Seminar 7. Metaphor. Metonymy. Irony

Objective: to raise awareness of the interaction of different types of lexical meaning; to clarify the functioning of metaphor, metonymy and irony in the literary text

Questions to be discussed

1. Intentional mixing of the stylistic aspects of words

2

A plan of your report

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. Interaction of different types of lexical meaning

3

A plan of your report

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. Metaphor as a stylistic device

4

A plan of your report

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. Metonymy as a stylistic device

A plan of your report

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4.

5. Periphrasis and euphemism

6

A plan of your report

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. Irony as a stylistic device

P

A plan of your report

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4.

ractical tasks

1. Comment on the difference between the contextual and the dictionary meanings of italicized words:

A. Mr. James Duffy lived in Chapelizod because he wished to live as far as possible from the city of which he was the citizen and because he found all the other suburbs of Dublin mean, modern and pretentious (J. Joyce)

B. Smoke and mirrors, Your Honor. That’s all she’s got. (L. Fairstein)

C. “Usually I’m not so dense. I get lost in the forest, I can follow the trail of bread crumbs to get me out of the woods,” Mike said. (L. Fairstein)

	dictionary meaning	contextual meaning
A
B
C

2. Point out lexical stylistic devices in the extracts below. Comment on their function.

A. “Love is a fruit, in season at all times and within the reach of every hand. Anyone may gather it and no limit is set” (No Greater Love by Mother Teresa).

B. I look at you and wham, I’m head over heels.

I guess that love is a banana peel.

I feel so bad and yet I’m feeling so well.

I slipped, I stumbled, I fell. (I Slipped, I Stumbled, I Fell by Ben Weisman and Fred Wise, sung by Elvis Presley in the film Wild in the Country, 1961)

C. “Such wisdom has reference only to the past. The future remains for ever an infinite field for mistakes. You can’t know beforehand. (D. H. Lawrence)

D. “He went about her room, after his introduction, looking at her pictures, her bronzes and clays, asking after the creator of this, the painter of that, where a third thing came from” (Th. Dreiser)

E. “But every Englishman is born with a certain miraculous power that makes him master of the world. As the great champion of freedom and national independence he conquers and annexes half the world and calls it Colonization”. (B. Shaw)

	stylistic device	function
A
B
C
D
E

3. Provide the following notions with definition

notion	definition
contextual meaning
contributory image
copulative conjunction
derivative meaning
genuine metaphor
genuine metonymy
macrocontext
megacontext
metaphor
predicative lexical unit
notion	definition
primary meaning
principal metaphor
speech metaphor
transferred meaning

4. Provide the following terms with examples from literary texts

term	example
bathos
cognitive metaphor
euphemism
figurative metaphor
generalising metaphor
irony
juxtaposition
nominative metaphor
periphrasis
sustained metaphor
synecdoche
trite metaphor
trite metonymy

Literature

1. Арнольд И. В. Стилистика. Современный английский язык : [учеб. для студентов пед. институтов спец. «Иностр. язык»] / Ирина Владимировна Арнольд ; под ред. П. Е. Бухаркина. – М. : Флинта : Наука, 2010. – 384 с.

2. Бабенко Л. Г. Лингвистический анализ художественного текста : учебн. и практикум / Л. Г. Бабенко, Ю. В. Казарин. – М. : Флинта : Наука, 2009. – 496 с.

3. Гальперин И. Р. Текст как объект лингвистического исследования / Илья Романович Гальперин ; под ред. Г. В. Степанова. – 7-е изд. – М. : Либроком, 2009. – 144 с.

4. Знаменская Т. А. Стилистика английского языка: Основы курса = Stylistics of the English language: Fundamentals of the Course : [учеб. пособ.] / Татьяна Анатольевна Знаменская. – 5-е изд. – М. : ЛКИ, 2008. – 224 с.

5. Кочан І. М. Лінгвістичний аналіз тексту : навч. посіб. / Ірина Миколаївна Кочан. –К. : Знання, 2008. – 423 с.

6. Крупа М. Лінгвістичний аналіз художнього тексту / Марія Крупа. – Тернопіль : Підручники і посібники, 2008. – 432с.

7. Лотоцька К. Стилістика англійської мови : навч. посіб. / Катерина Лотоцька. – Львів : Видавничий центр ЛНУ ім. І. Франка, 2008. – 254 с.

8. Скребнев Ю. М. Основы стилистики английского языка : учеб. для ин-тов и ф‑тов иностр. яз. / Юрий Михайлович Скребнев. – М. : Астрель : АСТ, 2003. – 224 с.

9. Grey W. Metaphor and Meaning [digital resource] / W.Grey // Minerva : An Internet Journal of Philosophy. – 2000. – Vol. 4. – The access code to the journal : http://www.minerva.mic.ul.ie//vol4/metaphor.html. – The title screen name.

10. Lakoff G. Metaphors We Live By / G. Lakoff, M. Johnson. – 2^nd ed. – University Of Chicago Press, 2003. – 256 p.

11. Murry J. M. The Problem of Style / John Middleton Murry. – General Books, 2012. – 88 p.

12. Stylistics of the English Language : Lecture course for students majoring in the English language and foreign literature / comp. by I. B. Kamensky. – Evpatoria : CUH Foreign Languages Department, 2013. – 107 p.