Contents

page

INTRODUCTION

7

1

PROSPECTS FOR THE CREATION OF SILICATE

COMPOSITE MATERIALS

10

1.1

History and development of composite materials, their properties and applications

10

1.2

Need for the development of new materials

12

1.2.1

Technological directions of development of silicate composite materials

13

1.2.2

Main classes of composite materials

14

1.2.3

Problems in the development of new materials

14

1.3

Composite materials: matrix, boundary, combination

15

1.4

Dispersion-strengthened composite materials

19

1.4.1

An edge dislocation

20

1.4.2

Screw dislocation

22

1.4.3

Effect of dislocations on the properties of crystalline bodies

24

1.5

Composite materials

30

1.6

Eutectic composite materials

32

1.6.1

Application of the rules of linkage in two-component systems

33

1.6.2

Application of the regulation lever in ternary systems

34

1.6.2.1

Determination of quantitative content of phases formed during the crystallization if the system is liquid and one solid phase

34

1.6.2.2

Determination of quantitative content of phases formed During the crystallization in the presence of liquid and two solid phases

35

1.6.2.3

Determination of quantitative proportions of solid phases produced from the melt at the moment of crystallization

36

1.7

Effect of interphase boundaries on the strength of the silicate composite materials

37

1.8

Physical and chemical processes of interaction at the interface of silicate composite materials

37

1.9

Types of links on an interface of phases in silicate composite materials

39

1.9.1

Mechanical connection

39

1.9.2

Communication by wetting and dissolution

39

1.9.3

Reactionary communication

39

1.9.4

Exchange-reaction communication

40

1.9.5

Oxide connection

40

1.9.6

Mixed connection

41

2

INNOVATIVE ASPECTS OF COMBINING PORTLAND CEMENT WITH GYPSUM BINDER

42

2.1

Methods of sulfation of cement

42

2.2

Creation and gypsum cement gypsum composite materials

43

2.3

Hardening of gypsum cement compositions

44

2.3.1

Sulfate lime siliceous system

45

2.3.2

Sulfate Silicate System

49

2.3.3

Sulphate aluminate system

52

2.3.4

Sulphate aluminate Silicate system

55

2.3.5

Features of the formation of a cementing stone

57

2.4

Technological ways of controlling the conditions of formation of gypsum cement gypsum stone

58

2.5

Influence of pozzolanic additives

58

2.6

Role of amorphous silica

60

2.7

Pre-hydration of the cement component of the composition

62

2.8

Pre-sulfation of the cement component of the composition

63

2.9

Role of fillers in the formation of stone

63

2.10

Technology of dry construction mixtures

64

3

ARTIFICIAL COMPOSITE MATERIALS – CONCRETES

67

3.1

Cement polymer concretes

67

3.2

Concrete with chemical additives

68

3.3

Concrete and solutions on liquid glass

70

3.4

The essential elements of mechanics and concrete technology

71

3.5

Structure formation and concrete structure

76

3.5.1

The main types of concrete structures

77

3.5.2

Levels of the concrete structure

78

3.5.3

Contact with the strength of the concrete structure and its density

79

3.6

Description Features of stress-strain state of concrete methods of solid mechanics

80

3.7

Elements of fracture mechanics of concrete

83

3.8

Over view of the phenomenological theories of concrete strength

85

3.9

Theory of deformation of concrete and the ratio of the physical relations between stresses and deformations

86

3.10

Theory of concrete creep

86

IV

COMPOSITE MINERAL BINDING SUBSTANCES ON THE BASIS OF LARGE-TONNAGE INDUSTRIAL WASTES

88

4.1

Classification and types of industrial wastes

88

4.2

Gypsum-containing by-products of production

96

4.3

Lime-containing industrial wastes

102

4.3.1

Carbide lime

102

4.3.2

Waste the soda industry

105

4.3.3

Carbonate waste production of NPK

106

4.3.4

Coccozella residues

107

4.4

Aluminosilicate by-products of production

107

4.4.1

Slags black and nonferrous metallurgy

107

4.4.1.1

Blast furnace slag

109

4.4.1.2

Electrotermometria wastes

110

4.4.2

Nepheline (belit) slurries

111

4.4.3

Waste of mining industry and ore dressing

114

4.4.4

Fuel ash, slag and ash-slag mixture

114

4.4.4.1

Processes occurring during the combustion of solid fuels

115

4.4.4.2

Classification of waste ash

116

4.4.4.3

Use of ash and slag waste in the building materials industry

118

4.5

Siliceous waste industry

120

4.5.1

Cullet

120

4.5.2

Micro silica

120

4.5.3

Silica gel

121

V

COMPOSITE CERAMIC MATERIALS

122

5.1

Nanocrystalline structure and adjustable porosity on the basis of kaolinite and montmorillonite clays

122

5.2

Ceramics based on oxides

124

5.2.1

Alumina ceramic

124

5.2.2

Baddeleita ceramics

130

5.2.3

Bromelicola ceramics

133

5.2.4

Periclase ceramics

135

5.2.5

Yttrium oxide ceramics

137

5.3

Ceramics based on complex oxide compounds

138

5.3.1

Silicate and aluminosilicate ceramics

138

5.3.2

Clinoenstatite (steatite) ceramics

142

5.3.3

Forsterite ceramics

145

5.3.4

Cordierite ceramics

146

5.3.5

Celsian ceramics

147

5.3.6

Spodumene ceramics

148

5.3.7

Wollastonite ceramics

148

5.3.8

Titanium ceramic

149

5.4

Magnetic ceramics (ferrites)

156

5.5

Superconducting ceramics

159

5.6

Ceramics from neoxena refractory compounds

159

5.6.1

Ceramics of carbides

163

5.6.2

Ceramics from nitrides

166

5.6.3

Ceramics of borides

170

5.6.4

Ceramics from silicides

170

5.6.5

Ceramics from oxycarbides, oxynitrides; Simone, Sialons

171

CONCLUSION

174

References

175