- •The use of modal verbs
- •Indicates that the action was not carried out
- •Structurally dependent use of can
- •In subordinate clauses of purpose
- •One can’t but do something Ничего другого не остается, как...
- •Table 4
- •Structurally Dependent Use of May Table 6
- •Memorize
- •It might have been worse Могло бы быть и хуже
- •3) He/she might have been ...
- •Stereotyped phrases:
- •May I tell you that ...
- •Can and may Compared Table 7
- •Usage Table 8
- •Must and may Compared
- •Table 9
- •Structurally dependent use of be to
- •Usage Table 12
- •Will not (won’t) have smb do smth
- •Structurally dependent use of would after the verb wish
- •Shall Forms
- •Table 14
- •Meaning: necessity
- •To have the courage to do something
- •Revision
- •Oral exercises
- •In the tram
- •I shall Know it hasn’t been slept on.”
- •23. A) Read the text and comment on the meaning of the modal verbs.
- •170100, Г. Тверь, ул. Желябова, 33
Structurally dependent use of be to
(in conditional clauses with reference to the future)
E.g. The law needs to be revised if justice is to be done. Закон нужно пересмотреть, если мы хотим, чтобы справедливость была соблюдена.
If I were / Were I to do that, what would you say? Если бы я это сделал, что бы ты сказал?
SHOULD and OUGHT
Mind: ought + to +infinitive
Usage Table 12
Meaning |
Examples |
Obligation (very often moral, more characteristic of ought than of should) |
Mr. Worth ought not to encourage this irresponsibility. Мистеру Уорту не следует поощрять эту безответственность. Promises of this sort should never be broken. |
Advice, recommendation (should is more common than ought in this meaning) |
You should be more careful. Вам следует быть более осторожным. Ought we to warn him? You shouldn’t miss the opportunity. Вам не следует упускать возможность. |
Reproach for unfulfilled obligation or for doing smth undesirable (only with) the perfect infinitive |
They shouldn’t have concealed it from me. Им не следовало скрывать это от нас. They ought to have informed us. Им следовало бы сообщить нам. |
High probability (only with the non-perfect infinitive, less frequent than must in the same meaning) |
It’s Monday: Mr. Leigh should be here. Сегодня понедельник, мистер Ли, вероятно, здесь. This coat ought to be cheaper. Это пальто, должно быть, дешевле. |
In the above examples should and ought are interchangeable.
Mind! For emotional colouring only should is used.
E.g. Why should I do it? С какой стати я буду это делать?
Why shouldn’t you invite him? Почему бы вам не пригласить его?
The door opened and who should come in but Tom! Дверь открылась, и кто бы вы думали вошел? Никто иной как Том!
How should I know? Почем я знаю?
WILL
Forms
Present: will (will not, won’t)
E.g. They will sit for hours under the old oak tree.
Past: would (would not, wouldn’t)
E.g. I asked him not to bang the door but he would do it.
Subjunctive: would
E.g. Would you prefer to go out? (a more polite form than will)
This seat would be mine, would it? (a more hesitant supposition)
Usage
Table 13
Meaning |
Examples |
Volition, intention (the primary and original meaning, all the others were derived from it) |
This is a cowardly letter, I will not answer it. I have a right to get pleasure out of life and I will get it. |
Persistence |
“Don’t tell me”. – “But I will”, repeated Sikes. He was wet through but he wouldn’t let it go. |
Resistance (quality attributed to lifeless things) |
The handle turned but the door would not open. Ручка повернулась, но дверь никак не открывалась. My own knife would not cut. |
Polite request or offer |
Will/would you wait a moment please? Will/would you have another cup of tea? |
Habitual actions (in literary description) |
In the afternoon she would go out alone and walk for hours. She will spend long hours in the picture gallery. |
Supposition (high probability, mostly in affirmative sentences and in literary style) |
This will be the teacher, I believe. Это, должно быть, учитель, я полагаю. You will have heard the news. Вы, вероятно, слышали эту новостью |
Something that was to be expected |
“I don’t approve of your decision.” – “No, you wouldn’t.” (I didn’t expect you would. Этого и следовало бы ожидать). |
Set-phrases with will and would