10. Directions of environmental monitoring

Monitoring includes the following key practical areas:

‒ monitoring of state of environment and factors influencing it;

‒ assessment of the actual condition of environment and level of pollution;

‒ forecast of the environment as a result of possible contamination and evaluation of the state.

The objects of monitoring are the atmosphere (monitoring the atmospheric boundary layer and upper atmosphere); precipitation (rainfall monitoring); surface waters, oceans and seas, groundwater (monitoring of the hydrosphere); the cryosphere (the monitoring components of the climate system).

The objects of observation are distinguished: atmospheric, air, water, soil, climate monitoring, vegetation monitoring, wildlife, public health, etc. There is a classification of monitoring systems for factors, source and extent of the impact (Fig. 2.2 and table. 2.2). Monitoring of impacts the monitoring of various chemical contaminants (ingredient monitoring) and various natural and physical factors (electromagnetic radiation, solar radiation, noise, vibration). Monitoring of sources of pollution monitoring point stationary sources (smokestacks), spot mobile (transportation), spatial (cities, fields as chemicals) sources.

The magnitude of the impact monitoring is spatial and temporal.

The nature of generalized information there are the following monitoring systems: global tracking global processes and phenomena in the Earth's biosphere, including all its environmental components, and the prevention of arising of extreme situations;

‒ basic (background) – tracking obsession free, mostly natural, phenomena without the imposition of regional anthropogenic influences;

‒ national monitoring nationwide;

‒ regional – tracking of processes and phenomena within a region where these processes and phenomena may differ in natural and anthropogenic influences from the basic background of the whole biosphere;

‒ local – monitoring the impact of specific anthropogenic source;

‒ impact monitoring of regional and local anthropogenic impacts in particularly hazardous areas and locations.

Classification of monitoring systems can be based on the methods of monitoring (monitoring for physico-chemical and biological parameters, remote monitoring).

11. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) is an intergovernmental organization with a membership of 191 Member States and Territories. It originated from the International Meteorological Organization (IMO), which was founded in 1873. Established by the ratification of the WMO Convention on 23 March 1950, WMO became the specialised agency of the United Nations for meteorology (weather and climate), operational hydrology and related geophysical sciences a year later. Its current Secretary-General is Petteri Taalas and the President of the World Meteorological Congress, its supreme body, is David Grimes. The Organization is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations. It is the UN system's authoritative voice on the state and behavior of the Earth's atmosphere, its interaction with the oceans, the climate it produces and the resulting distribution of water resources.WMO has a membership of 191 Member States and Territories as of February 2014. The Convention of the World Meteorological Organization was signed 11 October 1947 and established upon ratification on 23 March 1950. WMO became the specialized agency of the United Nations in 1951 for meteorology (weather and climate), operational hydrology and related geophysical sciences. It originated from the International Meteorological Organization (IMO), which was founded in 1873.

The WMO hierarchy:The World Meteorological Congress, the supreme body of the Organization, determines policy. Each member state and territory is represented by a Permanent Representative with WMO when Congress meets every four years. Congress elects the President and Vice-Presidents of the Organization and members of the Executive Council; and appoints the Secretary-General. The Executive Council (EC) implements Congress decisions. It coordinates programmes, manages the budget, considers and acts on resolutions and recommendations from the regional associations and technical commissions, and studies and makes recommendations on matters affecting international meteorology and related activities. The Executive Council normally hold a session at least once a year. Six Regional Associations (RA) are responsible for the coordination of meteorological, hydrological and related activities within their respective Regions. They meet once every four years, and elect a president and vice-president. The president of each regional association is an ex officio member of the Executive Council. Eight Technical Commissions are responsible for studying meteorological and hydrological operational systems, applications and research. They establish methodology and procedures and make recommendations to Executive Council and the World Meteorological Congress. The Secretariat is headed by the Secretary-General, who is appointed by the World Meteorological Congress for a four-year term with a maximum tenure of 8 years. The Secretary-General appoints all staff, including the Deputy Secretary-General and the Assistant Secretary-General. The Secretariat currently has around 300 staff.Functions.Weather, climate and the water cycle shape almost every aspect of our lives. They can be benevolent and bring abundance and well-being, but they can also be dangerous and cause great damage: weather-, climate and water-related hazards account for nearly 90% of "natural" disasters. These powerful natural forces do not recognize national borders, thus global and regional cooperation is essential. Global data are needed to understand the behaviour of the Earth’s atmosphere and its interaction with the land and oceans - whether it be to predict next week’s weather or next year’s climate, forecasters must have timely, quality-assured, standardized information coming from all corners of the world. Even the accuracy of a two-day weather forecast relies on observations from far beyond national borders. The World Meteorological Organization provides the framework for this essential international cooperation among the National Meteorological and Hydrological Services of its 191 Member States and Territories.

12. According to the now classic definition, environmental monitoring - information system of observations, evaluation and forecast changes in the environment, created to highlight the anthropogenic component of these changes on the background of natural processes.

Environmental monitoring system should collect, systematize and analyze information about:

- State of the environment and its changes;

- The reasons for the observed and possible changes in the state (ie the sources and factors of influence);

- The permissibility of loads on the environment as a whole and its individual components;

- On existing biosphere reserves.

Environmental monitoring in the Russian Federation as a comprehensive observation of the state of the system environment, assessment and prediction of environmental change under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors.

According to the definitions and functions assigned to the system monitoring has three main areas of activity (Figure 1.)

- observation of the impact factors and the state of the environment;

- Evaluation of the actual state of the environment;

- Forecast the state of the environment and assess the projected state.

It will be appreciated that the monitoring system itself does not include the activities of sources of impact management, but is a source of needed to make environmentally significant information solutions. The term control is often used in Russian literature to describe the analytical determination of certain parameters should only be used for activities involving the adoption of active regulatory measures.

The concept of environmental control is also defined:

Control in the field of environment (environmental control) - a system of measures aimed at the prevention, detection and suppression of violations of environmental legislation, enforcement of the subjects of economic and other activity requirements, including standards and regulations in the field of environment environment.

The main tasks of environmental monitoring:

1. Control in the field of environment (environmental control) is carried out in order to ensure public authorities, bodies of state power of subjects, local authorities, legal entities and in the field of environmental protection legislation by individuals runtime compliance, including standards and regulations documents in the field of environmental protection and environmental safety.

2. Implemented government, industrial, municipal and public control in the field of environmental protection.

Thus, according to the environmental legislation, environmental monitoring is an environmental regulation tool to create an information base necessary to perform the tasks of environmental management and control.

13. Monitoring of Environment - is a system of observations, evaluation and forecast of anthropogenic changes of state of the environment.

Monitoring systems classified according to:

- Spatial coverage;

- Project monitoring (air, land and sea water, soil, geological environment, flora and fauna, people);

- The impact of physical factors (ionizing radiation, electromagnetic radiation, thermal radiation, noise, vibration);

- Methods (direct instrumental measurement, remote shooting, an indirect indication, surveys, observation diary);

- The degree of the relationship and the effect of the process, for which observations are made;

- The type of exposure (geophysical, biological, medical, geographical, socio-economic, social);

- Purpose (determining the current state of the environment, the study of phenomena, short-term forecast, long-term conclusions, optimization and increase the economic efficiency of research and forecasts, monitoring the impact on the environment, etc.).

The scale synthesis of information release monitoring:

• Global (biosphere) - provides monitoring of global processes and phenomena in the biosphere and the implementation of the forecast of possible changes;

• National - is carried out within the State specially created bodies;

• Regional - covers individual regions, within which there are processes and phenomena, which differ due to natural or anthropogenic impacts on the general background of the base;

• Local - is to monitor the particularly hazardous areas and locations, usually directly adjacent to the pollutant sources.

For proper evaluation of the monitoring data distinguish the so-called basic (or background) Monitoring - monitoring the state of natural systems and natural processes, which have practically no influence regional anthropogenic factors.

Controls are divided into:

- Contact;

- Non-contact (remote);

- Biological.

Monitored indicators:

- Functionality (productivity assessment cycle of matter and others.);

- Structural (absolute or relative values ​​of physical, chemical or biological parameters).Contact methods of control of the environment presented as classical methods of chemical analysis and modern methods of instrumental analysis.

Contact control methods are divided into chemical, physico-chemical and physical.

The most used - spectral, electrochemical and chromatographic methods of analysis of the environment.

Overall control circuit includes the steps of:

1) sampling;

2) treating the sample with a view to the preservation of the measured parameter and its transportation;

3) storage and preparation of samples for analysis;

4) measuring the controlled parameter;

5) handling and storage of the results.

Proximity (distance) methods based on the use of two properties probing fields (electromagnetic, acoustic, gravity): reacting a controlled object and transfer the received information to the sensor - is an aerospace and geophysical monitoring.

Biological kontrolprovoditsya for the purpose of assessing the quality of diverse habitats and provides an integrated description of its condition. Biological methods of observation - bioindication and biological testing.