- •Contents
- •Introduction
- •1 Prospects for the creation of silicate composite materials
- •1.1 History and development of composite materials, their properties and applications
- •1.2 Need for the development of new materials
- •1.3 Composite materials: matrix, interface, combination
- •1.4 Dispersion-strengthened composite materials
- •1.5 Composite materials
- •1.6 Eutectic composite materials
- •1.7 Effect of interphase boundaries on the strength of the silicate composite materials
- •1.8 Physical and chemical processes of interaction at the interface of silicate composite materials
- •1.9 Types of links on an interface of phases in silicate composite materials
- •2 Innovative aspects of combining portland cement with gypsum binder
- •2.1 Methods of sulfation of cement
- •2.2 Creation and gypsum cement gypsum composite materials
- •2.3 Hardening of gypsum cement compositions
- •2.4 Technological ways of controlling the conditions of formation of gypsum cement gypsum stone
- •2.5 Influence of pozzolanic additives
- •2.6 Role of amorphous silica
- •2.9 Role of fillers in the formation of stones
- •2.10 Technology of dry construction mixtures
- •3 Artificial composite materials – concretEs
- •3.1 Cement polymer concretes
- •3.2 Concrete with chemical additives
- •3.3 Concrete and mortar on liquid glass
- •3.4 The essential elements of mechanics and concrete technology
- •3.5 Structure formation and concrete structure
- •3.6 Description features of stress-strain state of concrete methods of solid mechanics
- •3.7 Elements of fracture mechanics of concrete
- •3.8 Over view of the phenomenological theories of concrete strength
- •3.9 Theory of deformation of concrete and the ratio of the physical relations between stresses and deformations
- •3.10 Theory of concrete creep
- •4 Composite-mineral binding substances on the basis of large-tonnage industrial waste
- •4.1 Classification and types of industrial wastes
- •4.2 Gypsum-containing by-products of production
- •4.3 Lime-containing industrial wastes
- •4.4 Aluminosilicate by-products of production
- •4.5 Siliceous waste industry
- •5 Composite ceramic materials
- •5.1 Nanocrystalline structure and adjustable porosity on the basis of kaolinite and montmorillonite clays
- •5.2 Ceramics based on oxides
- •5.3 Ceramics based on complex oxide compounds
- •5.4 Magnetic ceramics (ferrites)
- •5.5 Superconducting ceramics
- •5.6 Ceramics from neoxena refractory compounds
- •Conclusion
- •Literature
- •Composite silicate materials
1 Prospects for the creation of silicate composite materials
1.1 History and development of composite materials, their properties and applications
Composite materials are metal and non-metallic matrices (bases) with a given distribution of reinforcers (fibres, disperse particles, etc.), while used effectively individual properties of components of the composition.
According to character of structure composite materials are subdivided on:
1) fibrous reinforced with fibres and threadlike crystals;
2) dispersion-strengthened, obtained by introduction in metal matrix of disperse particles of reinforcers;
3) layered, created by pressing or rolling of dissimilar materials;
4) eutectic alloys after directional solidification of eutectic structures.
By combining the volumetric content of components, depending on the purpose to obtain materials with the desired strength values, and create compositions with necessary magnetic, dielectric, radio-absorbing and other special properties.
Fibrous composite materials reinforced with filamentary crystals and continuous fibers of refractory compounds and elements (SiC, Al2O3, B, C, etc.), are a new class of materials. However, the principles of reinforcement for strengthening known in the art since ancient times. Even in Babylon used a cane for reinforcement of clay in the construction of dwellings. And in Ancient Greece the iron bars strengthened the marble pillars in the construction of palaces and temples. In 1555-60. during the construction of St. Basil's Cathedral in Moscow, Russian architects Barma and Postnik used reinforced iron bands stone slabs. A type of composite materials are widely known reinforced concrete, which is a combination of concrete working in compression, and steel reinforcement working in tension, and resulting in the XIX century by rolling layered materials.
For the development and industrial production of new composite materials (KM) took only 15-20 years. It should be noted that previously spent an average of 25 years in search of work, before any new material became the property industry.
In the mid 50-ies of the twentieth century, the U.S. air force has decided to apply in the aircraft industry a new class of materials – reinforced composite materials or composites. Was to examine the possibilities of manufacturing on the basis of new types of fibers with high strength and elastic characteristics. Practical production of boric and carbon fibres resulted in the ability to create a KM on them. National Aeronautics and space administration (NASA) and the U.S. air force became curators research and technology programs. Implementation of these plans has allowed since the beginning of the 70s of the twentieth century. to begin broad use of KM for the production of aircraft.
In 1979, the US has produced a variety of composite materials (KM), or composites including filled plastics, more than 3.6 million tons, of which 0.9 million t is necessary on fiberglass, same – abanaonline materials and about 1.8 million tonnes of composites reinforced with chemical and natural fibers. The total value of material produced exceeded $ 6 billion.
There is nothing surprising in the fact that in our difficult time, which is characterized by rapid development of industries with fundamentally new technology, economic instruments in the studies were significantly stronger than it was before. Significant progress in the field of KM, especially reinforced plastics, were made in the early 40-ies of XX century, when was created the first high-strength composites.
In the 1930s, reinforced plastics was able to compete with other structural materials. In 1941, the U.S. signed the first government contract to build parts of processnocache fiber impregnated with phenolic resin. The composite was cured under a pressure of 14 MPa (1.4 kg/mm2). In 1942, a method of pressing at low pressure was obtained, AWAY with using polyester resin.
At the end of the Second world war was already successfully applied KM glass fiber reinforced (SVKM). Further development of industry, a manufacturer of reinforced plastics, has led to the fact that now there is no field of technology has not been these materials. They are used in the creation of ships and vehicles, for housing and equipment storage facilities. The specific properties of various fiber-reinforced plastics expanded the traditional applications of polymeric materials.
In the initial stages of the development of production of reinforced plastics was restrained by high prices for raw materials and relatively slow and expensive ways of obtaining these materials. Today in this area there has been significant progress. Increased production, improved quality characteristics of the reinforced plastic (AP) and fiber reinforced plastics (AWP).
KM – materials with new properties. With the advent of such materials raises the possibility of selective selection properties of the composites necessary for the needs of each specific application. KM, proved convenient and economical, are now used everywhere, from toys and tennis rackets to use in spacecraft, insulators, circuits, etc.