- •Ways of rendering the lexico-grammatical meanings and functions of the english infinitive
- •Ways of translating infinitival complexes
- •Ways of traslating the for-to-infinitive constructions
- •Ways of translating the objective with the infinitive constructions
- •Ways of rendering the meaning of the subjective with the infinitive constructions
- •Ways of translating the participles and participial constructions
- •Ways of translating participial constructions
- •Ways of translating the objective with the participle constructions (opc)
- •Ways of Translating the Subjective with the Participle Constructions (spCs)
- •Ways of Translating the Nominative Absolute Participial Constructions (napc)
- •Ways of Identification of Implicit Meanings
- •In the Nominative Absolute Participial Constructions
- •Translation of the gerund
- •Ways of translating gerundial complexes
- •Ways of conveying the passive voice constructions
- •Transformation in the process of translation
- •Grammatically Predetermined Transformations
- •Stylistically Predetermined Transformations
- •Objectively required and subjectively introduced transformations of language units
- •Objectively and subjectively conditioned transformations of lexical units in the process of translation
- •Publicistic and newspaper style texts and ways of their translation
- •I. Identify the function of the underlined infinitive and translate each sentence into Ukrainian.
- •II. Identify the function of the infinitival for-phrase and translate each sentence into Ukrainian.
- •III. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •IV. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian.
- •I. Translate the following sentences into English using the participle.
- •II. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian.
- •I. Translate the following sentences into English using participial constructions.
- •II. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian.
- •Translate into Ukrainian
- •Translate into English
- •V. Translate the following sentences into English using the passive voice.
Ways of Translating the Nominative Absolute Participial Constructions (napc)
NAPCs consisting of the present participle.
This duty done, we unfilled our glasses, lit our pipes, and resumed the discussion upon our state of health. |
Оскільки з цим було вирішено ми осушили келихи, запалили люльки й знову стали бідкатись про своє здоров'я. |
NAPCs with no participle component. Translation is realized through a prepositional or a substantival word-group.
With so much at stake, he did not want to appear inhospitable
Коли стільки ставилося на карту, він хотів здаватися якомога гостиннішим.
Subjectless NAPCs
Bobbing and bounding upon the spring cushions, silent, swaying to each motion of their chariot. Old Jolyon watched them drive away under the sunlight.
Старий Джоліон дивився, як вони, мовчки похитуючись і підгуцуючи на пружинистих сидіннях брички, віддалялися в яскравому сонячному світлі.
NAPCs whose reference to the introductory clause is scarcely traced (quasi-clauses). The translation is based on the contextual environment.
She reached the lake and stood there staring at it, the wind whipping the thin night-gown around her body. |
Коли вона підішла до озера й стала, вдивляючись у нього, вітер затріпотів тонесенькою нічною сорочкою, шо тісно облягала її тіло. |
Ways of Identification of Implicit Meanings
In the Nominative Absolute Participial Constructions
Among the most frequent adverbial meanings are temporal and causal, which are rendered into Ukrainian with the help of the corresponding subordinate clauses.
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Since, as are translated with оскільки, тому що: As/since Mr. Hilary was at a meeting, the brothers had tea by themselves. - Оскільки Гілері був на зборах, брати сіли за чай самі/сіли пити чай самі.
Synopsis 5
Translation of the gerund
Gerund performs nominal or verbal functions in the sentence. Gerund in its nominal function of subject, object or predicative is usually translated into Ukrainian as a noun of the corresponding lexical meaning: Crying and prayingfollowed allover the house. (Hughes) - По всьому дому лунав плачупереміш з молитвою.
Predicative and subjective gerund may also be translated with the help of the infinitive or infinitival phrase: Deciding is acting. (Saying)- Вирішити– це діяти.
Nouns and infinitives are usually employed in Ukrainian as functional equivalents forthe English non-prepositional and prepositional gerundial objects:We know a thing or two about financing plays now. – Ми дещо таки знаємо про сьогоднішнє фінансування вистав.
The noun or the infinitive is also used in Ukrainian to convey thegerund in its attributive function: I hated the idea of turning out. (Maugham) – Про виселення я не допускав навіть думки.
The adverbial functions of the gerund are conveyed in Ukrainian with the help of the diyepryslivnyk or a phrase with the diyepryslivnyk. When paraphrased, the gerund may be translated as an adverb (sometimes as a subordinate clause):
After watching him walk away... Soames returned to the drawing-room. (Galsworthy) - Провівши його очима ... Сомз повернувся знову до вітальні.
...no one could very well slip in or out of that house without being seen.(Dreiser) - Жоден не міг ускочити в той будинок чи вискочити з нього непомітно/ щоб його не помітили.
The prepositional gerund in the function of the object may sometimes be translated into Ukrainian as a diyepryslivnyk introducing a subordinate clause:What had Tom meant by saying that she ate out of his hands? Maugham) - Що Том мав на увазі,сказавши, що вона «їсть у нього з рук?»
Stillother simple prepositional gerunds in the function of an object are often translated into Ukrainian through a prepositional noun or a subordinate clause:I look forward to hearingfrom you.(Cronin) - Чекаю на відповідь відтебе/що ти відповіси.
The perfect gerund is usually translated with the help of the subordinate clause:He did not remember everhaving been in that room. (Galsworthy)- Він не пригадував, що будь-коли бував у тій кімнаті.
Passive gerund can be translated in the following ways:
1) a noun or a corresponding nominal subordinate clause: I am indebted to Miss Betsey for having been born on Friday. (Dickens) – a) Язобов'язаний міс Бетсі засвоєнародженнясамевп'ятницю.b) Я зобов'язаний міс Бетсі,що я народився саме в п'ятницю.
2)a verbal word-group or a subordinate clause: The need for being loved began to wrestle with her pride. (Eliot) – a) Потреба бути коханоюувійшла в конфлікт з її погордою. b) Потреба в тому, щоб їїкохали, зіткнулася з її погордою.
3)an infinitival sentence introduced by the conjunction or anobject subordinate clause:Only to think of being married to such a girl. (Dreiser)- a)Подумати тільки, щободружитися з такою дівчиною. b)Подумати тільки, щоб він одруживсяз такою дівчиною.
4) a subordinate clause and no other means:She could not bear being readto any longer. (В.Shaw) - Вона вже не витримувала/немогла терпіти, щоїй читають.
Synopsis 6
