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19. CHANGES IN THE PRONUNCIATION OF THE ENGLISH VOWELS AND CONSONANTS IN PRESENT-DAY ENGLISH (Heterogeneity of pronunciation on the territory of Great Britain. The orthoepic norm and three main types of pronunciation: conservative, general, advanced. Changes in the quality of English vowels and consonants. Combinative changes. Changes in length.) The orthoepic norm. One of the types of pronunciation which is spoken by the educated people in the capital is recognized as the orthoepic norm. The orthoepic norm is the standard pronunciation adopted by native speakers as the right and proper way of speaking. It is used by the most educated part of the population. The orthoepic norm is based on the variants of pronunciation that are widely used in actual speech, that reflect the main phonetic tendencies and are considered to be acceptable by the educated. Thus, wide currency, conformity to the main phonetic tendencies and social acceptability are the three main conditions that are necessary to be accepted as a norm . The orth.norm must always include a set of stylistic variants of pronunciation. R.P. was accepted as the phonetic norm about a century ago. It is based on the Southern English regional type of pronunciation. We may state that received pronunciation is a regionless aspect within Britain, i.e. if speakers have it you cannot tell which area of Britain they come from. Only 3-5 % of the population of England speak Received pronunciation. British phoneticians estimate that nowadays RP is not homogeneous. 1 столбец |
Gimson suggests that it is convenient to distinguish 3 main types within RP: 1) the conservative RP forms used by the older generation, and by certain profession and social groups; 2) the general RP forms most commonly in use and adopted by the BBC; 3) the advanced RP forms mainly used by young people of exclusive social groups, mostly of the upper classes but also for prestige value in certain professional circle. Considerable changes are observed in the sound system of present-day Eng. Changes in vowels [ai], [au] are smooth when they are followed by a schwa vowel [ə]. E.g. tower fire CRP [tauə] [faiə] GRP [taə] [faə] ARP [ta:] [fa:] Combinative changes: It is common knowledge that when sounds are in company they influence each other. They are called combinative. They occur only in certain phonetic context. j + u is pronounced either [ju:] or [u:]. (suite, student, super). The tendency is for middle-aged and younger speakers to omit [j] after s before long [u:]. The same after l. 2 столбец |
There is a tendency for short vowels to be lengthened in any position: [i] in big, his; [u] in good; [a] in come; … Changes in consonant quality. In rapid speech [h] is lost in form-words. E.g. He wants her to come. Initial [m] or [hw] some CRP speakers pronounce words like hwy, hwich, hwen. Loss of final [ŋ] – [in] instead of [iŋ] like sittin’, lookin’. Glottal stop [?] can appear as a realization of syllable final [t] before a consonant: [no? kwait], and in certain confident … [bo?ks], [si?mpli]. Intrusive [r] – by analogy with linking [r], [r] is inserted before a following vowel even though there is no letter ‘r’ in spelling. ARP speakers have it: [an aidiərof]. Nowadays in colloquial speech there is a tendency towards reduction, elision and assimilation. E.g. c’m on, sorry ‘bout that, whodunnit stories, I dunno, lemme see. Tj, dj, sj are pronounced as tf, dg, f: actual, graduate, issue. Then there is a tendency for all unstressed vowels to be nearer to the schwa vowel [ə]: behind [bəhaind]. Sunday – [ei], often – [often – ofen 3 столбец |