8.Describe Databases systems
A database is an organized collection of data.
A database system is a definition of the structure and relationship between stored data, databases, users and the hardware or operating system used for the storage. A database management system (DBMS) is system software for creating and managing databases. The DBMS provides users and programmers with a systematic way to create, retrieve, update and manage data. A DBMS makes it possible for end users to create, read, update and delete data in a database. The DBMS manages three important things: the data, the database engine that allows data to be accessed, locked and modified -- and the database schema, which defines the database’s logical structure. These three foundational elements help provideconcurrency, security, data integrity and uniform administration procedures.The most advanced and highly popular type of DBMS is the relational database management system Access 2007, Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL. There are General-purpose and special-purpose databases.
Examples of Database Applications
The following are examples of database applications:
computerized library systems;
automated teller machines;
flight reservation systems;
computerized parts inventory systems.
9. Givedefinitionto Computernetworks
A computer network is a collection of computers and devices connected via communication devices and transmission media.Computernetworkis a telecommunicationchannelthroughwhichwecanshareourdata. Itisalsocalleddatanetwork. ThebestexampleofcomputernetworkisInternet.
The main purpose of the network - a convenient and fast data exchange (of information) between devices.
Network components:
- End Devices - End Device
- Network Media (medium) - Network environment.
The network devices that people are most familiar with are called end devices. These devices form the interface between the human network and the underlying communication network
Types of network:
Local-area network (LAN)A network that connects a relatively small number of machines in a relatively close geographical area
Wide-area network (WAN) A network that connects two or more local-area networks over a potentially large geographic distance
Metropolitan-area network (MAN) The communication infrastructures that have been developed in and around large cities
Types of Networks
Various configurations, called topologies, have been used to administer LANs
Ring topology A configuration that connects all nodes in a closed loop on which messages travel in one direction
Star topology A configuration that centers around one node to which all others are connected and through which all messages are sent
Bus topology All nodes are connected to a single communication line that carries messages in both directions
10.DescribeBrowsersandsearchengines, domains
When we go to the website, we (or rather, our browser) first sends a request to a web server where you store the files of the requested site, and have a special service (program the HTTP server) processes the request and sends us back the web page file which (web page) and we will see in the browser.
Services: Web server, mail-server, ftp-server.
Alternativelyreferredtoas a webbrowser, a browser is a software program which helps users to view internet sites and explorecontentonthe WorldWideWeb. Thesepiecesofcontent, includingpictures, videos, andwebpages, areconnectedusing hyperlinks.
Therehavebeenmanydifferentwebbrowsersthathavecomeandgoneovertheyears. Popular web browsers are Internet Explore, Google Chrome, Mozila Firefox, Opera, Yandex and etc.
A searchengine is a software program availablethroughthe Internet thatsearchesdocumentsandfilesforkeywordsandreturnstheresultsofanyfilescontainingthosekeywords. Today, therearethousandsofdifferentsearchenginesavailableontheInternet, eachwiththeirownabilitiesandfeatures. Today, themostpopularandwell-knownsearchengines are Google, Yandex, Youtube, Rambler, Wikipedia and etc.
Forusers, a searchengineisaccessedthrough a browser ontheircomputer, smartphone, tablet, oranotherdevice.
A domainnameis a uniquenamethatidentifies a website. Forexample, thedomainnameof our University is "ayu.edu.kz" Eachwebsitehas a domainnamethatservesasanaddress, whichisusedtoaccessthewebsite.
The domain code identifies the type of organization. For example:
.com commercial organization
.edu educational institution
.kz Kazakhstan, .ru Russia, .uk-United kingdom, .uz-Uzbekistan, .tr-Turkey
.org Organisation
.gov government of a nation
A domainnamecanbe a maximumofsixty-threecharacterswithonecharacterminimum, andisenteredafterthe protocol inthe URL, asyoucanseeinthefollowingexample.
