IV. Страдательный залог. Общие сведения.

Образование страдательного залога

• При образовании страдательного залога дополнение из предложения в действительном залоге становится подлежащим в предложении в страдательном залоге.

• Лицо или предмет, производящее действие, в предложении в страдательном залоге вводится предлогом BY.

• В страдательном залоге используются переходные глаголы (transitive verbs).

• Переходными называются глаголы, которые могут принимать прямое дополнение, например, to treat, to play, to speak, to ask, to forgive.

Кострукции страдательного залога

1. Прямой страдательный залог (Direct Passive)

Прямое дополнение из предложения в действительном залоге становится подлежащим в

предложении в страдательном залоге.

Пример: The student gave his tutor a very detailed answer. (Active Voice)

A very detailed answer was given to the tutor by the student. (Direct Passive Voice)

2. Косвенный страдательный залог (Indirect Passive)

Косвенное дополнение из предложения в действительном залоге становится подлежащим в

предложении в страдательном залоге.

Пример: They told me about this accident. (Active Voice)

I was told about this accident. (Indirect Passive Voice)

Примечание: некоторые глаголы могут принимать одновременно как прямое, так и косвенное

дополнение; в этом случае возможно образование прямого и косвенного

страдательного залога соответственно.

Пример: Mary offered me a cup of coffee. (Active Voice)

I was offered a cup of coffee by Mary. (Indirect Passive Voice)

A cup of coffee was offered by Mary. (Direct Passive Voice)

3. Предложный страдательный залог (Prepositional Passive Voice)

Предложное дополнение из предложения в действительном залоге становится подлежащим в

предложении в страдательном залоге, при этом предлог сохраняется. Наиболее часто в

предложном страдательном залоге используются фразовые глаголы (to laugh at, to listen to, to

refer to, to operate on, to insist on, to rely on, to look after, to send for, to live in, to sleep in, to wait

for)

Пример: Nobody lived in the house. (Active Voice)

The house wasn’t lived in. (Prepositional Passive Voice)

Примечание: некоторые глаголы, хоть и могут принимать прямое и предложное дополнение,

образуют только прямой страдательный залог; to announce, to dictate, to introduce, to

suggest, to demonstrate, to explain, to repeat, to describe, to point out, to say.

Пример: Mr. Floyd introduced the young man to Lady Fairfax. (Active Voice)

The young man was introduced to Lady Fairfax by Mr. Floyd (Direct Passive Voice)

V. Таблица глагольных конструкций в страдательном залоге

Время	Simple Простая конструкция (факт)	Continuous Продолженная конструкция (процесс)	Perfect Завершённая конструкция (результат)
Форма инфинитива	to be + V3 (Ved)	to be being V3 (Ved)	to have been V3 (Ved)
Настоящее время Present	am are V3 (Ved) is	am are being V3 (Ved) is	have been V3 (Ved) has been
Прошедшее время Past	was V3 (Ved) were	was being V3 (Ved) were	had been V3 (Ved)
Будущее время Future	will be V3 (Ved)	НЕТ	will have been V3 (Ved)

Примеры

Present Tenses

1. Present Simple

The class is divided into two groups. The class isn’t divided into two groups. Is the class divided into

two groups? How many groups is the class divided into?

2. Present Continuous

The final exams are being taken right now. The final exams aren’t being taken right now. Are the final

exams being taken right now? Where are the final exams being taken right now?

3. Present Perfect

All the necessary information has been found on the site. The necessary information hasn’t been found

yet. Has all the necessary information been found on the site? Where has the necessary information been

found?

Past Tenses

4. Past Simple

The class was divided into two groups. The class wasn’t divided into two groups. Was the class divided

into two groups? How many groups was the class divided into?

5. Past Continuous

The final exams were being taken for two days last week. The final exams weren’t being taken for two

days last week. Were the final exams being taken for two days last week? Where were the final exams

being taken for two days last week?

6. Past Perfect

All the necessary information had been found on the site by two o’clock yesterday. The necessary

information hadn’t been found by two o’clock yesterday. Had all the necessary information been found

on the site by two o’clock yesterday? Where had the necessary information been found by two o’clock

yesterday?

Future Tenses

7. Future Simple

The class will be divided into two groups next year. The class won’t be divided into two groups next

year. Will the class be divided into two groups next year? How many groups will the class be divided

into next year?

8. Future Perfect

All the necessary information will have been found on the site by two o’clock tomorrow. The necessary

information will not have been found by two o’clock tomorrow. Will all the necessary information have

been found on the site by two o’clock tomorrow? Where will the necessary information have been

found by two o’clock tomorrow?