Comprehensive Reading

Text A. Vegetarianism

Some people eat no meat. A meatless diet is growing more and more popular. Researchers discover the health benefits of meat-free eating.

What is a vegetarian? By definition, vegetarianism prohibits the consumption of meat or fish, but some diets are more restrictive than other.

Demi- or semi-vegetarians eat fish and sometimes chicken, but not red meat.

Ovo-lacto-vegetarians include milk and eggs in their diet but not meat or fish.

Lacto-vegetarians have milk and yogurt, as well as cheese made with vegetarian rennet, but no meat, fish or eggs.

Vegans do not eat any animal products at all, banning meat, fish, milk and eggs from their diets.

Fruitarians exclude pulses and cereals from the diet as well as all foods of animal origin. Fruitarians eat only fruit, honey, nuts and nut oils

Macrobiotic followers have a diet consisting of ten different levels which become progressively more restrictive. At first, animal foods are excluded, then fruit and vegetables as well. At the final “purist” level only brown rice is eaten.

The Health Benefits. On the whole, vegetarians follow current healthy eating guidelines. Because they don’t eat meat, a prime source of saturated fat, vegetarians take in less total fat, as well as more fibre, in the form of fresh fruits, vegetables and wholegrain cereals. These foods are also good sources of beta carotene, vitamin C and vitamin E, which are antioxidant nutrients and may protect the body from disease.

A research team at Oxford University has collected information on the health and mortality of more than 6,000 vegetarians and a control group of more than 5,000 meat-eating individuals. The study revealed significant differences between the two groups. For example, in contrast to meat-eaters, vegetarians have a 39 percent lower risk of dying from cancer. The study’s research team also found that the risk of heart disease was 24 per cent lower in vegetarians and 57 per cent lower in vegans than in regular meat-eaters.

Task One. Подберите русские эквиваленты к следующим английским словосочетаниям и выражениям: a meatless diet, health benefits, meat-free eating, by definition, consumption of meat or fish, ovo-lacto-vegetarians, lacto-vegetarians, exclude pulses and cereals, healthy eating guidelines, wholegrain cereals, good sources of beta carotene, antioxidant nutrients, the risk of heart disease, regular meat-eaters.

Task Two. Переведите на английский язык, используя слова и выражения из

текста:

1. Диета, исключающая мясо, становится все более популярной, особенно среди молодежи. 2. Вегетарианство исключает употребление любого мяса в пищу. 3.Приверженцы строгой вегетарианской диеты вообще не едят продукты животного происхождения 4. Полувегетарианцы иногда едят курицу. 5. В целом вегетарианцы придерживаются правил здорового питания. 6. Приверженцы макробиотики придерживаются диеты, состоящей из десяти уровней. 7. На последнем, «чистом» уровне они едят только коричневый рис. 8. Они употребляют в пищу меньше жира и больше клетчатки. 9. Вегетарианцы подвержены на 39 % меньше­му риску умереть от рака.

Task Three. Answer the questions:

1. What is a vegetarian?

2. What can semi-vegetarians eat?

3. What do ovo-lacto-vegetarians include in their diet?

4. What do lacto-vegetarians exclude from their diet?

5. What can vegans eat?

6. What do fruitarians eat?

7. What is the macrobiotic diet?

8. What foods are rich of beta carotene, vitamin C and vitamin E?

9. What has the research team from Oxford University revealed?

10. Are you a vegetarian or a meat-eater?

11. Are there vegetarians in your family?

12. Is it difficult to cook dishes for a vegetarian?

(part B) Summary and Report 1 year 2 term

Good Health

Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.

This is an old English saying. Have you heard it before? It means we must go to bed early and get up early in the morning. Then we shall be healthy. We shall also be rich (wealthy) and clever (wise).

Perhaps it is true. The body must have enough sleep to be healthy. Children should have ten hours for sleeping, teenagers - not less than 9 hours, adults should try to have 6-7 hours. Sleep is very important to children. Otherwise they will not be wise and they may not become wealthy!

The human body also needs exercise. Walking, running, jumping, swimming, playing games are all exercise. Exercise keeps the body strong.

Exercise also helps the blood to move around inside the body. Our blood takes food to all parts of our body. The brain in our head also needs blood. We think with our brain. Exercise helps us to think better!

Of course there is the great necessity in the air for our breathing. We must have plenty of clean air to stay healthy.

There is something that our body must not have. We do not want illness or diseases. When we are ill, we have to stay in bed. We feel unwell. We have a headache or different kinds of pain, and perhaps a temperature. We cannot work or play. We feel unhappy. We must keep our body clean, eat healthy food and do exercises to prevent disease and control our weight.

Nutrition is important for good health. You know that there are six basic food groups:

• breads, cereals, rice and pasta;

• vegetables;

• fruits;

• milk, yogurt, and cheese;

• meat, poultry, fish, dry beans, eggs and nuts;

• fats, oils and sweets.

It is natural that you may prefer some foods and hate others. However, making choice you should remember about some hazards. For example, you like an ice-cream that is high in fat or added sugar. So it’s better to choose reduced fat ice-cream.

Another bad thing is that you often eat in hurry. First of all, people eat more when they are in hurry. Then they eat without thinking about how much and how often they eat. It can lead to overweight. (2000)

Task. Напишите аннотацию к тексту «Good Health».

При составлении аннотации в английском языке используется ряд специфических выражений, так называемых клише, среди которых может быть выделено три группы:

А) клише, касающиеся общей темы текста:

1. В тексте говорится о... The text deals with…

2. В статье говорится о... The paper is concerned (with)…

3. В этой главе рассматривается The chapter discusses (deals with)

важная проблема the important problem of…

4. В данной книге (статье, In this (present) paper…

работе)...

- излагаются основные the main principles of… are given

положения

- предлагается интересный an interesting method of… is

метод suggested

- рассказывается о... the paper dwells upon…

- формулируются задачи the problems of… are stated

(чего-либо)

5. Статья (работа, книга) The paper

- называется is headlined

- написана на тему deals with

- посвящена следующему вопросу is devoted to the problem of

Б) клише, выявляющие главную мысль, идею текста:

1. Автор подчеркивает мысль The author emphasizes the idea that…

о том, что…

2. Основная мысль текста The main idea of the text is (that)…

заключается в том, что...

3. Автор полагает, что... The author believes (that)…

4. Он указывает на то, что... The author (he) points out (that)…

5. В своей работе автор In his work (paper) the author

- доказал, что... proved that…

- установил, что... found out that…

- показал, что... showed that…

- подтвердил мнение, что... supported the idea of…

В) клише, связанные с заключением, к которому автор приводит читателя:

1. Автор приходит к выводу, что... The author comes to a conclusion that…

2. В заключении говорится, что... In conclusion the paper points out that…

4. В статье (работе, книге) The paper

- содержатся интересные сведения presents some interesting facts concerning

- можно найти интересные факты о... presents some peculiar facts about…

- анализирует analyses

Можно составить примерный план аннотации:

1. What does the text (paper, article) deal with?

2. What does the author dwell on?

3. What does the author describe further on?

4. What kind of summary does the author give?

5. What does the author conclude the text (paper) with?