Human rights in Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan’s work on human rights in Kazakhstan has been recognized on an international level, in particular by the UN Human Rights Council and the Committee against Torture. Kazakhstan has also attracted foreign partners for joint human right’s projects, including the OSCE, UN Children’s Fund, Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights and Penal Reform International. In 2012, the United Nations elected Kazakhstan to the Human Rights Council for a three year term.

Kazakhstan has consistently recognized the importance of human rights to the success of the country. The first article of the constitution even states that the highest values of Kazakhstan's human rights are “an individual, his life, rights and freedoms.” There is a recognition that while the post-Soviet situation was not ideal upon independence, the government has made many public efforts towards improving Kazakhstan's human rights. There are many positive areas of progress to highlight that underscore these initiatives. In tandem to serving on the UNHRC, Kazakhstan's UN mission held the Vice Chairmanship of the UN Human Rights Office.

What is the relationship between Kazakhstan and the UN Human Rights Council?

Kazakhstan adopted new versions of the Criminal Code, Criminal Executive Code and new Criminal Procedure Code which will serve to expand equality, curb corruption and strengthen the judiciary in the country.

Bilateral meetings of the Strategic Partnership Dialogue between the United States and Kazakhstan regularly reinforce both country's commitment to human rights, democracy, media and independent organizations in Kazakhstan.

In 2015 Kazakh Minister of Foreign Affairs Erlan Idrissov attended the 28th session of the UN Human Rights Council and the UN Conference on Disarmament where he reminded all delegates that Kazakhstan submits periodic reports to the UN showing compliance with all major international policies. Idrissov also held bilateral meetings with Prince Zeid Ra’ad Al-Hussein, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights and Michael Möller, acting director-general of the UN office in Geneva. Tleuberdi notes that Kazakhstan has regularly welcomed international special rapporteurs examining key human issues like Right to Peaceful Assembly.

Questions:

1. Are the human rights protected in your country? Try to prove your answer.

2. According to the text what countries are concerned the human rights issue?

3. What can you say about human rights in Kazakhstan?

GRAMMAR

Exercise 1:

Write one word for each space.

Hi Janet,

How are you? I'm doing all right. I just wanted to tell you 1)______________ something exciting2)________ happened to me last Saturday. Do you remember Beth, 3)_____________party we went to last winter? Well, I went 4) __________her and her cousin to a concert at Croke Park 5)___________my favourite band, Nickelback, were playing. Anyway, her cousin Rick knew someone 6) _________was working backstage and he let us meet the band. He even invited us to a party 7) ______________the band was going to after the concert. It was amazing! Now about the weekend hiking trip - the reason 8)______ I can't come is because my sister has asked me to take care of her children as she's 9)______________ on a business trip. I'm so sorry. I was really 10)_____ forward to it.

Write and tell me your news,

Shelly

Exercise 2:

Fill in the appropriate relative, say whether the relative clauses are essential or not to the meaning of the main sentence, then add commas where necessary.

Paul Stevens___________ starred in Days went to school with my brother.

The pen __________ I left on that table has disappeared.

The woman_________ repairs our car is very friendly.

David _________ grew up in Canada speaks French fluently.

The man _______car was stolen has gone to the police station.

Rye_________ my grandmother lives is near the sea.

Oleg _________car has broken down is late for work.

The Coliseum _________attracts many tourists is in Rome.

Module 2 Unit5

CRIME AND PUNISHMENT

GRAMMAR

Sequence of Tenses

The tense of a verb in the subordinate clause changes in accordance with the tense of the verb in the main clause.

The basic rules are as follows:

Rule 1

If the verb in the principal clause is in the present or the future tense, the verb in the subordinate clause may be in any tense, depending upon the sense to be expressed.

He says that he is fine.

He says that he was fine.

He says that he will be fine.

He will say that he is fine.

He will say that he was fine.

He will say that he will be fine.

Rule 2

If the tense in the principal clause is in the past tense, the tense in the subordinate clause will be in the corresponding past tense.

He said that he would come.

He told me that he had been ill.

I knew that he would not pass.

We noticed that the fan had stopped.

There are, nevertheless, a few exceptions to this rule.

A past tense in the main clause may be followed by a present tense in the subordinate clause when the subordinate clause expresses some universal truth.

Copernicus proved that the earth moves round the sun.

The teacher told us that honesty is the best policy.

He told me that the Hindus burn their dead.

A subordinate clause expressing place, reason or comparison may be in any tense, according to the sense to be expressed.

He didn’t get the job because his English isn’t good.

A fishing village once existed where now lies the city of Mumbai.

If the subordinate clause is an adjective clause, it may be in any tense as is required by the sense.

Yesterday I met a man who sells balloons.

Yesterday I met a man who sold me a balloon.

Rule 3

Note that when the subordinate clause is introduced by the conjunction of purpose that, the following rules are observed.

We use may in the subordinate clause when the main clause is in the present tense. We use might in the subordinate clause when the main clause is in the past tense.

I study that I may pass.

I will study that I may pass.

I studied that I might pass.

We eat that we may live.

He ate that he might not die.

Rule 4

If the principal clause is in the future tense, we do not use future tense in subordinating clauses beginning with when, until, before, after etc.

I will call you when dinner is ready. (NOT I will call you when dinner will be ready.) I shall wait until you return. (NOT I shall wait until you will return.)

Rule 5

Expressions such as as if, if only, it is time and wish that are usually followed by past tenses.

I wish I was a bit taller.

It is time we started working.

He talks as if he knew everything.

REPORTED SPEECH

Sometimes you need to tell people about your conversations and change direct speech into indirect speech. When you do this, you need to make sure that the tenses are correct.

For example, Karen says to Peter: "My job is very interesting." Peter then wants to report this conversation to Sarah a week later. He says: "Karen said that her job was interesting."

When you report a conversation, the tense changes:

"My job is very interesting" becomes: She said that her job was very interesting.

TENSE CHANGES IN THE REPORTED/INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct speech	Reported speech
Present Simple My friend said, "I want to go to England."	Past Simple My friend said that he wanted to go to England.
Present Progressive He said, "She is playing tennis now."	Past Progressive He said that she was playing tennis then.
Present Perfect He said, "You haven't told us the truth."	Past Perfect He said that she hadn't told them the truth.
Present Perfect Progressive  She said, "I have been working all morning."	Past Perfect Progressive She said that she had been working all morning.
Past Simple He said, "Tom phoned yesterday."	Past Perfect He said that Tom had phoned the day before.
Future Simple He said, "It will rain tomorrow."	Future-in-the Past He said that it would rain the next day.
Past Progressive He said, "She was watering the flowers."	Past Progressive He said that she was watering the flowers.
Past Perfect He said, "She had painted the wall."	Past Perfect He said that she had painted the wall.

CHANGES IN MADE THE REPORTED SPEECH

Direct speech	Reported speech
now (сейчас)	then (тогда)
here (здесь)	there (там)
this, these (это, этот, эти)	that / those (то, тот, те)
today (сегодня)	that day (в этот день)
tomorrow (завтра)	the next day (the following day) (на следующий день)
yesterday (вчера)	the day before
next week / year (на следующей неделе / в следующем году)	the following week / year (на следующей неделе / в следующем году)
last week (на прошлой неделе)	the week before (за неделю до)

   She said, "I saw him yesterday."— Она сказала: "Я видела его вчера". She said that she had seen him the day before. — Она сказала, что она видела его накануне.

In Russian there is no sequence of tenses, so the Russian translation of the verb in the subordinate clause may be in the form in which it is used in the direct speech.

Не said, "I know Mary."— Он сказал: "Я знаю Мэри".

Не said that he knew Mary. — Он сказал, что он знает Мэри.

Не said, "I knew Mary."— Он сказал: "Я знал Мэри".

Не said that he had known Mary. — Он сказал, что он знал Мэри когда-то.

She said, "They are having dinner."— Она сказала: "Они обедают".

She said that they were having dinner. — Она сказала, что они обедают. 1 Match the sentences in direct speech with reported speech.

1.    "They were playing football at 5 o'clock last week."

2.    "I'll try to phone you tomorrow."

3.    "Yesterday it was very cold."

4.    "I had written a letter before you phoned me."

5.    "Have you been to St Petersburg?"

6.    "Have you been crying?"

7.    "It's raining again!"

8.    "I often watch TV in the evening."

9.    "What is she doing now?"

10.    "Come home by 11 p.m."

11.    "Don't lend money to strangers, Anna."

a)    He said that he would try to phone me the next day.

b)    He    said that he often watched TV in the evening.

c)    He said that they were playing football at 5 o'clock the week before.

d)    He    said that it was raining again.

e)    He asked what she was doing then.

f)    He said that he had written a letter before I phoned him.

g)    The    mother told her daughter to come home by 11 p.m.

h)    He    asked me if I had been to St Petersburg before.

i)    She advised Anna not to lend money to strangers, 

j) He asked me if I had been crying.

k) He said that it had been very cold the day before. 2 Write the missing form on condition that the verb introducing direct speech is in the Past Simple.

Model:

Direct speech	Reported speech
didn't see	hadn't seen

       

Direct speech	Reported speech
	would become
will buy
	had broken
am thinking
	forgot
cannot
	had fallen
has been working
	had been walking
is raining
	had been
cooks

Direct speech	Reported speech
	had been doing
	had made
grows
doesn't read
hasn't brought
	thought
won't drive
	could
didn't give
	had to
were running

LISTENING

Listen and fill the gaps.

Why do we have crime? When ______________________ stop? It’s sad that there is so much crime in our society. It ______________________ people. Most people in the world just want to live happily ______________________ neighbours. Why do some ______________________ crime? Money is a big reason. Many criminals pickpocket, steal, kidnap, ______________________ people to get money. There are many terrible crimes in the world. Perhaps the worst is ______________________ . This is a crime against humanity. Many people are killed ______________________ colour or religion. People who commit this crime ______________________ prison. Have you ever been a victim of crime? What do you think we need ______________________ crime rates? Perhaps you should write to your government. Tell your leaders ______________________ enough.

Answer the questions.

1. Why do people in the world commit crimes?

2. What crimes are mentioned by the speaker?

3. What should people do to decrease the number of crimes?

READING

Below you see the story of an extraordinary case in British legal history. The affair started in 1949 and was finally closed in 1966.

At the moment, there are a number of gaps. Use the words below to complete it.

trial to be convicted arrested pardon suspect allege

confessed enquiry (x2) innocent judges tried to be charged with

court sentenced to plea to be executed

custody jury appeal apprehended statements

guilty execution dropped hunt denied

The story began when a man called Timothy Evans was ________for the murder of his wife and a baby. He was ____with double murder, but a short time later one of the charges was _____and he was _____ for the murder of his daughter only. During the _______ Evans accused the man whose house he had been living in, John Christie, of the crimes, but no attention was paid to him. The _____found Evans _____ and he was __________ to death. An _____ was turned down and he was _____ in 1950.

Some time later, more women’s bodies were discovered in Christie’s house: about six. John Christie was a police’s key ______and they started a nationwide _______ for him. He was soon_____. Alleged ______by Christie while he was in ______ cast doubt on the Evans hanging. When he went to ________, Christie __________ that he murdered Mrs Evans, but in private it was said that he ______to that crime. His ______of insanity with regard to other murders was rejected and he was ________of killing his wife.

Soon afterwards there was an _____into the_____of Timothy Evans. The ____decided that justice had been done and Evans had been rightly hanged. It was only in 1966that another _______was set up. This time it was decided that Evans had probably been _____and he was given a free ______. Better later than never, as they say.

Match the names of different crimes:

felony

homicide (by misadventure, with malice, calculated…, )

manslaughter

smuggling= bootlegging

bigamy

baby- or wife-battering

assault

arson

embezzlement

fraud

forgery

counterfeit

piracy

accident fraud

swindling

perjury

abuse of power

disorderly conduct

speeding

mugging – robbery with violence

slander

treason

conspiracy

espionage – spying

drug peddling

larceny (gang larceny)

shoplifting

burglary

pick-pocketing

petty theft

hijacking

blackmail

kidnapping

sexual harassment

bribery and corruption

trespassing

terrorism

criminal attempt

1. taking a child away from his or her family

2. not paying taxes on goods from another country

3. getting money by promising not to tell the secret

4. selling cocaine

5. taking control of an airplane by force

6. taking goods from the shop without paying

7. going into a house and stealing

8. to be married more than one at the same time

9. take money and property from the company or state secretly

10. to get whatever from subordinates

11. shout and fight at night time

12. to put fake labels of famous brands on goods from China

13. to make documents look legal with the help of colour printer and scanner

14. to set private buildings and premises on fire

15. to lie at the trial

Which of the above would or could involve the following?

1. counterfeit money

2. pornography

3. hostages

4. a ransom

5. heroin

6. betrayer

7. state secrets

8. contraband

9. a store detective

10. weapon

Here is the story of a very unfortunate, irresponsible man called Mr. N.E. Body. Imagine that he was stopped by the police at each and every point of the drama. Read about what happened and, after each piece of info you receive, decide what punishment he deserves. (death penalty, solitary confinement, put on probation, give community service, impose a fine or compensation, prison sentence, ban fro driving, dismiss the case, find him not guilty, acquit him, find the case not proved).

1. Mr. Body drank five pints of beer and five single whiskies in a pub, got into his car and drove away.

2. He didn’t drive dangerously but exceeded the speed limit as he wanted to catch up with a friend who had left his wallet in the pub.

3. As he was driving along, a little girl ran into the road and he knocked her down.

4. There was no way he could have stopped: drunk or sober.

5. The little girl suffered only bruises and some light superficial injuries.

6. Mr. Body’s wife had left him two days before.

7. Six months later, it was clear that the girl suffered from after-effects of the accident and would suffer for many years.

8. Mr. Body had never previously received any summons (привлечение к суду) for traffic offences.

9. The little girl admitted that it was all her fault.

10. The passenger in Mr. Body’s car was killed outright as he went trough the windscreen.

SPEAKING

Discuss:

What – in detail – would happen to you in your country if you were caught:

1. speeding in your car?

2. speeding hijacked car?

3. with a gun in your pocket?

4. breaking into the house?

WRITING

You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.

Write about the following topic:

Many offenders commit more crimes after serving the first punishment. Why is this happening, and what measures can be taken to tackle this problem?

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own experience or knowledge.

You should write at least 250 words.

TASK FOR SELF-STUDY

READING

Pre-reading task

1. Match the words on the left with the definitions on the right. Put the correct letter into the box next to each word.

1	prosecution (n)		a	a public official who makes decisions in a court of law
2	release (v)		b	a group of people who examine all the facts of a case in court and decide whether someone is guilty or not
3	plead (v)		c	the lawyers who try to prove in a court of law that someone is not guilty of a crime
4	verdict (n)		d	the process of examining a case in a court of law and deciding whether someone is guilty or innocent
5	witness (n)		e	an official decision made in a court of law, especially about whether someone is guilty of a crime
6	jury (n)		f	a person who tells a court of law what they know about a legal case
7	sentence (v)		g	a person in a law case who is accused of doing something illegal
8	defence (n)		h	a formal statement saying that something is true, especially one given in a court of law
9	bail (n)		i	an official statement made by the police saying that someone is accused of a crime
10	trial (n)		j	the lawyers who try to prove in a court of law that someone is guilty of a crime
11	judge (n)		k	to state in a court of law whether you are guilty of a crime or not
12	defendant (n)		l	to decide and say officially what someone’s punishment will be
13	guilty (adj)		m	to let someone go free
14	charge (n)		n	responsible for committing a crime
15	testimony (n)		o	a sum of money given to a law court so that someone can stay out of prison until their trial

2. Read the following text carefully and complete each gap with a word from the previous (matching) exercise in the correct form

Criminal trial process

The process of a criminal____ starts when an individual is arrested. Within 2 to 48 hours of the arrest, the defendant must be informed of the charges against him. If the___is not murder, bail will be set. The____will then be notified of when and where to appear next, then will be allowed to leave if______has been set. If the defendant does not guilty, and instead states he is not ____ , the case will move onto the trial phase. First a jury isselected and the opening statements are heard. Next, the and the defence will call their witnesses to give_____ . The witnesses for the prosecution are called first. The ____ is permitted to cross-examine each in an attempt to disprove the witness’s statements. After both sides have presented their evidence, the attorneys are given the opportunity to make a final argument to the jury. At this point, the ____ will give closing instructions to the jury on how to proceed. The____ then retires from the courtroom to consider the case in secret. When they reach a decision, the jury returns to the courtroom and announces the____. If the verdict is not guilty, the defendant is____.If he is found guilty, the judge will decide upon a _____ that the defendant must serve.

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

Rewrite each question in indirect speech, beginning as shown.

1. 'You can't park here.' The police officer told Jack  …......................................

2. 'I'll see you in the morning, Helen.' Peter told Helen........................................

3. 'I'm taking the 5.30 train tomorrow evening.' Janet said ..................................

4. 'The trousers have to be ready this afternoon.' Paul told the dry-cleaners …................................................

5. ‘I left my umbrella here two days ago.' Susan told them .................................

6. 'The parcel ought to be here by the end of next week.' Brian said …...............

7. 'I like this hotel very much.' Diana told me ...…...............................................

8. 'I think it's going to rain tonight. William said..................................................

9. 'All right, I tell you what, the car's yours for, let's say £500.' The salesman 

said I could …................................

Module 2 Unit 6

Human and Nature Environment

GRAMMAR

Reported speech in questions, in requests, orders, reporting verbs, paraphras

Reported questions are one form of reported speech.

direct question	reported question
She said: "Are you cold?"	She asked me if I was cold.
He said: "Where's my pen?"	He asked where his pen was.

We usually introduce reported questions with the verb "ask":

• He asked (me) if/whether... (YES/NO questions)

• He asked (me) why/when/where/what/how... (question-word questions)

As with reported statements, we may need to change pronouns and tense (backshift) as well astime and place in reported questions.

But we also need to change the word order. After we report a question, it is no longer a question (and in writing there is no question mark). The word order is like that of a normal statement (subject-verb-object).