Must and may Compared

Study table 9, look through tables 4, 5, 8 and get ready to speak on the difference between must and may in compatible meanings.

Table 9

Meaning	MAY	MUST
Supposition	For all I know he may be an actor.	He must be an actor. His voice carries so well.
Prohibition	You may not smoke here.	You must not smoke here.

? ? ?

What other verb, besides must and may, is also used in the meaning of prohibition? How does it differ from must and may?

HAVE + INFINITIVE

Forms

To have used as a modal verb has all the forms of a regular verb.

E.g. Do you have to do it? My impression was that he was having to force himself to talk. The woman at Barford had had to be told that an experiment was taking place that day.

Meaning:

Obligation or necessity imposed by circumstances

(приходиться, быть вынужденным)

HAVE to = HAVE GOT to(colloquial, only in the present) + INFININIVE

all have

E.g. We to keep together

=’ve all got

don’t have

W e to keep together

= haven’t got

Mind!

do not

have to = absence of necessity

does not

must not do smth = prohibition

E.g. You don’t have to go there. Вам нет необходимости туда идти.

You mustn’t go there. Вам нельзя идти туда.

ВЕ + INFINITIVE

Forms

The verb be used as a modal verb has no peculiarities in form-building.

E.g. We are to meet at six. We were to stay there till autumn. Is he to arrive tomorrow? Who was to speak at the meeting?

Usage

Table 10

Meaning	Form of the infinitive	Examples
Previously arranged plan or obligation	Non-perfect Perfect (after was/were shows that the action was not carried out)	We are to discuss it next time. We were to have played a duet together (but we did not).
Inevitability, something that is destined to happen	Non-perfect	He was to be my teacher and friend for many years to come. Ему суждено было стать моим другом на многие годы.
Possibility	Passive (usu. of the verbs see, find, do) Active (in questions, beginning with How )	Her father was often to be seen in the bar. Nothing is to be done now. How are they to know that you are well-connected?

Note! In the meaning of possibility be to is close to can.

Table 11

Meaning	Examples
Order and instructions (often official)	Norman says that I am to leave you.
Asking for instructions	What am I to do?
Prohibition	You are not to do it alone.

???

In what type of sentences are the meanings described in table 12 manifested?