18. Shareholders' equity corporations, its composition and structure.

Shareholders' equity is a firm's total assets minus its total liabilities. Equivalently, it is share capital plus retained earnings minus treasury shares. Shareholders' equity represents the amount by which a company is financed through common and preferred shares.

 

Also known as "share capital", "net worth" or "stockholders' equity".

Shareholders' equity comes from two main sources. The first and original source is the money, that was originally invested in the company, along with any additional investments made thereafter. The second comes from retained earnings, which the company is able to accumulate over time through its operations. In most cases, the retained earnings portion is the largest component.

However, there are a number of components that make up this equity calculation.

Outstanding Shares

An integral part of shareholders' equity is the amount of outstanding shares a company owns, meaning the amount of company stock that has been sold to investors and not repurchased by the company. This figure includes the par value of common stock, as well as the par value of any preferred shares the company has sold.

Additional Paid-in Capital

Shareholders' equity also includes the amount of money paid for shares of stock above the stated par value, known as additional paid-in capital. This figure is derived from the difference between the par value of common and preferred stock and the price each has sold for, as well as shares that were newly sold.

Retained Earnings

When a company retains income instead of paying it out as a dividend to stockholders, a positive balance in the company’s retained earnings account is created. This figure is also included in shareholders' equity and is typically the largest line item in this calculation.

Treasury Stock

The final item included in shareholders' equity is treasury stock, which is the amount of shares that have been repurchased from investors by the company. This figure is subtracted from a company's total equity, as it represents a smaller number of available shares for investors once it is repurchased.

Ultimately, shareholders' equity is used to evaluate the overall worth of a company, and the numerous components of the balance sheet calculation are necessary to gain deep insight into a company's financial management.

19. Authorized capital. Extra capital. Withdrawn capital.

The authorised capital (уставнойкапитал) of a company (sometimes referred to as the authorised share capital, registered capital or nominal capital, particularly in the United States) is the maximum amount of share capital that the company is authorised by its constitutional documents to issue (allocate) to shareholders. Part of the authorised capital can (and frequently does) remain unissued. This number can be changed by shareholders' approval. The part of the authorised capital which has been issued to shareholders is referred to as the issued share capital of the company.

Authorized capital  the amount of capital stock that a corporation is authorized to issue under the terms of its charter

Extra capital( добавочныйкапитал) Additional capital - the source of own funds formed due to revaluation of fixed assets in the direction of increasing their value or due to gratuitous receipt of various assets of legal entities and individuals, as well as due to the difference from the sale of treasury shares (excess of purchase price over the par value of the shares).

Добавочный капитал - источник собственных средств, образуемый за счет переоценки основных средств в сторону увеличения их стоимости или за счет безвозмездного поступления различных активов от юридических и физических лиц, а также за счет разницы от продажи собственных акций (превышения продажной цены над номинальной стоимостью акций).

       Добавочный капитал создается за счет:

• прироста стоимости имущества в результате переоценки осн.фондов;

• эмиссионного дохода (превышение продажной ценной акции номинальной цены за минусом издержек по их продаже);

• безвозмездно полученных денежных и мат.ценностей на производственные цели.

The additional capital is created by:

• growth in property value resulting from the revaluation of fixed assets;

• share premium (the excess of the purchase of valuable shares with a nominal price less the costs of their sale);

• free of cash and material assets for production purposes.

Добавочный капитал — статья пассива баланса, складывающаяся из следующих элементов:

• эмиссионный доход — разница между продажной и номинальной стоимостью акций предприятия;

• курсовые разницы — разницы при оплате доли уставного капитала в иностранной валюте;

• разница при переоценке основных средств — разница при изменении стоимости основных средств.

• share premium - the difference between the purchase and nominal value of the company's shares;

• translation differences - the difference when paying the share capital in a foreign currency;

• difference on revaluation of fixed assets - the difference when changing the value of fixed assets.

Изъятый капитал(изъятые акции) – счет (статья) бухгалтерского учета акций собственной эмиссии, выкупленных у акционеров и удерживаемых до их ликвидации или повторного размещения на рынке ценных бумаг.

Withdrawn capital (forfeited shares) - account (article) of accounting shares issued by the company, bought from treasury shares and held till their elimination or re-placement of the securities market.

«Изъятые акции» – контрпассивная статья. Это объясняется тем, что стоимость выкупленных у акционеров акций собственной эмиссии не может увеличивать валюту баланса, а должна, напротив, уменьшать ее, поскольку выплаченные за эти акции деньги ушли с предприятия, а значит, уменьшили собственные оборотные средства, следовательно, уменьшился капитал предприятия. А посему стоимость выкупленных акций должна показываться не в активах баланса, а по строке, уменьшающей капитал предприятия, т. е. в пассивах со знаком «минус». Акции, находящиеся у эмитента, а не у вкладчика (инвестора, акционера) – просто бумажка, хоть и ценная. Ценная, потому что может быть в любой момент продана. Но, покуда этого не произошло, уставный капитал предприятия должен показываться в реальном его размере, т. е. за вычетом находящихся на предприятии «просто бумажек».

По дебету счета «Изъятые акции» отражается факт выкупа обществом собственных акций в корреспонденции со счетом учета расчетов с участниками или денежных средств, по кредиту – повторное размещение или аннулирование в корреспонденции со счетом учета денежных средств или уставного капитала (после выполнения всех, предусмотренных законодательством, процедур).