- •Part II
- •Англійська мова технічного спрямування
- •Contents
- •Metal science, metals thermal treatment equipment and technology department
- •Зносостійкість, термообробка, задані властивості, металознавство, імпульсний нагрів, терміст, електронний промінь, науково-дослідний інститут, якість виробу.
- •Heat treatment of iron and steel
- •1) To reduce from ..., 2) to remove ..., 3) to add ..., 4) to depend upon ...,
- •5) To alter in ..., 6) to restore ..., 7) to be used for ..., 8) to be subjected to ....
- •Manufacture of iron and steel
- •Heat treating furnaces
- •Solid state physics
- •Physics of metals
- •Solid state physics and chemistry
- •Powder metallurgy
- •Powder production
- •Powder forming and sintering
- •Advantages and disadvantages of powder metallurgy
- •Four groups of metal powder products
- •Coal utilization in the steel industry
- •The use of gaseous oxygen in metallurgical processes
Heat treatment of iron and steel
Iron and steel remain by far the most important of all the metals. The manufacture of iron or steel consists first in reducing it from the oxide in which form it is generally found, then in removing impurities which are undesirable, and finally in adding carbon or such other metals as may be needed. After this the metal can be greatly altered in character by the heat and quenching treatment it is given. It may be made elastic, tough, hard, brittle, or comparatively soft. It is not surprising that a large number of steels are available, each steel having its special purpose. By far the commonest type of steel is an alloy of steel and carbon, the qualities of the different steels being dependent upon the percentage of carbon. In general it is found that the addition of carbon makes steel harder but less ductile. But the properties of steels are by no means dependent not only upon carbon content; the heat treatment of steel after its formation is all important.
The treatment of steel is now an elaborated science of its own. The heating and the quenching are designed to bring about the arrangement of the crystalline structure in the desired way, to give the particular properties required. For example, steels containing a high percentage of carbon may be quenched after being heated to a high temperature to make them hard, and then moderately tempered to restore toughness, both these qualities being required in a steel to be used for cutting other metals as in machining. No steel is used today that has not been tested. The rigorous nature of the test depends upon the purpose for which the steel is to be used. The simplest examinations are those made with magnifying glass or a microscope. Spectroscopic or chemical analysis, X-ray examination and magnetic or electrical tests may be applied. Specimens are subjected to physical tests for toughness, strength and hardness, all quantities that may be altered by the heat treatment. The testing of materials is now carried out scientifically by special machines designed for the purpose, able to duplicate the effect of forces likely to be encountered by the steel, but compressing the wear and strain of years into a few minutes.
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Task 3. |
Match the words in column A with their translations from column B: |
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Task 4. |
Give Ukrainian equivalents to the following English words and word combinations: |
iron and steel, removing impurities, heat and quenching treatment, elastic, tough, hard, brittle, soft, the commonest type of steel, percentage of carbon, harder but less ductile, an elaborated science, the arrangement of the crystalline structure, in the desired way, properties required, moderately tempered, to restore toughness, cutting, machining, X-ray examination, to duplicate the effect of forces.
Task 5. |
Find the endings to the following verbs and translate them into Ukrainian. Use each word only once: |