Laboratory work №3 Theme lessons: Research of the properties of natural aluminous raw materials

The purpose of lessons: the study of the physical and mechanical, chemical and physical properties of natural aluminous raw materials, raw material assessment of fitness for expanded clay technology.

The plan of lessons

1. The study of the physical and mechanical, chemical and physical properties of natural raw aluminous

2. Assessment of the suitability of raw materials for the technology of expanded clay

3. Firing of bentonite clays for expanded clay

Running time of work – 3 hours

Brief theoretical information

Modern requirements for energy efficiency building envelopes dictate the use of high-tech materials and systems to solve the problem of effective thermal protection of buildings, where the lack of attention paid to assessing the reliability of themselves thermal insulation materials Walling, often linked to climatic, logistical and economic conditions of certain regions of our country.

The main types of insulation used in Kazakhstan are mineral products, whose share in the total production and consumption of over 60%, along with that about 8% from glass wool materials, 20% for polystyrene and other foams, the proportion of heat-insulating cellular concrete in the total volume produced heaters does not exceed 3%, expanded perlite - less than 0.3%.

Currently, in addition to the above heaters, along with cellular glass, an effective thermal insulation materials is a concrete block, which plans to launch production in the near future LLP "ZhayykBetonInvest" (Atyrau, p.Makat) with a capacity of 50 m³.

In the South-Kazakhstan region expanded clay is not issued, however, LLP "Nurly Shapagat" is preparing to launch expanded clay gravel production projects from raw clay (bentonite clay Kyngrak-Keles deposit) with capacity of 100 thousand. M3, which surely will satisfy the needs and fill the vacant niche in the local domestic the market of building and insulating materials, followed by promotion to the foreign market.

In this regard, the purpose of the delivered study is to identify opportunities for energy-efficient thermal insulation of light clay gravel destination directly from South Kazakhstan Kyngrak-Keles bentonite clays.

South Kazakhstan region is one of the richest in the expanded clay raw material to the location of the large and very promising for the development of deposits of bentonite and bentonite clays as Kyngrak-Keles.

Clay - Plastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of clay minerals (kaolinite, montmorillonite, hydromica et al.). Varieties of clay recovered by the prevalence of a clay mineral. Principal components (particle size below 0.01 mm): SiO₂ (30-70%), Al₂O₃ (10-40%) and H₂O (5-10%).

Expanded clay (from the Greek keramos - Clay) - artificial porous graviepodobny filler for lightweight concrete. The grain size of 5-40 mm. Get firing (in rotary kilns) fusible swelling clay rocks.

Agloporit - artificial porous filler for lightweight concrete produced by thermal treatment of clay rocks or tailings and coal-burning (slag, ashes), followed by crushing the product into fractions.

Equipment, tools and technical means: natural aluminous and expanded clay materials; eraser disk, ball mill and vibrating, metal or porcelain mortar; technical and analytical balances; fireclay or porcelain crucible; muffle furnace.

The order of performance of works in the audience:

1. Master students familiarize with the procedures of GOST 16381 - 77. Building materials and products insulating.

2. After studying the necessary information undergraduates studying the physic-mechanical and physic-chemical properties of natural raw materials alumina and expanded clay

3. Then undergraduates evaluate the suitability of materials for thermal insulation technology of expanded clay-purpose

The geological structure of the territory of South Kazakhstan region, defined confinement to the Ural-Tien Shan Paleozoic folded belt and marginal parts of the Alpine orogenic neotectonic belt, stretching from Tien Shan to the east and north-east to Central Asia and southern Siberia, where the active tectonic life in the Paleozoic and Cenozoic era led to a sharp structural heterogeneity, as the base of the Paleozoic and Mesozoic-Cenozoic structural elements.

Deposits of Upper age, mostly lurking wells at depths of 2-740 m, facing the surface only in the foothills of the ridge. Karatau and Prichimkentskih Chuley in the region are the most widespread and are presented mostly monotonous layer of foliated alkaline earth clays montmorillonite composition, often plastered at the top of which is celebrated bands of sand, sandstone and siltstone, and in the lower bands of the carbonate or opoka-like clay.

South Kazakhstan region is one of the richest in the expanded clay materials, here are the deposits of bentonite and bentonite clay - Keles, Kyngrak-Keles, Red Falls, Lenin, Darbazinskoe (areas North and South, II), Shymkent (areas North and South, II), Ungulskoe, Montaytashskoe, Zhilginskoe, Kaynarskoe, Lakeside, Espe, Siybulakskoe, Urangayskoe, Shardara, Kyzymchekskoe; loam and loess loam - Badam, Keles, Lenger (section 6 and 16), Saryagash, Turkestan, Shayanske, Shymkent (new, 1, 2, 3).

Bentonite and bentonite clay abovementioned fields are finely dispersed colloidal clays with high binding ability, adsorption and catalytic activity containing at least 60% of group minerals montmorillonite Al₂ [Si₄O₁₀] (OH) ₂ • nH₂O, also the presence therein hydromicas, kaolin, palygorskite, etc. .

Loam and loess deposits of which the porosity is 40-55% represent a very fine-grained yellowish sand and marl deposits, consisting of tiny grains of sand, clay and calcium carbonate with various impurities, oxides and hydroxides of iron, mica and others. The predominant breed larger particles with sizes of 0.01-0.05 mm, preferably consisting of quartz and feldspar, in smaller amounts of mica and hornblende, and fine clay particles smaller than 0.005 mm constituting 5-30% consist of various clay minerals - hydromica kaolinite, montmorillonite and others.

Prospects mass targeted industrial use of bentonite and bentonite clay, loam and loess loam, probable reserves of which, only in the South Kazakhstan region are about 160 million. Tons and Kazakhstan make up more than 10 billion. Tons, in order to obtain from them insulation materials as energy-efficient light expanded clay gravel evaluated yet not fully, although they are very interesting, and their prospects are evident in the transition of the Republic of Kazakhstan to the "green" economy by implementing the concept of a second of its areas - the energy efficiency of housing and communal services.

Working process

To determine the possibility of obtaining energy-efficient thermal insulation of light clay gravel destination directly from the widely available low-melting clay rocks of South Kazakhstan region, as well as the study of their physical and chemical processes of swelling and porization.

Explore dark green bentonite clay Kyngrak-Keles deposits, which represent a complex mechanical mixture of various minerals which do not have a definite melting point, which soften in a fast heat treatment, swell due to pressure from within the gaseous products evolved during the roasted clay mass and form glassy material with a cellular structure.

To determine the physicochemical properties and pyroplastic investigated clays which are caused mineralogical (12% montmorillonite, kaolinite and hydromicas 20%), particle size (mm /% 0.5 / 0.18, 0.25 / 1.71, 0.1 / 2.9, 0.05 / 0.81, 0.01 / 12.4 0.005 / 11.5 0.001 / 29.8), chemical (SiO2-52-63%, Al2O3-10-15%, Fe2O3-4-6%, CaO-0,4-2,3, MgO-2,7-3,5, SO3-0,28-1,6) composition and the degree of dispersion components. The expansion ratio and the nature of the cellular structure of expanded pellets, and the mechanism of its formation depends, besides on the surface tension forces of nature and amount of gases.

Define by electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis morphological structural features of the bulk of the test bentonite clays Kyngrak-Keles field.

Determine using differential thermal studies the characteristics of changes of bentonite clays Kyngrak-Keles field.

To investigate what happens during the firing of clay in the preparation of expanded clay.

The order of registration reports and their protection:

The report is issued in the following order:

1. Read the method of GOST 9759-83.

2. To familiarize with the procedure of GOST 17177 - 94. Building materials and products insulating. Test methods.

3. To study the physical and mechanical, chemical and physical properties of natural raw materials alumina and expanded clay

4. Assess the suitability of materials for thermal insulation technology of expanded clay-purpose

5. Carry out firing clays and expanded clay to obtain a heat-insulating purpose

Control questions

1. To characterize the natural aluminous and expanded clay raw materials?

2. To characterize clays?

3. To characterize the expanded clay?

Home Setting:

1. Read the method of GOST 9759-83

2. Carry out an analytical review of natural alumina and expanded clay raw materials for the South Kazakhstan region

3. To study the physical and mechanical, physical and chemical properties of natural raw materials alumina and expanded clay

4. Carry out an analytical review of the market of expanded clay of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Assignments for CPM