Stylistically Predetermined Transformations

In many cases transformations of sense units are performed for the sake of achieving a fuller expressiveness. Thus, in the sen­tence «Just remember you are working for Doctor Page»,the underlined part may have two semantically equivalent variants: 1) «Тож пам'ятайте, що ви працюєте на лікаря Пейджа» or «He забувайте, що ви працюєте на лікаря Пейджа». The second variant, however, is somewhat stronger since it implies threat.

Objectively required and subjectively introduced transformations of language units

There are two basic types of transforma­tions:

1. objectively required by the peculiarities of the target language (inevi­table);

2.subjectively introduced at the translator's own will (not always unavoidable).

The outer form of the language unit is changed in the TL, when it requires a concretization.

Why did you do it?» the sheriff said. «I didn't do it,» Johnny said.

Ти навіщо підпалив будинок?» - запитав шериф. - «Я не підпалював його.» -відповів Джонні.

Semantically and stylistically predetermined are transformations using addition for the aim of achieving the necessary expressiveness.

I'm so glad you've asked me. darling.

Я дуже радий, шо ти мене запитала про це. люба

Additions for concretization are inevitable in the TL dealing with proper names of the SL.

Він мешкає у Києві на Подолі, а працює там на Сирці.

Не lives in the Podil district of Kyiv and works there in the Syrets' residential area of the city.

Reduction is employed for stylistic reasons, especially in translations of belles-letters texts. The most often occurring reductions are the following:

1. changing of an extended word-group into a simpler unit (reduction or contraction):

She gave him a little smile and took his hand. - Вона грайливо усміхнулась і взяла його за руку.

2. transformation of a complex sentence into a simple one:

«That's what I say.» she said. - «Оце така моя думка.»

3. merger of two separate sentences into one composite in the target language.

Objectively and subjectively conditioned transformations of lexical units in the process of translation

Transformations of nationally biased lexical units include three main stylistically distinguished classes of units:

1. stylistically neutral lexis (akimbo - взявшись руками в боки; answerable -той, на що можна відповісти; backer - той, хто підтримує когось);

2. stylistically evaluative lexis; (diminutives - книжечка, брошурка, чоловічок ; pejoratives – дубище,вовчище, здоровило);

3. culturally specific units. (плахта, гаївка - translated by substitution or explanation).

Publicistic and newspaper style texts and ways of their translation

Publicistic substyle works are mostly presented by articles on different subjects as well by essays. The main features of these are: 1) brevity of expression; 2) the use of personal (author's) comment; 3) careful paragraphing; 4) strong logical and emotional argumenta­tion; 5) extensive use of comparison and similes, epithets, sustained metaphors, etc.

The publicistic and newspaper texts can be faithfully translated only by the way of reaching equivalence in the TL at the denotative, structural, stylistic and prag­matic levels of the SL text.

Certainly, the greatest difficulty will be found in selecting equivalents for some contextual meanings and functions of lexical and lexico-grammatical units, which help cre­ate humorous or ironic effect upon the reader and thus form the prag­matic orientation.

The essay as a literary work aims at a psychological influence on the reader in order to convince him of the reality and authenticity of the described topic/subject.

Stylistically close to the style of essays are many newspaper and journal/magazine articles, dealing with social, political, economic and other subjects.

The text of such articles is carefully paragraphed too; also it mostly consists of coherent sentences, which cannot be omitted without mining the logical structure or sense of the paragraph, which it is the part of. Other articles may contain elements of belles-letters style with emotionally coloured elements and several stylistic devices.

The bulk of newspaper space, however, occupy shorter and longer news items containing generally common lexical material and syntactic structures (cliches) having corresponding equivalents in the TL, and usually presenting no great difficulty for begin­ning translators.

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