1) To reduce from ..., 2) to remove ..., 3) to add ..., 4) to depend upon ...,

5) To alter in ..., 6) to restore ..., 7) to be used for ..., 8) to be subjected to ....

a) character, b) toughness, c) impurities, d) cutting, e) the percentage of carbon, f) tests, g) carbon, h) the oxide

Task 6.

Give antonyms to the following words:

the most important, undesirable, soft, large, harder, less ductile, the simplest.

Task 7.

Find odd word in each line:

1. elastic, high, hard, brittle;

2. purposes, qualities, properties, characteristics;

3. toughness, strength, hardness, softness;

4. quenched, treated, required, tempered;

5. chemical, special, electrical, physical.

Task 8.

Match the following words and translate them into Ukrainian:

removed elaborated required quenched altered subjected to desired heated to restored designed		characteristics a high temperature properties toughness way impurities tests for the purpose science steels
Task 9.	Translate into Ukrainian in written form, paying attention to the –ing forms:

It is not surprising that a large number of steels are available, each steel having its special purpose. By far the commonest type of steel is an alloy of steel and carbon, the qualities of the different steels being dependent upon the percentage of carbon. Steels containing a high percentage of carbon may be quenched after being heated to a high temperature to make them hard and then moderately tempered to restore toughness, both these qualities being required in a steel to be used for cutting other metals as in machining.

Task 10.

Fill in the gaps with the verbs below used in proper tense form:

a) to depend upon, b) to be, c) to reduce, d) to carry out, e) to add

f) to alter, g) to remove, h) to consist of, i) to subject to, j) to be

Manufacture of iron and steel

Iron and steel (1)_______ the most important of all the metals. The manufacture of iron or steel (2)_______ three stages. First of all a metal (3)_______ from the oxide in which form it is generally found. Then undesirable impurities (4)_______. Finally carbon or some other metals (5)_______. After this the properties of the metal can (6)_______ by the heat and quenching treatment. The qualities of steels (7)_______ the percentage of carbon. Still the heat treatment of steel (8)_______ also important. Every steel (9)_______ tests before use. The testing of materials (10)_______ scientifically by special machines.

Task 11.

Discuss with your partner and give the answer to the following questions:

1. What are the most important metals used nowadays?

2. What stages does the manufacture of iron and steel consist of?

3. For what purpose is heat treatment used?

4. What are the qualities of the different steels dependent upon?

5. What properties are imparted to steel by heat treatment?

6. What are the most common methods of testing steel?

7. By what machines is the testing of material carried out now?

Task 12.

Make a short report on the topic: Heat treatment in the metal manufacture. Such information should be included: stages of metal manufacture purpose of heat treatment main processes of heat treatment metal properties altered by heat treatment

UNIT 3

HEAT TREATING FURNACES

Task 1.

Discuss in your group the main heat treatments you know. Then scan the text and check your answers.

Task 2.

Read the following text and find English equivalents to the following words and word combinations:

піч періодичної дії, піч неперервної дії, полум’яна піч прямої дії, робоча камера, відпал, цементація, зняття напруження, ванна для закалювання, середовище закалювання, зонний нагрів, зонне охолодження, карусельна піч (з подом, що обертається), світле закалювання, піч з роликовим подом, світлий відпал, тверда цементація (навуглецювання), стальний брус, плоско-прокатаний.