of the paper or article is, though obviously it must do that. It must also capture the reader's attention at the beginning, or they will never continue to the end. A good introduction gets the reader wanting more

31 Explain what are points to be covered in the introduction to a scientific paper

In papers, the introduction is direct and to the point. It is therefore maybe only one paragraph long.

In some papers, the introduction is actually a named section of the paper. It follows the title, and in this case it is itself entitled 'Introduction'.

It may have additional paragraphs containing a review of the literature and any pertinent background information. Even though it is a section, you should still be brief.

You need to capture the reader's interest. You need to

* tell the reader what the paper is about

* say what the paper contains and says

* explain why what it says is important and worth reading

Points to be covered in the introduction to a research paper

The introduction to a research paper should involve the reader by answering these questions:

• What was your reason for doing the research? What in general was the research attempting to find out?

• What was your hypothesis or thesis? What specifically was the research attempting to prove?

• What background information is pertinent to an understanding of the paper?

• What literature is pertinent? What other studies have explored the subject? (Note that all

literature must be fully documented. See Section 2.10 Referencing)